Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery最新文献

{"title":"Quality of Life after Deep Brain Stimulation: A Primary versus Secondary Dystonia Comparative Study.","authors":"Emily Sanrey, Marylou Grasso, Marie Brethome, Emilie Chan-Seng, Valérie Gil, Philippe Coubes, Gaëtan Poulen","doi":"10.1159/000545755","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545755","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Generalized dystonia is a motor disorder causing major limitations in daily living activities. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for primary disorders, but its efficacy in secondary ones remains variable. Although quality of life (QoL) assessment is crucial in disabling conditions to understand the comprehensive impact of surgical treatment on daily life, the available questionnaires are not well adapted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Herein, QoL after DBS was evaluated using a \"homemade\" scale. The DBS-QoL scale is a new questionnaire specifically designed for generalized dystonia patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-one DYT1 patients and 40 cerebral palsy patients underwent globus pallidus internus DBS during the inclusion period. Clinical improvement was measured using the BFMDRS and compared to QoL evolution using the DBS-QoL. We identified a significant positive impact of DBS on motor and functional aspects for both groups, with superior gains in DYT1 patients. In this group, we found significant improvement in functional aspects, whereas in perinatal hypoxic patients, the opposite trend was reported, with better satisfaction in terms of wellbeing. Across both etiologies, patients expressed satisfaction with the surgical outcomes (83%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>QoL assessment, using a dedicated scale, was shown to complement BFMDRS, enhancing the detection of subtle symptom improvements in DBS-treated patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"206-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Focused Ultrasound Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Thalamotomy with Indwelling Globus Pallidus Internus Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes: A Case Report.","authors":"Adam C Glaser, David D Liu, P Jason White, Emily A Ferenczi, Albert Y Hung, Nathan J McDannold, G Rees Cosgrove","doi":"10.1159/000546737","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the gold-standard surgical treatment for essential tremor (ET) and tremor-predominant Parkinson's disease (TdPD). However, despite appropriate electrode placement and programming, patients may develop tremor recurrence due to disease progression. MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy is an alternative treatment to DBS and has been shown to yield durable tremor control in both ET and TdPD patients. However, MRgFUS thalamotomy in a patient with indwelling DBS electrodes has not been previously reported.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present the case of a 77-year-old male with progressive TdPD who underwent bilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS with subsequent right unilateral ventral intermediate nucleus thalamotomy 23 months after DBS due to progressive tremor recurrence. At 6-month follow-up, his tremor has completely resolved.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report of MRgFUS thalamotomy for recurrent tremor with indwelling DBS electrodes. We found that MRgFUS thalamotomy as salvage therapy with implanted GPi DBS electrodes is both safe and effective. It represents a novel potential treatment paradigm for TdPD patients with persistent tremor despite otherwise effective GPi DBS.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"263-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudoaneurysm Formation after Stereoencephalography for Epilepsy.","authors":"Henry M Skelton, Nealen G Laxpati, Jason J Lamanna, Faical Isbaine, Daniel L Barrow, Robert E Gross","doi":"10.1159/000543531","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stereoencephalography (SEEG) has emerged as the most common technique for invasive monitoring as part of the preoperative workup for epilepsy surgery. The use of intracranial implants has the potential for vascular injury giving rise to pseudoaneurysm, followed by unpredictable, delayed hemorrhage. Confirmed cases of post-SEEG pseudoaneurysm, as well as suspected cases involving delayed hemorrhage after explanation, are very rare and have not allowed identification of the inciting cause.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A patient was evaluated over the course of two SEEG implantations before the decision to proceed with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) to treat their drug-resistant epilepsy. Preoperative imaging for DBS revealed a pseudoaneurysm proximal to an SEEG craniostomy site. The lesion was treated with excision and vascular bypass, and the patient ultimately underwent DBS as planned. Retrospective analysis strongly implicated the SEEG implantation in pseudoaneurysmal formation, most likely via arterial collision resulting from entry site deviation from the planned stereotactic trajectory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pseudoaneurysm may be a more prevalent complication of SEEG than existing literature would suggest, as the delayed formation of these lesions can allow them to escape recognition on routine postoperative imaging. Though likely still uncommon, this may suggest the prudence of additional radiological surveillance. This complication is potentially devastating if unrecognized and untreated, but otherwise does not preclude further surgical therapies for epilepsy.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"212-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Deep Brain Stimulation and Responsive Neurostimulation Wound Complication Rates and Risk Factors: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.","authors":"Eric Bayman, Chiagoziem Anigbogu, Ashkaun Razmara, Steven G Ojemann, John A Thompson, Daniel R Kramer","doi":"10.1159/000545146","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive neural stimulation (RNS) are effective for patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Similar outcomes and increasingly convergent indications mean the choice of device may come down to other factors. Common to implanted therapeutic devices, wound-associated adverse outcomes are among the more common complications for these two procedures. However, there have been limited studies evaluating the differences in wound complication rates between DBS and RNS, despite the procedural differences for implantation for the two devices. Our objective was to analyze the differences in wound complication rates between patients who received DBS and RNS devices at the University of Colorado Hospital between 2016 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All DBS and RNS surgeries performed from 2016 to 2023 for two surgeons at the University of Colorado Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Wound complications included infection, hardware protrusion, or wound erosion requiring surgical washout, explant, or replacement. Risk factors evaluated included age, sex, diabetes, body mass index, and immunocompromised status. Incidence of complications and risk factors were evaluated and compared using a chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U test. The relationship between selected risk factors and the probability of wound complication was evaluated using a binomial logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 297 patients underwent DBS (n = 234, n = 218 for movement disorders, n = 16 for epilepsy) and RNS (n = 63) implantation. The DBS group had higher median age at the time of surgery compared to the RNS group (65 vs. 37, p < 0.001), and no other significant differences in group characteristics were noted. Wound complication incidence was greater in the RNS group compared to DBS (12.7% vs. 4.3%, p < 0.001). No other risk factors were noted to contribute to wound complication rate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Wound complication incidence was greater in RNS patients compared to DBS patients. Differences in age, sex, body mass index, and immunocompromised status were not associated with increased wound complication risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study Evaluating a New Dose Optimization Software for Gamma Knife Treatment Planning: Comparison of 80 Challenging Treatment Plans.","authors":"Lucie Hamáčková, Josef Novotný, Markéta Farníková, Roman Liščák, Gabriela Šimonová, Dušan Urgošík, Michal Schmitt","doi":"10.1159/000546214","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In 2020, Elekta Instrument AB, Stockholm, released a new dose optimizer for Leksell GammaPlan, which includes the possibility of inverse planning. This study aimed to compare the new software with the previous manual version of treatment planning for stereotactic radiosurgery and evaluate its performance.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four types of diagnoses - vestibular schwannomas, pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, and single brain metastasis - along with 80 clinically approved challenging cases, were selected for testing the new software. Key parameters, including coverage, selectivity, target volume, and doses to critical structures, were collected and statistically analysed using a t test. These parameters were compared based on the Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) Society standardization document for stereotactic radiosurgery, both for each diagnosis and for the entire dataset.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The new software showed a clear advantage, particularly in sparing critical structures while maintaining or improving treatment plan conformity. Doses to critical structures such as the optic nerve, brainstem, cochlea, and pituitary gland decreased by an average of 13% (0.76 Gy), 7% (0.52 Gy), 7% (0.2 Gy), and 14% (1.04 Gy), respectively, reducing toxicity. Other plan parameters also showed significant improvements, except for the gradient index. Selectivity improved by 11% (0.03), the Shaw Conformity Index improved by 10% (0.1), and coverage improved by 0.01. Additionally, treatment time was reduced by 10% enhancing patient comfort.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, LGK Lightning is faster and produces treatment plans with superior parameters compared to manual planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"269-278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dorsal Column Spinal Cord Stimulation Attenuates Brain-Spine Connectivity through Locomotion- and Visuospatial-Specific Area Activation in Progressive Freezing of Gait.","authors":"Ajmal Zemmar, David H Aguirre-Padilla, Irene E Harmsen, Julianne Baarbé, Can Sarica, Kazuaki Yamamoto, Talyta Grippe, Ghazaleh Darmani, Amitabh Bhattacharya, Zhongcan Chen, Kelly E Gartner, Nelleke van Wouwe, Paula Azevedo, Artur Vetkas, Darcia Paul, Nardin Samuel, Gianluca Sorrento, Brendan Santyr, Nathan Rowland, Suneil Kalia, Robert Chen, Alfonso Fasano, Andres M Lozano","doi":"10.1159/000541986","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Freezing of gait (FOG) is a clinical phenomenon with major life impairments and significant reduction in quality of life for affected patients. FOG is a feature of Parkinson's disease and a hallmark of primary progressive FOG, currently reclassified as Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-progressive gait freezing (PSP-PGF). The pathophysiology of FOG and particularly PGF, which is a rare degenerative disorder with a progressive natural history of gait decline, is poorly understood. Mechanistically, changes in oscillatory activity and synchronization in frontal cortical regions, the basal ganglia, and the midbrain locomotor region have been reported, indicating that dysrhythmic oscillations and coherence could play a causal role in the pathophysiology of FOG. Deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation (SCS) have been tested as therapeutic neuromodulation avenues for FOG with mixed outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed gait and balance in 3 patients with PSP-PGF who received percutaneous thoracic SCS and utilized magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography, and electromyography to evaluate functional connectivity between the brain and spine.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Gait and balance did not worsen over a 13-month period. This observation was accompanied by decreased beta-band spectral power in the whole brain and particularly in the basal ganglia. This was accompanied by increased functional connectivity in and between the sensorimotor cortices, basal ganglia, temporal cortex, and cerebellum, and a surge in corticomuscular coherence when SCS was paired with visual cues.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggest synergistic activity between brain and spinal circuits upon SCS for FOG in PGF, which may have implications for future brain-spine interfaces and closed-loop neuromodulation for patients with FOG.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"90-101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereotactic Frame-Based Targeting of the Posterior Fossa: A Systematic Workflow for the Leksell G Frame.","authors":"Anton Fomenko, Artur Vetkas, Benjamin Davidson, Newton Cho, Suneil K Kalia","doi":"10.1159/000543013","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cerebellar deep brain stimulation (DBS) is gaining traction as a potential treatment for movement disorders and stroke, and there is renewed interest in the cerebellum as a target for neuromodulation. Despite the safety and accuracy of frame-based approaches to the posterior fossa, unconventional stereotactic frame placement may be necessary to allow for low posterior fossa trajectories. Current literature lacks a comprehensive protocol detailing inverted frame placement and targeting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Preoperative imaging was acquired prone. An inverted Leksell G frame was applied along with an open-topped CT fiducial box, followed by a prone CT with the scanner set to the \"legs first, nose up\" configuration. Target coordinates were extracted from navigation software after image fusion. Intraoperatively, the patient was positioned prone, and the stereotactic arc was mounted in the lateral-right orientation, with inverted arc supports. Confirmatory stereotaxy to a scalp staple was performed, and the DBS leads were then inserted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our standardized protocol provides a flexible platform for posterior fossa DBS, allowing for low trajectories and multiple electrodes. Unlike conventional upright frame placement, an inverted frame permits an unobstructed view of suboccipital entry sites and incision placement. A conventional frame and regular planning software are sufficient, with no additional mathematical calculations required.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"126-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of Therapeutic Benefit of Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Thalamotomy for Tremor-Like Myoclonus in Two Cases of Benign Adult Familial Myoclonus Epilepsy.","authors":"Takashi Asahi, Taku Nonaka, Takashi Asahi, Shiro Horisawa, Ichiro Takumi, Kiyonobu Ikeda, Akikazu Nakamura, Kenko Azuma, Hiroyuki Akagawa, Jiro Yamamoto, Nobutaka Yamamoto, Takaomi Taira","doi":"10.1159/000546301","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Benign adult familial myoclonus epilepsy (BAFME) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by adult-onset cortical tremor and infrequent generalized seizures. Treatment options for managing involuntary movements in BAFME remain limited.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Here, we present 2 cases involving individuals with BAFME who underwent Vim thalamotomy for tremor-like myoclonus. Despite the intervention, neither patient experienced any improvement in their symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the Vim may not contribute to the pathophysiology of tremor-like myoclonus in BAFME, despite the established efficacy of Vim thalamotomy in the treatment of essential tremor.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"258-262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143999989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination Resective or Ablative Epilepsy Surgery with Neurostimulation for Complex Epilepsy Networks: A Case Series.","authors":"Christian G Lopez Ramos, Maryam N Shahin, Beck Shafie, Hao Tan, Erin Yamamoto, Alexander P Rockhill, Adeline Fecker, Mostafa Ismail, Daniel R Cleary, Ahmed Raslan, Lia D Ernst","doi":"10.1159/000541350","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Complex epilepsy networks with multifocal onset zones that overlap with eloquent cortex may benefit from combined surgical approaches. However, limited data exist on outcomes associated with performing these therapies in tandem. In this case series, we report on 6 patients who underwent combination surgery with either resection or laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) and neuromodulation with responsive neurostimulation (RNS) or deep brain stimulation (DBS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective review of adult patients with medically refractory epilepsy who underwent staged combination epilepsy surgeries during the same admission at our institution. Six cases treated between 2019 and 2023 were identified. All patients underwent a presurgical work-up including invasive intracranial monitoring and underwent a combined approach with either surgical resection, LITT, RNS, or DBS. We extracted data on demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics. The primary outcome was change in seizure frequency from baseline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 42.7 years old (4 female). All patients had at least one epileptogenic zone in the temporal lobe, two in extratemporal neocortex, two in periventricular nodular heterotopia. For the staged combination approach, 3 patients underwent LITT followed by RNS, two underwent resection and RNS, and one received LITT and DBS. The mean reduction in seizure frequency per month at last follow-up was 90%. Postoperatively, 1 patient experienced superior visual field deficits related to LITT, and another had postoperative deep vein thrombosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All patients experienced at least an 83% reduction in seizures. This case series demonstrates the potential benefits of a combined surgical approach in patients with multifocal seizures and at least one lesion that can be safely resected or ablated. Future prospective studies are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"14-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142475230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Populations: A Scoping Review of the Clinical Trial Landscape.","authors":"Youngkyung Jung, Karim Mithani, Hrishikesh Suresh, Nebras Warsi, Irene E Harmsen, Sara Breitbart, Carolina Gorodetsky, Alfonso Fasano, Aria Fallah, Aristides Hadjinicolaou, Alexander Weil, George M Ibrahim","doi":"10.1159/000543289","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000543289","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;There has been rapid advancement in the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment option for adults for neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Here, we present a scoping review of completed and ongoing clinical trials focused on DBS in pediatric populations, highlighting key knowledge gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Three databases (PubMed, OVID, and Embase) and the &lt;ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http://clinicaltrials.gov\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"&gt;clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/ext-link&gt; registry were queried to identify clinical trials for DBS in pediatric cohorts (age ≤18 years). Prospective and retrospective case series were excluded. No restrictions were placed on the diagnoses or measured clinical outcomes. Individual patient demographics, diagnosis, DBS target, and primary endpoints were extracted and summarized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 13 clinical trials were included in the final review, consisting of 9 completed trials (357 screened) and 4 ongoing trials (82 screened). Of the completed trials, 6 studied dystonia (both inherited and acquired; participants aged 4-18 years) and 3 studied drug-resistant epilepsy (participants aged 4-17 years). Among the 6 trials for dystonia, 5 used the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) as the primary endpoint. There were a total of 18 adverse events documented across 63 participants, with 5 of 9 studies reporting adverse events. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating DBS for dystonia (N = 2), epilepsy (N = 1), and self-injurious behavior (N = 1).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;This scoping review summarizes the landscape of clinical trials for DBS in children and youth. In dystonia, further research is warranted with more relevant pediatric outcome measures and for understudied patient subgroups and targets. There are also significant gaps in our understanding of evaluating the role of DBS in other neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders in pediatric populations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction: &lt;/strong&gt;There has been rapid advancement in the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a treatment option for adults for neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. Here, we present a scoping review of completed and ongoing clinical trials focused on DBS in pediatric populations, highlighting key knowledge gaps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Three databases (PubMed, OVID, and Embase) and the &lt;ext-link ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http://clinicaltrials.gov\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"&gt;clinicaltrials.gov&lt;/ext-link&gt; registry were queried to identify clinical trials for DBS in pediatric cohorts (age ≤18 years). Prospective and retrospective case series were excluded. No restrictions were placed on the diagnoses or measured clinical outcomes. Individual patient demographics, diagnosis, DBS target, and primary endpoints were extracted and summarized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Result","PeriodicalId":22078,"journal":{"name":"Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery","volume":" ","pages":"132-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11965851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142932343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}