The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration最新文献

{"title":"An Inclusive Approach to Exploring Perceptions of Body Image, Self-Esteem, and Physical Activity among Black and African-American Girls: Smart Fit Girls Melanin Magic","authors":"Christine A Chard, Devin Nelson, Kellie A Walters, Nyla Pollard, Nyrema Pollard, Nia Pollard, Kendal Gomez, Debriana Smith, N. Jenkins, Saabirah Muwwakkil, C. Garland, A. Fard, Maisha J. Fields","doi":"10.18666/jpra-2019-9710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2019-9710","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescent girls experience high rates of body dissatisfaction and poor self-esteem (SE), as well as low levels of participation in physical activity (PA). Outside of traditional sports, few recreation opportunities exist to promote physical, emotional and mental well-being in adolescent girls, particularly among Black and African-American (AA) girls. In order for parks and recreation organizations to provide programming in a culturally relevant way, it is critical to more deeply understand the lived experiences of Black and AA girls, specifically related to SE, body image (BI) and PA. Doing so will enable leisure professionals to better co-create opportunities to engage Black and AA adolescent girls in programming aimed to promote PA and positive BI and SE. In order to examine girls’ lived experiences with an inclusive lens, Black and AA adolescent girls are considered the experts and should be included in all stages of the process. The purpose of this project was to engage in an inclusive formative evaluation in order to explore perceptions and experiences of PA, SE and BI among a group of Black and AA adolescent girls. Ten adolescent girls formed a leadership council (Smart Fit Girls Melanin Magic) and took the lead on culturally adapting the existing Smart Fit Girls (SFG) curriculum using Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR). A first step, and the focus of this paper, was to explore unique experiences with SE, BI, and participation in PA. Principles of YPAR were utilized to empower the leadership council to participate in thematically coding the group discussion. Girls reported that PA provides positive mental health benefits to girls, and that they experience significant barriers, both internal and external, to being active. While girls self-reported experiencing depressive symptoms related to poor SE, and that being in predominantly white spaces leads to poor SE, they also noted the benefit of engaging in positive affirmations. Girls also reported that social comparison negatively affects their BI, and that hair is a salient factor in BI. Finally, results showed general negative BI among participants, which is compounded by girls’ interactions with others. Results from this inclusive qualitative data analysis will inform the design of new programming within parks and recreation to uniquely support Black and AA girls’ experiences with PA, SE and BI. Authors encourage reflection as a field on evaluation practices and suggest inclusive approaches to better facilitate programming and achieve the social justice and equity goals of parks and recreation. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117353251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Trail Traffic in the Cincinnati Metropolitan Region, Ohio","authors":"G. Lindsey, Lila Singer-Berk, Wade Johnson, K. Adcock, M. Folkerth, Esther J. West","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9179","url":null,"abstract":"Recreation managers need information about use of multiuse trails to manage systems effectively. This research note illustrates how traffic monitoring procedures can be adapted for trail monitoring and describes variation in trail traffic across the tri-state, 10-county Cincinnati Metropolitan Region, Ohio. Infrared sensors were used to monitor trail traffic at 78 locations along 15 trail corridors in 2017. Data were obtained from 10 permanent monitoring stations. Short-duration (7-day) samples were completed at 68 locations. Across 78 trail segments, annual average daily trail traffic ranged from 8 to 1,897. Trail users traveled approximately 11.1 million miles over 136 miles of the network. Analyses of traffic patterns indicate trails were used mostly for recreation such as cycling and walking and less for commuting. Recreation managers can use results to track trends and prioritize investments in trail development, safety, and maintenance. Partnerships to implement trail traffic monitoring can be replicated in other regions. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117183395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritizing Research Questions for Protected Area Agencies: A Case Study of Provincial Parks in Alberta, Canada","authors":"L. Hallstrom, G. Hvenegaard, Joyce Gould, Brian Joubert","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9434","url":null,"abstract":"Although there are frequent and recurring calls for the use of evidence to support conservation, recreation, and planning in a range of sectors, the transition to actually doing so can be challenging. In Canada, both national and provincial parks systems have faced budgetary and practical challenges to management, yet establishing linkages to support the strategic application of research and evidence has remained a long-standing priority. In Alberta, this priority is set by the provincial Plan for Parks, and a Science Strategy. However, while these documents do provide direction, they do not include a mechanism for identifying the practical and research priorities, themes, and questions to better link parks management with the scientific community, nor do they necessarily outline a way to establish complementarity between regional, provincial, and research communities. As a practical means of addressing this gap, between 2012 and 2014, Alberta Parks initiated a collaborative project with the University of Alberta (based in Edmonton, Alberta) in order to create both regional and provincial lists of priority research and policy questions. Drawing from the methods used elsewhere by Sutherland and others in Europe, the USA, and Canada, this project asked: What research and/or policy questions, if answered, could advance the knowledge base for policies, management, and research strategies that would support the relevance, accessibility, and decision-making of Alberta Parks. Based upon a series of well-attended workshops held at both the provincial and regional scale with parks’ management, researchers, and local stakeholders, this article presents the “Top 20 Questions” process, and results, within a broadly comparative framework across regions, and between province and regions. While the results point to priorities of parks’ conservation, experience management, and mandate fulfillment more generally, there are also differences between regions. These differences are most pronounced in terms of larger issues of management and climate change, but at the same time there are also commonalities between regions in terms of better assessing user needs, public support and the implications of socioeconomic and demographic changes. A key finding of this project is the prevalence of questions grounded in the social, rather than ecological, or environmental sciences, and the subsequent need to identify and operationalize methods to better link the social sciences with parks’ management and research. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124860342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chinese Tourism Growth to U.S. National Parks and Gateway Communities: A Case Study in West Yellowstone, Montana","authors":"Jennifer M. Thomsen, K. Tenney","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9548","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese outbound tourism is one of the fastest growing industries worldwide, and with this growth, there has been a surge in international tourism to national parks. For example, 40% of Chinese travelers visited a national park during their U.S. travels (Office of Travel and Tourism Industries [OTTI], 2016). As one of the most popular national parks in the world, Yellowstone National Park (YELL) has swelled in Chinese visitation (Resource Systems Group [RSG], 2017). Despite positive economic aspects of increased tourism, parks and communities are faced with challenges that can impact management and the tourists’ experience. There is extremely limited research on Chinese tourism to U.S. national parks, and this study addresses these gaps through a case study in West Yellowstone, the most popular gateway community of YELL. Through over 50 interviews with Chinese tourists, tour operators, and local business owners, specifically, we aim to gain a greater understanding of: 1) Chinese travel trends and motivations for visiting national parks, 2) Chinese tourists’ perceptions of park resources, 3) Chinese tourists’ modes for communication and information exchange, and 4) perceptions and strategies implemented by businesses in gateway communities to adapt to Chinese tourism. Major findings of the study include that Chinese tourists at YELL primarily obtain their information from friends, family, and Chinese websites with limited tourists visiting or using the National Park Service (NPS) YELL website. Our findings suggest that national park and gateway community communications on social media apps such as WeChat are a major area for growth and opportunity. Finally, the gateway community of West Yellowstone is experiencing changes due to an influx of Chinese-owned businesses and tourists, and offer insight for how to adapt to change. This study addresses a largely understudied topic despite the growing trends of Chinese tourists to national parks and protected areas globally. The study’s findings will be of interest to other parks and protected areas around the world that are experiencing or are anticipating Chinese tourism growth, and offers implications for Chinese tourism communication and marketing outside the national park setting. Finally, our exploratory study presents an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to further study Chinese tourism to national parks and gateway communities in diverse settings, which can lead to comparability of findings and also support dialogue around tourism planning, marketing, communication for protected areas and their gateway communities. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132109572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Regional Park Districts in Strengthening Community Relationships","authors":"Yumiko L. Jakobcic, P. Stokowski","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9180","url":null,"abstract":"Regional park districts have been studied for their ecological characteristics, but their social and cultural values have received considerably less attention. This research seeks to understand how regional park districts contribute to strengthening community relationships, using a case study of Vermont’s Winooski Valley Park District (WVPD). Using autoethnographic methods, we explore how the WVPD accommodates visitors and serves adjacent communities, their efforts to stimulate community interactions and cohesion, and a manager’s perceptions of the outcomes of these efforts. Data analysis focused on the extent to which social and cultural values emerged in managerial practices, and evidence of how these strengthened community relationships. Specifically, the analysis included the review of diary entries to uncover examples, descriptions and self-reflections about managerial activities, programming practices, issues, and problems. A content analysis and iterative reviews of the diary entries were used to organize and categorize textual materials. Then, working inductively through personal reflections and shared conversations, two researchers collaborated to derive themes and interpret their meanings relative to the research question. Five themes were identified: connecting across people and place; collaborations creating community; fostering cross-cultural relationships; socializing youth; and sustaining community. Data show that regional park districts link people with nature while also connecting people across neighborhoods, communities, and regions; a regional park can thus be defined as a place where visitors gain understanding of local landscapes and the neighbors with whom these landscapes are shared. While some relationships developed organically, managers also used on-site programming to intentionally engage community members. The unique characteristics of regional park districts suggest a need for increased levels of partnership and educational programming to link citizens, formalize commitments to diversity, and provide opportunities to establish social relationships. Partnerships that establish cross-cultural connections and youth programs are particularly impactful for fostering community social ties, for both children and adults. Though measuring the social and cultural values of regional parks may be difficult, their contributions to local communities can be significant. Managers should intentionally engage staff, volunteers, and partners that foster sustainable community relationships. Finally, managers should be intentional about capturing the social and cultural values of regional parks that may otherwise go unnoticed. Investments in public relations, plus cultural and environmental interpretation, will help highlight these unique values of regional parks. Strong community relationships and values directly contribute to the overall resiliency of communities and sustainability of regional parks. Active management of community relat","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130339670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Diverse Motivations of Day Hikers: Implications for Hike Marketing and Management","authors":"Sarah R. Wilcer, Lincoln R. Larson, Jeffrey Hallo, Elizabeth D. Baldwin","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9176","url":null,"abstract":"Day hiking is a popular outdoor recreation activity, yet relatively little is known about hikers and their reasons for participating. Focusing on the popular First Day Hikes initiative, we sought to discover who hikes, why, and how those motivations might differ among sub-groups of hikers. Data were collected using intercept surveys of First Day Hikers ( n = 1,934) across three states on January 1, 2016. We identified 10 broader categories of hiking motivations addressing a wide range of physiological and psychological needs. These included enjoying nature (reported by 27% of participants), trying something new (22%), celebrating the new year (19%), learning from others (15%), spending time with family (14%), and exercising (14%). Logistic regression models exploring motivation correlates showed that hikers’ motivations varied across socio-demographic groups (e.g., age, first-time hikers, hikers with children) and influenced the types of hikes selected. Some of these differences were anticipated. For example, compared to other groups, first time hikers were more likely to be motivated by trying something new and hikers with children more likely to be motivated by spending time with family. Models also yielded new insights. Compared to repeat hikers, first time hikers were more likely to hike for exercise and health reasons and older participants were more likely to hike for exercise. Participants who chose easy hikes were more likely to be motivated by learning from others and spending time with family; participants who chose hikes close to home were more likely to be motivated by exercise and celebrating the New Year. Overall, a majority of First Day Hike participants lived within 30 miles of the state park they visited, highlighting the important contributions of local parks (especially state parks) to outdoor recreation. With enhanced knowledge of day hiking motivations, managers will be better equipped to create and advertise hiking opportunities with certain combinations of attributes that offer a variety of desired benefits to diverse constituents. Additional research exploring hiking motivations and preferences will continue to inform marketing and management approaches that appeal to different types of hikers. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130768165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who is a Bully Anyway?: Examining Perceptions of Bullying among Parents and Children","authors":"Brooke N. Burk, A. Direnzo, Rachelle H. Fuller","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-8816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-8816","url":null,"abstract":"Bullying is a common problem among youth, whether they have been a bully, victim, or both. The concern with bullying among youth is that it does not just start and stop at school and will impact a child’s interactions in a variety of settings, including out-of-school time activities. Therefore, as youth workers in the field of parks and recreation, we must seek ways to help children address issues related to bullying. Additionally, like with many aspects of children’s lives, we have to consider and foster ways to engage parents, noting that they play a key role in guiding young people’s behavior. Based on this understanding, we felt it was imperative to explore the perspectives of youth and their parents regarding approaches to addressing bullying among youth. To this end, we conducted a study to examine personal experiences and strategies guided by the following three goals: a) to understand how youth and their parents conceptualize bullying, b) to examine how youth and parents address bullying, and c) to explore the types of bullying issues that youth experience. We examined these goals by conducting individual interviews with eight children and eight parents in a rural community in the northeastern United States. Grounding the analysis in Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986), we found that due to a lack of knowledge and understanding of bullying, parents and youth frequently blur the lines between bully, victim, and friend. Additionally, both parents and youth had reactions toward incidents of bullying that varied from ignoring to directly acknowledging the situation through confrontation with the presumed bully. Children attempted a variety of strategies to combat personal experiences with bullying and often found parental advice to be ineffective. We concluded that youth workers in the field of parks and recreation must continue to provide spaces and programs for young people to develop strategies to address negative peer interactions in a positive and proactive way. Additionally, we suggest that youth workers should take a lead role in facilitating communication between parents, youth, and themselves in order to proactively address issues of bullying in advance of escalation. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122377606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detailing an Approach for Cost-Effective Visitor-Use Monitoring Using Crowdsourced Activity Data","authors":"W. Rice, J. T. Mueller, A. Graefe, B. D. Taff","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-8998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-8998","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional techniques for monitoring and managing visitor flows are expensive and time consuming. This research note presents a novel, cost-effective, and quick method for managers to assess the level of use within their management area. Using free crowdsourced heatmaps provided by Strava, GPS recorded use was georeferenced with existing trail data. By overlaying the designated trail network with actual use, this note presents a method through which managers can quickly see where undesignated use is occurring and how extreme that use may be. Similarly, this method can be used as a first step in the process of deciding where traditional monitoring efforts should be employed. The advantages and limitations of this approach are subsequently discussed. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125025162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relational Dynamics Supporting Client Orientation: Perspectives from the Front Lines of Service Delivery","authors":"R. McCarville, David W. Drewery","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9124","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored how identification processes among front-line workers influence client orientation. We interviewed 15 front-line workers from two sport/leisure organizations. Thematic analyses of interview results suggest how identification and relational processes can foster client orientation. Front-line workers may identify with co-workers, the organization (mission was particularly important), the client, and even the activity for which they are responsible. Identification with these targets offers insight into how to treat clients. For example, several of those interviewed noted the importance of mission statements in setting the tone for a client orientation. Two conditions seemed important. First, the mission statement must offer clarity into the role of client orientation in the service delivery model. It should focus directly on serving the client. Second, it must be crafted in a way that encourages identification by staff members. They must see their own value system within the mission statement. These identification processes became critical when other identification targets (in this case, other staff) offered direction that was incompatible with client orientation. We found, for example, that at times co-workers’ values and behaviours could be inconsistent with client orientation. On such occasions, though, those with already high client orientation tendencies failed to identify with, or at least model, the behaviours of their co-workers. Instead they looked to vision for service laid out by the organization. These findings also highlight the importance of staff-participant and staff-activity identification. Observers believed that staff members sharing a sense of similarity and familiarity with program participants, often possessed a client orientation. Particularly striking in our interviews was the notion of a shared passion for the activity (e.g., special event or sport) in developing client orientation. Most leisure service staff described here had a background in the activity they facilitated. As a result, they had a strong passion for that activity. When they interacted with participants who also demonstrated a passion for the activity, identification processes were enhanced. This identification seemed to aid in client orientation. Finally, participants described how job descriptions often failed to capture the nuances of client orientation and instead focused on core tasks. It is perhaps unsurprising then, that client orientation was described as being a lower priority among staff who focused on tasks (as laid out in their job descriptions or in policy). Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115534389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grand Expectations: Understanding Visitor Motivations and Outcome Interference in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming","authors":"W. Rice, B. D. Taff, P. Newman, Z. Miller, A. D’Antonio, Jenna Baker, C. Monz, Jennifer N. Newton, K. Zipp","doi":"10.18666/JPRA-2019-9283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9283","url":null,"abstract":"National Park Service (NPS) units have seen a significant increase in visitation in recent years. From 2014 to 2016, Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) experienced a 17% increase in recreational visits. Managing for increased use, driven partially by new and novel types of recreation activities, is a growing issue of concern for the NPS. This study uses a qualitative approach to examine how emerging activity types paired with increased visitor use in GTNP’s popular String and Leigh Lakes (SLL) area may lead to outcome interference among park visitors. An influx of novel uses, such as paddleboarding, to an area that is already popular for a myriad of recreation activities, including canoeing, picnicking, and day hiking, adds a layer of complexity to the management of the lakes. This increase in visitation and activity diversity, combined with limited vehicle access and parking, is creating an environment in which crowding and displacement of visitors is occurring. Using the recreational opportunity demand hierarchy (RODH) and an outcomes-focused management (OFM) framework, this study explores visitor activities, settings, and motivations, as well as possible outcome-interfering variables that may interfere with benefit-achievement. To inform this effort, 62 semi-structured interviews were compiled using a random-sampling technique in the SLL area during the summer of 2017. Data were analyzed using a blind coding technique and results suggest that conflict, crowding, and displacement are possible outcome-interfering variables that can be targeted in future research and monitoring efforts in the SLL area and beyond. The results also indicate that visitors react rationally to previous recreational outcomes. Additionally, we examine how our results can address common critiques of OFM. Finally, we propose a new iteration of the RODH, the rational recreation demand hierarchy (RRDH), in which outcomes direct future recreational decisions. The findings of this study and the updated outcomes-focused framework provide a variety of implications to managers. These include the management of outcomes and outcome-interfering variables as indicators of quality, a means of conceptualizing how outcome-achievement influences future decision-making concerning recreational activities and settings, and the treatment of protected area visitors as rational decision makers. Additionally, this study provides a vignette of how increased visitation, a phenomenon widely reported across US national parks, influences visitor experience. Subscribe to JPRA","PeriodicalId":223577,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128938353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}