ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Avoid Peer Information: Evidence from a Field Experiment of Charity Crowdfunding","authors":"T. Chan, Li Liao, Xiumin Martin, Zhengwei Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3823764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3823764","url":null,"abstract":"We study the behavior of an individual avoiding peer information on charity giving. Manipulating how the peer donation information was revealed to potential donors in a field experiment, we find 89% of individuals were “information avoiders.” We further use an instrumental variable estimation strategy to show that, given the option to avoid the information, these individuals were less likely to give and to help promote charity campaigns, which reduced the total distribution of campaigns on the platform by 8.5% and the total donation amount by 7.7%. Finally, we use a theoretical model to illustrate how the pressure from peer comparison may drive the findings.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114318788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benford's Law and COVID-19 Reporting","authors":"Christoffer Koch, Kentaro Okamura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3586413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3586413","url":null,"abstract":"Trust in the reported data of contagious diseases in real time is important for policy makers. Media and politicians have cast doubt on Chinese reported data on COVID-19 cases. We find Chinese confirmed infections match the distribution expected in Benford’s Law and are similar to that seen in the U.S. and Italy and thus find no evidence of manipulation. Policy makers in the rest of the world should trust the Chinese data and formulate policy accordingly.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130212733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Theory of Local Public Goods Provision with Congestion: Destroy the Public Good to Produce the Public Good?","authors":"Maxime Agbo, Agnès Zabsonré","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3399632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3399632","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the old but highly topical question of the efficient provision of public goods: could the laisser-faire lead to efficiency? Or do we need government to provide these goods? Some authors, Stiglitz (1982), Lindsay and Dougan (2013) among others, discussed some conditions under which the laisser-faire give a near optimal provision. In this paper, we consider the public goods that are subject to congestion, and basing on empirical facts in Africa, we revisit the agents' preferences regarding the use of public goods. Indeed, we could argue that the utility function does not have the same properties over its set of variation. Specifically, it may exist a threshold defining a level of public goods below which free riding is in nobody's interest. With such a utility function, we show that the laisser-faire provision amount and the social optimum coincide. At this equilibrium point, the marginal utility of the private good is higher than the marginal utility of the public good. As policy implications, the best way to incite people to voluntarily contribute to the public good provision is to destroy the public good, not the private good. In other words, any policy of eviction from public spaces may not be effective.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"9 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116579169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПРИ АНАЛИЗЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ (Problematic Issues in the Analysis of Socioeconomic Security)","authors":"Dzmitry Shvaiba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3299825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3299825","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> На основе изложенного в статье материала представляется возможность информационного анализа кубика безопасности: градация средств обороны по их соотношению к угрозам; градация опасностей по степени их влияния; градация объектов по степени их безопасности и т.д. Описанный расклад разрешает систематизировать исследуемые элементы, базируясь на анализе многомерных данных. Возможно структурировать опасности, способы обороны, объекты и иные элементы защищенности с учетом их внутренних данных. Особая индивидуальность предложенной модели систематизирования заключается в том, что она разрешает обнаружить сокрытые отношения и закономерности между их внутренними структурами, которые не всякий раз видимы на стадии описания.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Based on the article with the material is the ability of information analysis cube security: graduation of the means of defence in their relationship to threats; gradation of hazards according to their degree of influence; grading objects according to their degree of safety, etc. Described situation allows to systematize the studied elements based on the analysis of multidimensional data. Based on everything, it is possible to structure the dangers, defense methods, objects and other elements of security, taking into account their internal data. The special individuality of the proposed model of systematization is that it allows you to find hidden relationships and patterns between their internal structures, which are not always visible at the stage of description.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122845242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of China's Official Development Finance on Other Developing Countries","authors":"Haiyang Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3173445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3173445","url":null,"abstract":"The paper uses a fixed effect model to detect the impact of China’s official development finance program. It shows that China’s official development finance has a positive effect on bilateral trade. Further, China’s official development finance has stronger effect on bilateral trade in democratic recipient countries than in autocratic ones. Likewise, it has stronger effect on bilateral trade in the least developed countries (LDCs) than in middle-income countries (MICs). The results of the paper make the argument for China to direct more official development finance to recipient countries with democratic attributes and at a low level of per capita income, assuming promoting bilateral trade is one of China’s policy objectives. The results of the paper have significant policy implications in international development, because assisting the least developed members with democratic attributes is both in China’s own interest and is broadly consistent with the view held by traditional donors and lenders.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130153314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Austerity: Monitoring the Human Rights Impacts of Fiscal Consolidation","authors":"Nicholas J. Lusiani, Sergio Chaparro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3218609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3218609","url":null,"abstract":"In the decade since the 2008 global economic crisis, fiscal austerity has become the new normal. In the name of fiscal discipline, governments in more than two-thirds of countries throughout the world have enacted drastic austerity measures like severe public expenditure cuts, regressive tax changes, and labor market and pension reforms, effectively disinvesting in human rights. Draconian fiscal adjustments have undermined human rights of all types — from the rights to education, food, health and housing to the rights to decent work, fair wages and social security; and from freedom of expression to the rights to life and personal security. In the process, these unnecessary and unjustified policies have also aggravated disparities such as those of income, gender, race, age, disability and migration status. This paper argues that another lost decade for human rights is impermissible. Drawing on lessons learned from monitoring austerity over the past ten years, this paper outlines practical guidance for policymakers, oversight bodies, civil society actors and others seeking to assess and address the foreseeable human rights consequences of austerity. It offers an adaptable methodological framework to inform the content and process of conducting effective Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIAs) of fiscal consolidation measures. Further, the briefing demonstrates why a human rights assessment of austerity is at once necessary, feasible and ultimately quite valuable in advancing a suite of alternative policies that would prevent harmful forms of fiscal consolidation in the future.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115564840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Public Good Provision in Networks: Revisiting the Lindahl Solution","authors":"Anil Jain","doi":"10.17016/IFDP.2017.1210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2017.1210","url":null,"abstract":"The provision of public goods in developing countries is a central challenge. This paper studies a model where each agent’s effort provides heterogeneous benefits to the others, inducing a network of opportunities for favor-trading. We focus on a classical efficient benchmark – the Lindahl solution – that can be derived from a bargaining game. Does the optimistic assumption that agents use an efficient mechanism (rather than succumbing to the tragedy of the commons) imply incentives for efficient investment in the technology that is used to produce the public goods? To show that the answer is no in general, we give comparative statics of the Lindahl solution which have natural network interpretations. We then suggest some welfare-improving interventions.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"312 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122313346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"G20 at Hamburg: America Jilted, World Wilted","authors":"N. Ahmad","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3008598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3008598","url":null,"abstract":"The post-US withdrawal of Paris Pact at Hamburg was not adequately appropriative of the world mood. Such congregations and jamborees do create artificial camaraderie sans any tangible results, and the same has been witnessed at the Hamburg-Germany. Trump Presidency would be remembered for its biggest disservice to the cause of maintaining climate ecology on the planet earth. Trump administration has emasculated the Paris Pact on Climate Change by shamelessly abandoning it. However, trade, security, and economic agenda have also met the predictable permutations. Despite the fact of an optimistic environment, there has been a sense of déjà vu among the members of the grouping at the Hamburg regarding many issues, particularly about climate change. German Chancellor Angela Merkel has made a statement, “I think it’s very clear that we could not reach consensus, but the differences were not papered over, they were clearly stated” as reported by the BBC News on July 08, 2017. But the consensus is the hallmark of such organizations and that was conspicuous by its absence to the cheers of US capitalist and protectionist classes. But, of late, it is being seen that these groupings have been failing in their mandate. Therefore, such a trend is not good for the world as a whole and raises highly annoying questions like; has G20 lost its relevance? What is the utility of such groupings like G8, G20, G77, or other regional alliances? Are these gatherings merely reduced to talking territories, photo-ops, and political tourism at the expense of ordinary taxpayers? What is the relevance of UNO in the contemporary world? International institutions like G20 must not be made hostage to one or few countries. In fact, it was an occasion to underline the proactive approach of G20 on its agenda implementation within the stipulated time frame. Moreover, G20 could have put its foot down on all outstanding issues excluding the US. The President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker has rightly designated the EU is in an “elevated battle mood” to resort to the countermeasures on the US sidling to the policy of protectionism to promote the US steel industry.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131721985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solution-Driven Finance: The New Way of 'Impact First' Why Serving Organic Lobster on Titanic Won't Do the Trick","authors":"Uli Grabenwarter","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2990907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2990907","url":null,"abstract":"The resounding successes in raising ever increasing amounts of capital for impact investing have never calmed the critics who maintain that much of this capital has nothing in common with an impact investing approach. These critics say that behind the figures is hidden a disguised form of return-driven investment strategies. How come the supposedly noble objectives of directing massive capital towards impact investing have not overcome the divide between the true features of impact investing and its perception in the eyes of its stakeholder community? \u0000The disconnect between, on one side, the impact investment capital raised and on the other, the impact that is needed to overcome the societal challenges we are currently facing is of concern: Whilst we are celebrating the ever-growing amount of capital going into so-called impact investing, we tend to overlook the limited impact this capital is actually having. \u0000We may very well raise an amount of USD 13 to 20 trillion USD, equivalent to what is needed to meet the SDGs. But how can we overcome the fact that most of these funds will seek risk/return profiles that can only be found in mainstream instruments targeted at some 40 countries which show political stability, functioning capital markets, high credit ratings and economic prosperity, while the bulk of challenges to be met in order to reach the SDGs lie in the 140 remaining countries, with high political end economic volatility, low safety standards, often unreliable legal systems etc. \u0000This article suggests a new form of “impact first” investing: rather than applying merely a negative screening filter that seeks to identify within a pool of random impact investment opportunities those that happen to meet a given risk/return profile, the focus needs to be on funding concrete impact solutions: Once identified, impact solutions shall be translated into financial instruments which combine the risk/return profiles of a sufficiently large spectrum of investors in order to get a given impact solution funded. \u0000DFIs, in applying their technical knowledge in funding projects in all types of sectors and their skills for developing innovative hybrid financial instruments can play a major role in this and prove their subsidiarity to the private sector. \u0000For players in the financial services industry, such new impact investing approach creates unprecedented opportunities to improve their competitiveness through the intelligence of their products. \u0000Finally, an investment approach targeted at concrete impact solutions, which are not only part of a two-dimensional investment decision but are actually placed at the very heart of the design of the financial instrument itself, would render a large portion of the debate on impact metrics redundant.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"49 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131811300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Handbook on Climate Change, Migration and the Law (Introduction)","authors":"B. Mayer, F. Crépeau","doi":"10.4337/9781785366598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785366598","url":null,"abstract":"This Handbook seeks to provide an overview of the myriad of ideas and debates that emerged in recent years on climate change, migration and the law. What is often reduced to the simple terms such as “climate migration” or “climate refugees” emerged as a rather complex theme. Climate change affects human mobility in multiple ways, often indirectly, and always within the context of particular societies and communities. It is not always possible to identify specific scenarios of climate migration and, a fortiori, to single out “climate migrants.” In turn, these conceptual intricacies make it more difficult to analyse how existing law applies to – and how new laws and policies could relate to – what should perhaps best be called the “climate-migration nexus.” As editors, we were committed to giving voice to different views, even if those could be conflicting, rather than pushing for a particular narrative of our taste. We thus leave it to the readers to weigh multiple arguments through further research. Thus, the chapters gathered in this Handbook are written by authors from different backgrounds and perspectives to reflect the multiple on-going discussions on the topic. These chapters develop diverse and sometimes conflicting understandings of, among others, the implications of climate change for human mobility, terminological choices, and views about desirable steps to be taken. This introduction provides a general background to the chapters that follow. A first section discusses some difficulties in conceptualizing the climate-migration nexus. A second section offers a broad overview of relevant legal developments. A third section examines the political and normative implications of discussions on the climate-migration nexus. A fourth section presents the outlines of this Handbook.","PeriodicalId":222232,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Public Goods & International Public Goods (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128109213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}