Systematic Entomology最新文献

{"title":"From modern to classic: Classification of the planthopper family Issidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea) derived from a total‐evidence phylogeny","authors":"V. Gnezdilov, F. Konstantinov, A. Namyatova","doi":"10.1111/syen.12546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12546","url":null,"abstract":"The Issidae are highly diverse in terms of morphology and species richness. Despite recent efforts, the internal phylogeny and classification of this planthopper family remain controversial. Here, we present a phylogeny of the family inferred with Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of a nine‐gene molecular dataset (4702 bp) and morphological data (35 characters) across a broad sample of taxa (99 terminals). Based on these results, we verify the taxonomic status of the issid subfamilies, tribes and generic complexes. Results revealed a well‐supported basal dichotomy of the family into two clades, corresponding to the subfamilies Issinae and Hysteropterinae. Within Issinae, the tribes Issini, Thioniini, Sarimini, Hemisphaeriini, Parahiraciini and Kodaianellini were recovered with high support. Four strongly statistically supported clades were revealed within the subfamily Hysteropterinae, but we refrain from taxonomic decisions in the absence of morphological characters to diagnose the clades A–C. Interestingly, the obtained results are in good agreement with L. Melichar's view on Issidae classification suggested more than a century ago. Our results challenge an early Cretaceous origin of the Issidae and the basal split of the family between Neotropical taxa (Thioniini) and the remaining issids.","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47975722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multigene phylogeny of blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae) reveals extensive polyphyly of the tribe Lyttini and allows redefining its boundaries","authors":"A. Riccieri, E. Mancini, M. Pitzalis, D. Salvi, M. Bologna","doi":"10.1111/syen.12547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12547","url":null,"abstract":"Meloidae is a beetle family with about 3000 species divided into three subfamilies and 16 tribes. Included is the tribe Lyttini containing 33 genera and about 400 species. However, the boundaries of Lyttini have proved hard to define since the systematics of this tribe have repeatedly changed. In this study, we investigated the phylogeny of Lyttini and tested for its monophyly based on a comprehensive molecular dataset of mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (CAD and 28S) genes including 57 genera and 385 species representing most of the tribes of Meloidae. Further phylogenetic analyses were performed on a reduced taxon set (51 genera and 135 species covering 60% of the generic diversity of Lyttini) in order to maximize the number of loci and minimize missing data. Phylogenetic results strongly supported the monophyly of most of the tribes of the subfamily Meloinae, apart from Lyttini, which is split into 11 phylogenetically distinct lineages scattered throughout the tree. Based on these results, we restrict the tribe Lyttini to the genera Alosimus Mulsant, Lydus Dejan, Lytta Fabricius, Muzimes Mulsant & Rey and Oenas Latreille, all exclusive to the Holarctic region. The relationships among the remaining genera previously included in Lyttini and the other 10 lineages representing ‘non‐Lyttini’ tribes remain to be clarified. This study also provides a number of nomenclatural acts [including Pseudolytta n. stat.; Lytta (Taurilytta) n. subgen.; Lytta (Teratolytta) n.stat.; Mimovesperus resurrected; Denierella = Epicauta n.syn.; Psalydolytta = Epicauta n. syn.] and working hypotheses for future investigations on the systematics of Meloidae.","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47877297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenomics of the Aphididae: Deep relationships between subfamilies clouded by gene tree discordance, introgression and the gene tree anomaly zone","authors":"Christopher L. Owen,&nbsp;Gary L. Miller","doi":"10.1111/syen.12542","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12542","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are a lineage of ~5200 plant-feeding insects most abundant in temperate regions. The diversification of aphids is thought to be a rapid radiation, whereas abiotic and biotic factors heavily influence the morphologies. These factors have clouded the taxonomy at all taxonomic ranks, and the effect can be viewed in many incongruent molecular and morphological phylogenies. In this study, we address this problem using both genome and transcriptome data to estimate the phylogenomic relationships between 12 subfamilies with 48 ingroup taxa. We predicted a novel well-curated dataset of phylogenetically consistent orthologues that included 3162 genes to estimate a concatenated maximum likelihood and multi-species coalescent species trees. Our results suggest that there are three main clades of Aphididae subfamilies, which are congruent with a previous Sanger sequencing-based phylogenetic study. However, the relationship between the three clades of subfamilies is clouded by gene tree discordance, introgression and parent–child branches along the backbone that fall within the gene tree anomaly zone. In addition, our results suggest an introgression event between two agriculturally important species of aphids within the subfamily Aphidinae. Our research provides the first phylogenomic study of the Aphididae subfamilies and a foundation for future molecular and morphological studies into this adaptive radiation of insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48999966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for expert-level image-based identification of very similar species in the hyperdiverse plant bug family Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)","authors":"Alexander Popkov,&nbsp;Fedor Konstantinov,&nbsp;Vladimir Neimorovets,&nbsp;Alexey Solodovnikov","doi":"10.1111/syen.12543","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12543","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep learning algorithms and particularly convolutional neural networks are very successful in pattern recognition from images and are increasingly employed in biology. The development of automated systems for rapid and reliable species identification is vital for insect systematics and may revolutionize this field soon. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of a convolutional neural network to identify species based on habitus photographs with expert-level accuracy in a taxonomically challenging group where a human-based identification would require notorious genitalia dissections. Using the economically important and polymorphic plant bug genus <i>Adelphocoris Reuter</i> (Heteroptera: Miridae) as a model group, we explore the variability in the performance of 11 convolutional neural models most commonly used for image classification, test the role of class-imbalance on the model performance assessment and visualize areas of interest using three interpretation algorithms. Classification performance in our experiments with collection-based habitus photographs is high enough to identify very similar species from a large group with an expert-level accuracy. The accuracy is getting lower only in the experiments with an additional dataset of <i>Adelphocoris</i> and other live plant bugs photographs taken from the Web. Our article demonstrates the importance of comprehensive institutional insect collections for bringing deep learning algorithms into service for systematic entomology using affordable equipment and methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43029794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative taxonomy solves taxonomic impasses: a case study from Epyrinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)","authors":"Wesley D. Colombo,&nbsp;Carly M. Tribull,&nbsp;Cecilia Waichert,&nbsp;Celso O. Azevedo","doi":"10.1111/syen.12544","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12544","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We apply integrative taxonomy to solve a historical taxonomic impasse in a flat wasp group (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). The phylogeny of Epyrinae is inferred with parsimony analyses under equal and implied weights, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference using the nuclear markers 18S and 28S, the mitochondrial genes 16S, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome B and 232 morphological characters. This is the first phylogenetic study to examine all 42 epyrine genera, including junior synonyms and extinct taxa, applying a combined molecular and morphological approach. This study considered 186 terminal taxa with 166 representing the ingroup taxa and 20 outgroup taxa. All resulting trees of the combined analyses recovered <i>Anisepyris</i> Kieffer, <i>Aspidepyris</i> Evans, <i>Bakeriella</i> Kieffer, <i>Disepyris</i> Kieffer, <i>Laelius</i> Ashmead and <i>Trachepyris</i> Kieffer as monophyletic; <i>Chlorepyris</i> Kieffer, <i>Epyris</i> Westwood, <i>Formosiepyris</i> Terayama and <i>Holepyris</i> Kieffer are non-monophyletic. <i>Calyozina</i> Enderlein is recovered as an independent lineage in implied weights, Bayesian and maximum likelihood topologies. Here, we describe three new genera and revalidate six genera, five of them junior synonyms of <i>Epyris</i> and one of <i>Holepyris</i>. In addition, we analysed the presence/absence of a sulcus between the mesoscuto-scutellar foveae and the shape of mesoscuto-scutellar foveae as the most important taxonomic characters for Epyrinae using ancestral state reconstruction. Finally, we provide a checklist of all species of Epyrinae, compiled via direct observation of the type, illustrations, or literature and an updated and illustrated taxonomic key for all epyrine genera.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46602971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomics-based higher classification of the species-rich hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini)","authors":"Robert K. Robbins,&nbsp;Qian Cong,&nbsp;Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Jinhui Shen,&nbsp;Robert C. Busby,&nbsp;Christophe Faynel,&nbsp;Marcelo Duarte,&nbsp;Ananda R. P. Martins,&nbsp;Carlos Prieto,&nbsp;Gerardo Lamas,&nbsp;Nick V. Grishin","doi":"10.1111/syen.12541","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose a higher classification of the lycaenid hairstreak tribe Eumaeini – one of the youngest and most species-rich butterfly tribes – based on autosome, Lepidopteran Z sex chromosome and mitochondrial protein-coding genes. The subtribe Neolycaenina Korb is a <i>synonym</i> of Callophryidina Tutt and subtribe Tmolusina Bálint is a <i>synonym</i> of Strephonotina K. Johnson, Austin, Le Crom, &amp; Salazar. Proposed names are Rhammina Prieto &amp; Busby, <i>new subtribe</i>; Timaetina Busby &amp; Prieto, <i>new subtribe</i>; Atlidina Martins &amp; Duarte, <i>new subtribe</i>; Evenina Faynel &amp; Grishin, <i>new subtribe</i>; Jantheclina Robbins &amp; Faynel, <i>new subtribe</i>; Paiwarriina Lamas &amp; Robbins, <i>new subtribe</i>; Cupatheclina Lamas &amp; Grishin, <i>new subtribe</i>; Parrhasiina Busby &amp; Robbins, <i>new subtribe</i>; Ipideclina Martins &amp; Grishin, <i>new subtribe</i>; and Trichonidina Duarte &amp; Faynel, <i>new subtribe</i>. Phylogenetic results from the autosome and Z sex chromosome analyses are similar. Future analyses of datasets with hundreds of terminal taxa may be more practical time-wise by focussing on the smaller number of sex chromosome sequences (2.6% of nuclear protein-coding sequences). The phylogenetic classification and biological summaries for each subtribe suggest that a variety of factors affected Eumaeini diversification. About a dozen kinds of male secondary sexual organs with frequent evolutionary gains and losses occur in Atlidina, Evenina and Jantheclina (141 species combined). Females have been shown to use these organs to discriminate between conspecific and nonconspecific males, facilitating sympatry among close relatives. Eumaeina, Rhammina and Timaetina (140 species combined) are overwhelmingly montane with some evidence for a higher incidence of sympatric diversification. Seven Neotropical lineages in five subtribes invaded the temperate parts of the Nearctic Region with a diversification increase in the Callophryidina (262 species). North American <i>Satyrium</i> and <i>Callophrys</i> then invaded the Palearctic at least once each, with a major species-richness increase in <i>Satyrium</i>. The evolution of litter-feeding detritivores within Calycopidina (172 species) resulted in an increase in diversification rate compared with its flower-feeding sister lineage. Atlidina, Strephonotina, Parrhasiina and Strymonina (562 species combined) each contain a mixture of genera that specialize on one or two caterpillar food plant families and genera that are polyphagous. These would be appropriate subtribes to assess how the breadth of caterpillar food plants and the frequency of host shifts affected diversification.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9734497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dense sampling of taxa and characters improves phylogenetic resolution among deltocephaline leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)","authors":"Yanghui Cao,&nbsp;Christopher H. Dietrich,&nbsp;James N. Zahniser,&nbsp;Dmitry A. Dmitriev","doi":"10.1111/syen.12540","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12540","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analysed a phylogenomic dataset comprising 730 terminal taxa and &gt;160,000 nucleotide positions obtained using anchored hybrid enrichment of genomic DNA for a sample of deltocephaline leafhoppers and outgroups. Maximum likelihood analyses of concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences as well as coalescent gene tree analysis, yielded well-resolved phylogenetic estimates that were highly congruent with most branches receiving maximum support. Some topological incongruence occurs among the trees resulting from different analyses, mainly distributed among very short branches at intermediate levels in the phylogeny, pertaining to relationships among some tribes and multi-tribe lineages restricted to particular continents. Coalescent gene tree analysis revealed extensive gene tree conflict at these nodes, suggesting that certain relationships may remain difficult to resolve consistently even with genome-scale datasets and dense taxon sampling. Ancestral character state reconstruction of feeding preference indicates that grass specialization has been acquired three or fewer times in some highly diverse but relatively derived lineages. Molecular divergence time estimation suggests that the earliest divergences in the subfamily occurred during the Cretaceous but that most modern tribes did not appear until after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary and that grass specialist lineages generally diversified and spread at the same time as grasslands were becoming widespread globally. These analyses also show a high level of global biogeographic structure, with several large lineages of primarily arboreal deltocephalines restricted to particular regions or continents and long-distance dispersal among continents occurring primarily among grass-specialist lineages. The results represent a major improvement over previous analyses of this diverse subfamily, which were based on 152 or fewer taxa and data from morphology and partial sequences of two genes.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/syen.12540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hitchhiking into the future on a fly: Toward a better understanding of phoresy and avian louse evolution (Phthiraptera) by screening bird carcasses for phoretic lice on hippoboscid flies (Diptera)","authors":"Leshon Lee,&nbsp;David J. X. Tan,&nbsp;Jozef Oboňa,&nbsp;Daniel R. Gustafsson,&nbsp;Yuchen Ang,&nbsp;Rudolf Meier","doi":"10.1111/syen.12539","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many phoretic relationships between arthropods are understudied because of taxonomic impediments. We here illustrate for avian lice riding on hippoboscid flies how new natural history data on phoretic relationships can be acquired quickly with modern and cost-effective barcoding techniques. Most avian lice are host-specific, but some can arrive on new hosts by hitchhiking on hippoboscid flies that feed on bird blood. Our summary of the literature yielded 254 published records which we here show to belong to two large and 13 small interaction networks for birds, flies, and lice. In order to generate new records, we developed a protocol based on screening bird carcasses sourced with the help of citizen scientists. The inspection of 131 carcasses from Singapore led to the first record of a <i>Guimaraesiella</i> Eichler (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) louse species riding on <i>Ornithoica momiyamai</i> Kishida flies collected from a pitta carcass. Phoresy may explain why this louse species is now known from three phylogenetically disparate hosts (<i>Pitta moluccensis</i> (Müller), <i>Ficedula zanthopygia</i> (Hay); <i>Pardaliparus elegans</i> Lesson). A second new case of phoresy enhanced a large interaction network dominated by <i>Ornithophila metallica</i> (Schiner), a cosmopolitan and polyphagous hippoboscid fly species. Overall, we argue that many two- and three-way phoretic relationships between arthropods (e.g., mites, pseudoscorpions, beetles, flies) can be resolved with cost-effective large-scale NGS barcoding, which can be used to partially overcome taxonomic impediments by pre-sorting specimens for taxonomic revision.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/syen.12539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45714481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA barcodes on their own are not enough to describe a species","authors":"Alireza Zamani,&nbsp;Zdenek Faltýnek Fric,&nbsp;Hugo F. Gante,&nbsp;Tapani Hopkins,&nbsp;Alexander B. Orfinger,&nbsp;Mark D. Scherz,&nbsp;Alena Sucháčková Bartoňová,&nbsp;Davide Dal Pos","doi":"10.1111/syen.12538","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12538","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earth's biodiversity is still so poorly known that only about two million (Bánki et al., <span>2021</span>) of the estimated nine million or more eukaryotic species (Larsen et al., <span>2017</span>; Mora et al., <span>2011</span>) have been described. This puts taxonomists in a race against time to discover biodiversity before it is lost as a result of the Anthropocene mass extinction. Each species description is the result of an often long and time-consuming process that has involved collecting specimens, processing them, discovering their correct place in the tree of life and describing the species and its diagnostic characters from other related species. Currently, about 18,000 species are described each year, which means that species are going extinct at least as fast as they are named (Ceballos et al., <span>2015</span>; De Vos et al., <span>2015</span>; Zamani et al., <span>2021</span>). This ‘taxonomic impediment’ has been recognized as a serious problem (de Carvalho et al., <span>2007</span>) and has led to several proposed solutions (e.g., Engel et al., <span>2021</span>; Rodman &amp; Cody, <span>2003</span>).</p><p>In response to the slow and often cumbersome process of describing species, Meierotto et al. (<span>2019</span>) proposed what they later named a ‘minimalist’ approach. They named 18 new species of Costa Rican braconid wasps based almost solely on their consensus COI barcodes while neglecting to give differential diagnoses to those already described species in the same genera that lacked barcodes. This approach was criticized by Zamani et al. (<span>2021</span>), shortly before Sharkey, Janzen, et al. (<span>2021</span>) named 403 braconid species in the same way while also responding to the criticism. Later, Sharkey, Brown, et al. (<span>2021</span>) published a more detailed response in which they defended their approach. The ‘minimalist’ approach has also been recently criticized or commented on by Ahrens et al. (<span>2021</span>), Engel et al. (<span>2021</span>), Fernandez-Triana (<span>2021</span>) and Meier et al. (<span>2021</span>).</p><p>In this article, we continue this discussion by responding to Sharkey, Brown, et al. (<span>2021</span>). We summarize the main points of concern raised by us (and others) regarding the ‘minimalist’ approach, expand on some points discussed earlier and explain why we think morphology should remain an integral part of species descriptions. To be clear, we oppose the view of Meierotto et al. (<span>2019</span>) and Sharkey, Janzen, et al. (<span>2021</span>) on DNA barcoding as the only source of information for species <i>delimitation</i> and <i>description</i> purposes, and not as a valuable tool in an initial survey of biodiversity.</p><p>The default assumption of Sharkey, Janzen, et al. (<span>2021</span>) is that COI barcode clusters (Barcode Index Numbers [or BINs] computed by BOLD systems) equate to species. This assumption has been heavily criticized, especially by Meier ","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/syen.12538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43122519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher classification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) inferred from molecular phylogeny and their endosymbionts","authors":"Jinyeong Choi,&nbsp;Seunghwan Lee","doi":"10.1111/syen.12534","DOIUrl":"10.1111/syen.12534","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae, Rhizoecidae and Xenococcidae) are important organisms for understanding processes of evolution, especially microbial symbiotic systems and interactions with host plants. Molecular phylogenetic trees were reconstructed for 128 species of mealybug using DNA fragments of eight loci, namely a mitochondrial (<i>COI</i>), nuclear ribosomal RNA (<i>18S</i> and <i>28S D2</i> and <i>D10</i>) and nuclear protein-encoding genes (<i>EF-1α 5′</i> and <i>3′</i>, <i>Dynamin</i> and <i>wingless</i>). In addition, data on the types of obligate endosymbionts were used to test the monophyly of major groups resulting from this molecular phylogeny. Based on the data from DNA sequences, morphology and obligate endosymbionts, we present a phylogeny supporting the families Rhizoecidae and Xenococcidae separate from Pseudococcidae, and the separation of <i>Rastrococcus</i> Ferris from Phenacoccinae and Pseudococcinae. Consequently, <i>Rastrococcus</i> is excluded from Phenacoccinae and elevated to subfamily Rastrococcinae <b>subfam. nov.</b> We also found support for Putoidae as a family distinct from the true mealybugs. <i>Phenacoccus rubicola</i> Kwon, Danzig &amp; Park is transferred to <i>Coccura</i> Šulc.</p>","PeriodicalId":22126,"journal":{"name":"Systematic Entomology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/syen.12534","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47130301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}