Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Whole exome sequencing uncovers rare variants associated with PCOS susceptibility in Indian women.","authors":"Medini Samant, Mahalakshmi Bhat, Roshan Dadachanji, Digumarthi V S Sudhakar, Anushree Patil, Srabani Mukherjee","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2471418","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2471418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex polygenic endocrinopathy affecting 5-20% of reproductive-age women. Familial studies, candidate gene studies, and GWAS have identified multiple PCOS-associated genetic loci. This study aims to identify the functional variants associated with PCOS. We applied whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify functional variants among eighty-five well-characterized women with PCOS. The annotated variants were filtered based on minor allele frequency and <i>in-silico</i> pathogenicity prediction. We found a significant association of 234 rare pathogenic nonsynonymous variants in 201 genes with PCOS in our study group. These genes are linked to steroid hormone biosynthesis, ovarian steroidogenesis, insulin resistance, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway which are influential in PCOS pathophysiology. Further, several rare variants were found to be unique to women with and without insulin resistance, and enrichment analysis revealed that carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was especially deranged in insulin-resistant PCOS women. Variants of the steroidogenesis pathway were validated by Sanger sequencing including rs368902124 (<i>CYP19A1</i>), rs143286842 (<i>IGF1R</i>), and rs555458296 (<i>BMP-6</i>). <i>In-silico</i> analysis by DUET showed that these variants destabilized the folding of their corresponding protein. Women carrying these rare variants presented with altered hormonal profiles and clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia, emphasizing their impact on PCOS pathophysiology. Several functional rare variants have been revealed to be associated with increased PCOS risk in the present study thus, expanding the genetic susceptibility landscape of Indian women to PCOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"76-89"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the practical challenges and ethical dilemmas of surplus cryopreserved human embryos.","authors":"George Anifandis, Dimitrios Ioannou, Georgia Kokkali, Katerina Chatzimeletiou, Christina Messini, Sevastiani Antonouli, Helen G Tempest","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2449901","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2449901","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryopreservation, the use of very low temperatures to preserve structurally intact living cells and tissues, has seen exponential growth in the field of <i>in vitro</i> fertilization (IVF). In the last decade, cryopreservation of embryos and freeze-all protocols have become an essential aspect and a prerequisite for a successful IVF outcome. Moreover, vitrification, which is a fast and safe cryopreservation method, has proved to be an effective choice for cryopreserving gametes and embryos. The increasing number of cryopreserved embryos worldwide in cryobanks and IVF clinics is an undisputable fact that raises important physiological, ethical, and moral considerations that merit careful examination and discussion. Many couples utilizing assisted reproduction will have a surplus of cryopreserved embryos, in other words they already have completed their family without exhausting all the embryos that were created and cryopreserved during the process. Additionally, the global IVF market has also experienced significant growth due to various factors, including advancements in technology, increased awareness about infertility treatments, and changing societal norms towards delayed parenthood. Thus, for the foreseeable future the number of cryopreserved embryos, and the phenomenon of surplus embryos will likely remain unresolved. In the present review, following a description of the cryopreservation method and the physiological changes during the cryopreservation of embryos, the bioethical issues raised by the surplus cryopreserved embryos will be discussed alongside possible solutions for resolving this phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"2449901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of infertility.","authors":"Awoniyi O Awonuga, Olivia G Camp, Mia M Biernat, Husam M Abu-Soud","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2469582","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2469582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Having a child is an innate trait in animals, including humans, and is required for the continued existence of all animal species. Therefore, for most women, the inability to conceive or to do so in a timely fashion - termed infertility - to enable the continuation of the family line can be emotionally distressing. The definition of infertility is controversial because of its separation into primary and secondary. This is further complicated by the loosely used term subfertility, which relates to couples who have reduced ability because they take longer than the natural time to conceive, as opposed to those who are infertile and are entirely unable to conceive after 6 to 12 months, depending on age. Infertility evaluation requires a thorough male and female history, physical examination of both partners, and targeted investigation to determine the cause of infertility in a particular couple. Various treatments apply to infertile couples depending on the age of the female partner, the results of investigations, the reason for infertility, the presence of inheritance of abnormal genes, the pregnancy rates the couple is happy with, the resources available, how desperate the couple is to achieve a live birth, and how much they want to commit to treatment. Infertility treatment could include counseling and expectant management only, intrauterine insemination in a natural or stimulated cycle, and IVF and or ICSI. Men with azoospermia will need surgical options to retrieve sperm for IVF/ ICSI, but rarely for IUI. This review overviews infertility's etiology, diagnosis, investigations, and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"116-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143674562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perilous effects of polystyrene fragments on male reproductive system and tenable directives of remediation.","authors":"Sonali Bhattacharya, Sudipta Majumdar Nee Paul","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2545248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2025.2545248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indiscriminate use of polystyrene (PS) plastics has posed a major problem for its disposal and recycling on one hand, while on the other hand, fragmentation of these into micro/nano compounds threatens the living world by its toxic effect. The small sized particles can be present in any ecosystem and pose threat to the living world there. The unique properties of these small-scale fragments allow them to cross the barriers of human bodies and affect the vital organ system, altering the normal physiological parameters. Male reproductive system is highly affected by these micro/nanoplastics which leads to infertility and other physiological complications. Smaller number of literatures has been reported in this field in comparison to female reproductive system. The signaling mechanism of polystyrene micro/nanoplastics (PSMP/NPs) have been discussed in this review. There are lacunae in this regard which have been addressed very specifically. Many reports of biodegradation processes have been put forward, but not without any additional hazards. This review puts together the existing literature on the effect of PSMP/NPs on mammalian male reproductive system, throws light on the possible bioremediation methods using microorganisms, and highlights the unattended areas of study so that the future research finds a way for these problematic aspects.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"330-355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144969926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of placenta previa and liver enzyme abnormalities with recurrent pregnancy loss in women.","authors":"Eyman Al-Ali, Iman Mohammed Said Jallod","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2479483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2025.2479483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 1% to 5% of women of reproductive age, Even after thoroughly evaluating recurrent pregnancy loss etiology and risk factors about 75% of cases remaining unexplained. While the roles of hormonal imbalances, infections, and anatomical anomalies have been investigated, liver enzyme dysregulation and placenta previa remain poorly understood in their potential contributions to RPL. This study investigates these associations to improve outcomes for women with RPL. This study investigates the correlation between placenta previa, liver enzyme alterations, and recurrent pregnancy loss in a cohort of women from Telafar City. In a cross-sectional, case-control study, 80 non-pregnant women with a history of RPL were compared with 60 healthy controls without a history of miscarriage. Placental status was clinically assessed, and liver function was evaluated by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). The study found that 79% of women with RPL exhibited placenta previa, a condition not observed in the control group. Additionally, women with RPL demonstrated significantly elevated levels of AST (19.7750 ± 5.5 U/L), ALT (17.7 ± 7.7 U/L), and GGT (21.9375 ± 9.5 U/L) compared to controls, while ALP levels were notably reduced in the RPL group (95.5250±35.5U/L vs. 124.650±19.6U/L). According to these results, placenta previa and liver enzyme dysregulation may play a role in the pathophysiology of recurrent pregnancy loss. In addition to the importance of being aware of the status of the placenta and liver function to avoid another miscarriage.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"170-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144128707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissecting the shared molecular mechanisms underlying polycystic ovary syndrome and schizophrenia etiology: a translational integrative approach.","authors":"Dilek Pirim, Fatih Atilla Bağcı","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2499475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2025.2499475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent evidence suggests that individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of developing mental health disorders and comorbidities linked to nervous system dysfunction. Interestingly, patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) often exhibit PCOS symptoms, indicating a possible connection between the two conditions. However, the underlying molecular links between these diseases remain poorly understood. We employed a comprehensive <i>in-silico</i> approach, utilizing publicly available datasets to investigate shared biomarkers candidates and key regulators involved in the development of PCOS and SCZ. We retrieved the datasets from the NCBI GEO database and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for each dataset. Common DEGs (cDEGs) were determined, and transcription factors (TFs) and miRNA targeting cDEGs were examined using the mirDIP portal and TRRUST database, respectively. We also assessed the TF-miRNA interactions by TransmiR database and constructed a regulatory network including TFs-microRNAs-cDEGs. Our analysis identified a total of 15 cDEGs that are regulated by 15 TFs and 8 mRNAs. Among our findings, we prioritized RELA as a potential TF regulator for both diseases, demonstrating synergistic interaction with four cDEGs (<i>EGR1</i>, <i>CXCL8</i>, <i>IL1RN</i>, <i>IL1B</i>) and seven microRNAs (hsa-miR-580, hsa-miR-5695, hsa-miR-936, hsa-miR-3675, hsa-miR-634, hsa-miR-603, hsa-miR-222) that target these genes. Our data highlights potential common biomarkers for PCOS and SCZ, presenting a novel regulatory network that elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying both conditions. This emphasizes the importance of further research to explore new translational approaches, which may ultimately lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for affected individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human placentation: foundations and implications for reproductive endocrinology and infertility.","authors":"Elakkiya Prabaharan, D Randall Armant, Sascha Drewlo","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2533992","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2533992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human fetal development requires sustenance <i>via</i> the placenta, which mediates molecular transport between maternal and fetal circulations. Placental formation begins as cells of the trophoblast lineage differentiate and the extraembryonic mesoderm becomes vascularized, assembling a unique organ <i>de novo</i> that facilitates nutrient and gas exchange, waste removal, hormone production and immune modulation. We describe how placentation is orchestrated to keep pace with fetal growth, but is vulnerable to disruption by medical interventions for infertility. Initially, trophoblast stem cells differentiate into proliferating mononuclear cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) that fuse to form the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB). The STB ensheathes the chorionic villi, bathed in maternal blood. As fetal blood vessels develop within the mesodermal core of villi, the maternal-fetal interface is established. Where the villi meet the decidua, CTBs further differentiate into extravillous trophoblasts, which invade and remodel uterine arteries into high-conductance, low-resistance vessels, enhancing maternal blood flow to the placenta. Among the critical intercellular axes that govern trophoblast differentiation, invasion, and vascular remodeling hormonal cues, particularly those associated with the corpus luteum, are critical; their alteration in certain assisted reproductive technology (ART) protocols can contribute to incomplete arterial remodeling. Malplacentation is linked to miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia, affecting over 10% of pregnancies, and occurring at higher rates in patients diagnosed with infertility, especially those who conceive through ART. Understanding the mechanisms driving these pathologies is essential for improving pregnancy outcomes. Strategies to optimize ART protocols and therapeutic interventions targeting key signaling pathways offer potential avenues to mitigate risks associated with malplacentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"279-306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418271/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male infertility.","authors":"Opeyemi Dhikhirullahi, Zhibing Zhang","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2548492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2025.2548492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infertility is the failure of a couple to achieve pregnancy after one year of consistent unprotected sex. Male factors contribute to about 50 percent of all infertility cases. Male infertility is a multifactorial disease that can stem from multiple etiologies which can be congenital or acquired. Due to the complex nature of male infertility, a multifaceted approach is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. But, in most cases, the cause of infertility is idiopathic. The diagnosis and management of male infertility is a comprehensive and stepwise process that involves history, physical examinations, and semen analyses which is the gold standard for evaluating male fertility in the clinic. The outcomes of semen analyses will determine the next step of investigation which may include hormone profiling, imaging, and genetic testing to identify the mechanism of infertility. Through advances in fertility research, Assisted Reproductive Technology has revolutionized the treatment approach for male infertility. ARTs like IVF and Intracytoplasmic sperm Injection have been useful in helping couples achieve pregnancy when all other treatment options have failed. Despite advances in fertility research, there are still challenges to be overcome such as improved access to fertility care, optimization of ART to achieve 100 percent clinical pregnancy, deeper understanding of etiologies of male infertility with emphasis on idiopathic male infertility. This review summarizes current knowledge on the etiologies, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions as well as recent advances in basic and clinical research on male infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"416-438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of tannin-rich extract from commercial <i>Acacia mearnsii</i> and gallocatechin on ovine cryopreserved semen viability.","authors":"Mohammed S Liman, Abubeker Hassen, Mario P Smuts, Ahmed D A Biraima, Peter Sutovsky, Lyndy J McGaw, Dietmar E Holm","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2465260","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2465260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a tannin-rich extract from commercial <i>Acacia mearnsii</i> (MTE_0), and gallocatechin, a flavonoid compound derived from <i>Acacia mearnsii</i>, on the long-term viability and motility of cryopreserved ovine semen. Six fresh ejaculates obtained from six adult merino rams twice per week for three weeks were allocated to five aliquots (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µM gallocatechin added into the Optidyl™ extender) before cooling and cryopreservation. Effects of MTE_0 and gallocatechin on post-thawed motility characteristics were analyzed using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA), and viability (LIVE/DEAD^® kit, Molecular Invitrogen, Waltham, MA), oxidative stress (2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA, Thermo Fisher^®, Waltham, MA)) for reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 MitoTracker, Molecular Invitrogen, Waltham, MA), acrosomal integrity (lectin PNA), and capacitation using merocyanine 540 (M540) and YO-PRO-1 dyes in flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (IBM SPSS 21.0 for Windows, Armonk, NY). Gallocatechin at 25 µM positively affected (<i>p</i> ≤ .001) kinematic parameters including average path velocity (VAP), progressive velocity (VSL), and beat cross frequency (BCF) of cryopreserved semen. Similarly, gallocatechin at 25 µM^- improved sperm motility (live 21.99 ± 2.06%), reduced ROS levels (26.45 ± 1.10%), and mitigated premature capacitation (viable and stable 20.08 ± 1.48%) compared to other treatments. Gallocatechin addition to semen resulted in a significant (<i>p</i> ≤ .001) positive effect compared with the MTE_0 extract. It is concluded that gallocatechin inclusion at 25 µM significantly reduces semen deterioration following cryopreservation. This study is the first to introduce gallocatechin as an efficient antioxidant additive to ovine semen to improve its quality during storage. Our findings will help improve post-thaw ovine semen quality and longevity. Future studies to elucidate the mechanism of anti-oxidative stress action of gallocatechin and its derivatives on semen motility and longevity are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"90-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Permeable cryoprotectants-free vitrification of human TESE, PESA and OAT spermatozoa: clinical outcomes.","authors":"Iryna Kuznyetsova, Sergey I Moskovtsev, Stephanie Ng, Bill Yee, Ayub G M Lulat, Valeriy Kuznyetsov, Clifford L Librach","doi":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2466687","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19396368.2025.2466687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryopreservation of testicular and epididymal spermatozoa is more challenging in comparison to ejaculated spermatozoa due to lower sperm concentration and motility, and higher sperm sensitivity to cryoprotectants. Sperm vitrification without the use of potentially toxic permeable cryoprotectants is an attractive freezing alternative for testicular and epididymal spermatozoa, as well as oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) samples. Our study is a retrospective analysis of outcomes in IVF cycles involving a total of 70 testicular, 77 epididymal and 69 ejaculated OAT samples vitrified in a closed double-straw device using mHTF medium supplemented with protein and sucrose, without any permeable cryoprotectant. In total, 71 frozen samples were used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Results were compared to fresh samples (26 testicular, 53 epididymal and 63 ejaculated OAT samples) that served as controls. Elective single frozen embryo transfers of euploid or unknown-ploidy blastocysts were performed. While sperm motility is expected to diminish following slow sperm freezing and thawing, our data demonstrated that vitrification of testicular, epididymal and OAT samples had a mean motility rate comparable to fresh samples. No statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05) were observed between vitrified versus fresh TESE in fertilization (64.1% vs. 59.5%), blastocyst development (54.9% vs. 56.7%), blastocyst euploidy (36.4% vs. 33.3%), clinical pregnancy (47.8% vs. 36.4%) and live birth rates (43.5% vs. 24.2%). Similarly, vitrified versus fresh PESA showed no statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05) in the analyzed results respectively: (69.4% vs.74.9%; 62.6% vs. 59.7%; 40.5% vs. 48.1%; 36.0% vs.37.7%; and 32.0% vs. 27.5%). For vitrified OAT samples, there was a significant difference in blastocyst development and euploidy rates when compared to the control group. Our results demonstrate that human testicular, epididymal spermatozoa and samples with OAT can be successfully vitrified in small volumes in a closed system without using any permeable cryoprotectants, allowing utilization of this technique in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":22184,"journal":{"name":"Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine","volume":"71 1","pages":"54-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143473055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}