Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series最新文献

{"title":"Vylys Tom 2 – A Multilayered Archaeological Site in the Valley of the Izhma River","authors":"A. Volokitin, N. Volokitina","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2022.42.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2022.42.9","url":null,"abstract":"The first multilayered clearly stratified site Vylys Tom 2 was studied in the valley of the Izhma River, the largest left tributary of the Pechora River (north of the East European Plain). Cultural remains are located in the sediments of the terrace’s promontory, which is 10 m high. The site is discovered in 2003; excavations were done in 2010–2011, 2015, 2017. Four cultural layers are distinguished. The first cultural layer is placed in contemporary forest soil. Badly preserved fragments of ceramic vessels are found in this layer. Nevertheless, typical peculiarities of their forms and ornament allow to date this layer to the end of Ananyino culture of Early Iron Age (VI–III century BC). The second cultural layer is placed in brown loam at 0.3–0.5 m depth from contemporary day surface. Flint artifacts are not numerous. Heat treatment of flint, thin bifaces production, and large burins are typical for the Neolithic with pit-comb ceramics. The third and fourth cultural layers are placed in thin humus sandy loam of alluvial soil strata and found at >2 m depth from contemporary day surface. It is low floodplain alluvium with a high sedimentation rate. The third layer has been dated to 7720±100 BP (GIN-15331), 7800±90 BP (GIN-14593), 8510±70 BP (LU-7289), and 8685±30 BP (IGANams-5991), while the obtained dates for the fourth layer are 8540±70 BP (GIN-14594), 8690±90 BP (LU-7288), and 8700±30 BP (IGANams-5992). The high rate of accumulation of sediments shows that the dates 7720±100 and 7800±90 BP from the third cultural layer are rejuvenated. And there is about 10 years between the existence of camp sites of the third and fourth layers. In these layers, fireplaces, traces of ocher, faunal remains, and stone products are noted, including a set of peckingabrasive stone tools for processing bone, and flakes from large slate polished tools (third layer), as well as large points, cores (including core-burins), polished axes and their fragments (fourth layer). We distinguish similarity the inventories of the third and fourth cultural layers. The used raw materials show the presence of shale and epidosite in both layers. The presence of ocher, the location of the hearths one above the other also confirm the short time interval between the existence of the Mesolithic sites of the third and fourth layers. Some similarities in the stone industry of the Mesolithic layers from the site of Vylys Tom 2 and the sites of Parch Mesolithic culture speak of their interrelations.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115481466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstruction of Landscapes and Paleoclimatic Conditions at the Early Middle Ages Cemeteries of the Southern Cis-Urals: Bustanai Burial Mounds and Birsk Burial Ground (Based on Palynological Data)","authors":"A. Kolonskikh, R. Ruslanova, R. Kurmanov","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2022.40.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2022.40.26","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the palynological study of deposits of the cemeteries on the territory of Southern Cis-Urals was rare. Moreover, the results of such a few works have not been published. The purpose of this study was to restore paleoecological conditions at the time of the functioning of the Bustanai burial mounds and Birsk burial ground based on the results of palynological analysis. Bustanai burial mounds, numbering 63 barrows, is a part of the Bustanai archaeological complex. The settlement included in the complex is a fortified settlement of the Bakhmutino culture of the Early Middle Ages (3–7th centuries AD). The Birsk burial ground, numbering 692 burials, is the most important site of the Early Middle Ages in the study area. In total, 15 samples were analyzed by the palynological method: 5 samples from barrow 45 at the Bustanai burial mounds and 10 samples from excavation 2 of the Birsk burial ground. The territory of the Birsk burial ground was a synanthropized edge of a coniferous-broad-leaved forest, and in the vicinity of the Bustanai burial mounds, floodplain willow forests were probably widespread. Thanks to comprehensive archaeological and palynological studies of two burial grounds and cultural layers that formed in the Early Middle Ages at a number of archaeological sites in the Southern Fore-Urals region, it was possible to establish zoning in the distribution of plant communities in this time. In the more northern regions at this time coniferous (pine) forests with an admixture of broadleaved species (Birsk settlement) and coniferous-deciduous forests (Birsk burial ground) grew. To the south (fortified settlement Ufa 2) broad-leaved and small-leaved broad-leaved forests with an admixture of conifers were widespread. In open areas, grasses, representatives of meadow forbs, and various synanthropic (ruderal and pasqual) plants grew. The climate of the Early Middle Ages was cooler and drier in the northern regions, temperate and more humid in the vicinity of Ufa. The gaps in the accumulation of palynological material discovered by us in the excavations of the Bustanai burial mounds and the Kara-Abyz settlement may also indicate a deterioration in climatic conditions within the study area in the Early Middle Ages.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127111116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteometric Characteristics of the Russian Population of Tara Cis-Irtysh in 17th–18th centuries","authors":"A. V. Dedik","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2021.37.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.37.98","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the osteometric characteristics of the Russian population of Tara Cis-Irtysh region in the 17th–18th centuries. The research based on the analysis of anthropological bone remains from the territory of Ananyino 1 burial ground. This site located in the Tara district of the Omsk region was discovered and studied since 2005 by Larisa Tataurova. The Ananyino village founded at the beginning of the 17th century is one of the first Russian settlements near the Tara city. The osteological collection includes the remains of 19 individuals, of which 12 belong to men, 7 to women. The research was carried out according to the standard osteological technique (the measuring program included 51 signs and 25 pointers). According to the results of analysis, it was found that the absolute values of the longitudinal dimensions of the long bones of the male Russian population fall mainly in the category of medium (shoulder, forearm, lower leg) and large (thigh) sizes. Women are generally characterized by large sizes of long bones, except for the length of the lower leg, which shows average values. The male group can be characterized as moderately massive with a tendency to increase the massiveness of the lower extremities, while the female group is moderately massive. The body length of men varies from 166 to 168,1 cm, of women from 159,2 to 161,4 cm. According to Rudolf Martin's conditional rubrication, the obtained values fall into the category of large values. The values of the intersegmental proportions (humeral-femoral and radial-tibial markers), as well as the values of the intermembral index, demonstrate a harmonious ratio of arms and legs, which corresponds to the mesomorphic body type. We used data on four groups of the male population from Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, and Irkutsk) for comparative analysis. Intergroup analysis showed that all samples are characterized by average skeletal dimensions. The data also show that the male population has an average ratio of the lengths of the upper and lower extremities. In general, the male Russian population of Siberia in the 17th–19th centuries can be characterized as a population with a mesomorphic body type.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122684370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformation Features of the Role of Men in Tuvan Society","authors":"A. M. Mongush","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2021.36.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.36.37","url":null,"abstract":"In modern humanities, including Tuvan studies, gender research is being widely developed. The problems of gender relations, the change of gender roles and statuses, and the feminization of society are only a small part of gender problems in modern Tuvan society. It is worth noting that gender research in Tuvan studies has an apparent bias towards the ‘women's issue’, the main theme of which was the ‘emancipation’ of the Tuvan woman in the 20th century. In the center of the gender research, not only in Russia, but also beyond its borders, there were mainly women. Less attention was paid to the ‘male’ topic, and it remained on the periphery of gender analysis for a long time. In this regard, the author of the article attempts to study the causes and features of the transformation of the role of men in Tuvan society. In the traditional Tuvan society, a man had the most important functions: social, political, and economic. Therefore, the man, being the central link, has always been a head of the family. The Tuvan man was both a breadwinner and a defender of the family. Men's work was considered more difficult and productive; mainly it was associated with cattle breeding, agriculture, and hunting. According to the traditional ideas of Tuvans, reflected in legends and folklore, a man, first of all, was associated with a warrior who defends justice and protects his native land, his family, clan and tribe from all kinds of troubles, enemy invasions. Significant changes in Tuvan society began in the 1930s century and continued after Tuva joined the USSR; the Soviet model of development was adopted in Tuva. The changes had caused not only positive, but also negative results, particularly, the destruction of traditional culture, detachment from spiritual education, ethical norms developed by Tuvans over the centuries. One of the consequences of these changes was the weakening of the role of men as the head of the family and his role in the upbringing of children. Several problems have arisen: a reduction in the number of men, low life expectancy, male mortality, low indicators of men's health, alcoholism, crime, unemployment, psychological and social problems, etc. Also, the article pays attention to the solutions of the identified problems adopted by the Tuvan society in the present time.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128734079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Body in Traditional Views of Turkic and Mongolian Peoples: Blood and Circulatory System","authors":"M. Sodnompilova, B. Nanzatov","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2020.34.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2020.34.49","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the human body in the system of traditional somatic ideas of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia is urgent in the studies of humans as a social and biological beings. The problem of perception and comprehension of the composition of the main features constituting the human body, particularly such biological fluid as blood, is of particular interest in the study of mythological human anatomy. The interest in this element of the human body is due to the increased attention of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples to blood. The views on the nature of blood, the source of its formation, many prohibitions and signs associated with blood are known. Many concepts associated with human anatomy, including blood, formed the basis for the organization of the social structure of nomadic societies. Understanding the significant role of this biological fluid in the functioning of the body formed a certain system of ideas about the dependence of health, hereditary diseases and even a person's character on the appearance and volume of blood as the characteristics of this biological fluid available for visual perception. Blood unlike bone is mobile and changeable in the context of social interpretations. If the bone of the progenitor was not being changed passing to all his descendants, then the blood of representatives of the social community, who took women from different clans as wives, was mixed in marriage unions. The views of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia on the composition of blood are characterized by uncertainty. The idea of a vital substance, a soul was widely developed in the worldview of the Turko-Mongols. Blood is one of the containers of the vital substance. A number of prohibitions and restrictions associated with blood allow us to talk about the significant role of the sun as a source of life, giving its vital energy to the blood. Obviously, evidence of this “relationship” is the color (red) and the warmth inherent to blood. However, ideas on the nature of blood formed in the traditional worldview of the Mongolian and Turkic peoples and recorded in the 18–19 centuries significantly differ from the early views of the ancestors of the nomads. Reconstruction of the Pra-Altai language made it possible to restore one of the key meanings of the term čiunu (blood) – “soul”, “wind”. We believe that early views on the nature of blood were greatly influenced by the phenomenon of respiration, which is characteristic of all beings.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129840382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Three Modernization Stages of the Altai Clan Society","authors":"N. Tadina","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2019.28.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2019.28.88","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the collected information, the indicative features of the Altai people integration into Russian society during the pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet stages of modernization, which led to varying degrees of assimilation of local groups of Altai people in the Russian-speaking environment, are highlighted. The applied method of ethnographic observation made it possible to assert that in the ethnic culture of Russians in Gornyi Altai (Mountainous Altai) and the Altai ethnic-marking features are preserved in everyday life and ceremonial culture. The difference between the cultures of the Altai people, who formed the Central Asian ethno-cultural community, and the Russians, representatives of the agricultural Orthodox civilization, is outlined. It is concluded that in the pre-Soviet period, which became the first stage in the modernization of the traditional Altai society, the Russian administration sought to abolish the clan structure and change the clan consciousness of the Altai people. Soviet modernization, however, relied on another ethno-differentiating feature and the main identification marker – on the Altai language, and went by changing the language consciousness of the Altai people. The relevance of the issue lies in the study of the modernization process, which largely explains the observance or oblivion of tribal customs and the ongoing changes in ethnic consciousness. Having been the first to experience the influence of assimilation, the northern groups of Altai lost their tribal customs and appeared before the southern Altai as marginalized. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the transition from a traditional society to a modernized society at the beginning of the last century there was formed an ethno-consolidating movement among the Altai Kizhi in the Ongudai and Ust-Kanskii districts, officially called Burkhanism, which became the first response to Russian influence in the development of ethnic processes. There is also highlighted the formation of \"the su Altai\" image which denotes the \"true\" Altai people, the established ethnic stereotypes of local groups, which testify to the importance of regional identity in the multi-component principle of its formation. It is noted that among the Altai people, the clan identity, which is the basis of ethnic identity, will remain as long as there remains a need to observe the clan customs of mutual assistance, avunculate and exogamy.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130961216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Data on the Mesolithic of the Southern Angara Region (Based on Materials of the Priyut Sukacheva 2 Site)","authors":"I. Berdnikov, N. Berdnikova, I. Ulanov, K. Krutikova, M. E. Abrashina, D. Zolotarev, T. A. Abdulov","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2019.29.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2019.29.3","url":null,"abstract":"The results of archaeological works carried out in 2017 at the Priyut Sukacheva 2 site (Irkutsk) and analysis of the Mesolithic stone industry are presented. During the excavation, we uncovered the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits and identified two cultural layers. Mixed and poorly informative materials were found in the 1th layer, which is dated, in accordance with the ceramics, to a wide period from Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The most interesting finds of this layer are a flint zoomorphic figurine and a sandstone bait fish. The most representative is the collection of the 2nd layer. Three fireplaces made of pebbles were found here, which were severely destroyed because of cryogenic processes at the end of the Early – beginning of the Middle Holocene. The collection includes almost 6 thousand finds, among which were noted: debitage, cores and precors, end-scrapers (the most numerous category), incisors, borers, points, combined and notched tools, abrasive tools, preforms of tools, a knife, a side-scraper, pebbles and pieces of rock. The collection also consist of a few faunal remains (Equus ferus, Cervidae and ungulates). According to the specificity of lithic assemblage and the presence of large fireplaces, we can assume that there was a short-term settlement of hunter-gatherers. Here, the primary stone knapping was carried out, that indicated by the finds of cores, precors, flakes, and pieces of rock. Along with this, intensive economic activities were carried out, which was probably associated with various works on skin dressing, processing bone and wood. Despite of the lack of radiocarbon dates, the lithic assemblage of the 2nd layer is sufficiently expressive for a detailed comparison with materials from other sites. As a result of the collection analysis, the greatest similarity with the Late Mesolithic complexes of the Lisikha site, located on the opposite bank of Angara river, was found. Both sites have a similarity in the preferences of the inhabitants in the choice of raw materials (mudstone), the shape of cores and tools, and the stratigraphic position of the archaeological materials. Taking into account all the data, the age of complexes from the 2nd layer at the Priyut Sukacheva 2 site should be determined by the Final Mesolithic (~9.5–8.5 ka cal BP). The results of stratigraphic analysis do not contradict these conclusions.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"293 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132105988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Viktoriya Anatolievna Lipinskaya and Altai: Features of the Field Work of Moscow Ethnographers in Siberia in the 1960–1990s","authors":"T. Shcheglova","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2021.37.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.37.56","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers field research of Russian population of Altai Krai (region), carried out in 1960–1991 by the Viktoriya Lipinskaya, in the context of history of expedition activity of Institute of Ethnography of Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Siberia. The research topicality is determined by the fragmentary study of Siberian academic expeditions, problems of formation of ethnographic personnel during the Soviet period, and methods and techniques of ethnographers' field work. The sources of this research are the scientific works by Viktoriya Lipinskaya, based on expeditions materials, as well as materials from the author's own personal archive. Among them there are epistolary sources, interview materials, and memoirs of Viktoriya Lipinskaya. The predominance of documents of personal origin determined the accentuation on under-investigated issues of anthropology of scientific life: the paths of research into ethnographic science, the influence of objective and subjective factors on scientific choice, the ratio of theory and practice in the formation of research competences of young ethnographers. The issues of the organization of expeditions, material and technical support, human and methodological resourcing of field research projects were also considered. The principles of choosing of the research areas and selecting respondents were analyzed, the expedition routing was reconstructed. As a result of the analysis of Viktoriya Lipinskaya biography, closely associated with the scientific life of the 1950–1980s, the contribution of the academic institute to the ethnographic study of the Altai population is assessed, and the influence of subjective and objective factors on the results of academic research is revealed. At the turn of the 1950s and 1960s the formation of research programs was determined by the change of research priorities from the study of “traditionalism” to “innovativeness”, interpreted as the influence of socialist modernization on mentality and utility culture of ethnic and social groups in Soviet society. In this context are considered the activities of the director of Institute of Ethnography AS USSR Sergei Tolstov and his deputy Ludmila Terentieva. At the end, conclusions are drawn about the contribution of Viktoriya Lipinskaya to the ethnographic study of the Russians in Siberia.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129650458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Middle and Late Stages of the Upper Paleolithic of Baikal-Yenisei Siberia: Chronology and General Characteristics","authors":"N. Berdnikova, I. Berdnikov, G. Vorobieva, E. Lipnina","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2021.38.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.38.59","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the characteristics and chronology of the archaeological complexes of Middle and Late stages of the Upper Paleolithic in Baikal-Yenisei Siberia. We analyzed the development of Paleolithic cultures against the background of paleoenvironmental changes in the Sartanian cryochron (MIS 2 – the beginning of MIS 1). As a result of research in recent decades, new data and results have been obtained for geological deposits, archaeological objects and complexes of this time; their features have been revealed. Databases that include data on geoarchaeological objects (about 60) and the results of radiocarbon dating (122 determinations) have been created. Based on the analysis of deposits and the database of radiocarbon dating, the age of four Sartanian subhorizons was determined: sr1 – ~28–22 ka cal BP, sr2 – ~22–19.5 ka cal BP, sr3 – ~19.5–14.7 ka cal BP, sr4 – ~14.7–11.7 ka cal BP. Each of these subhorizons differs in paleoclimatic settings. Two large seismic events (~23–22 ka cal BP and 12.8 ka cal BP) associated with the activity of Baikal rift and led to serious restructuring of natural situations were identified. Based on the stratigraphic position of cultural complexes and their radiocarbon dating, four cultural and chronological groups were identified and the presence of three breaks (hiatuses) not provided with archaeological materials in sr2, the second half of sr3 and sr4 (YD) was revealed. For each group, the specificity of cultural complexes was determined, expressed in topographic and planigraphic features, in the features of knapping technologies, composition and ratio of inventory groups. Apparently, these cultural breaks were provoked both by a change in paleoclimatic settings, primarily aridization, and by seismic events. We believe that this did not lead to the depopulation of the region, but rather contributed to changes in the hunter-gatherers' livelihood strategies that led to a change in their habitats. Perhaps there were also sociocultural reasons. The basic complexes of sr1 (Malta-Buret) are of western origin, in the materials of the second half of sr1 eastern elements are traced, and the sr3 complexes have wide analogues in the Sartanian cultures of the Yenisei valley and together with them form a single cultural area in this time. The genesis of the sr4 (BA) complexes is still debatable, although there is a certain continuity with the previous stage. They are also characterized by a clear cultural and territorial unity.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128790521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Nomadic Influence on the Artistic Culture of the Cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan in the 6th – Early 13th Centuries","authors":"C. Markova","doi":"10.26516/2227-2380.2021.36.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.36.12","url":null,"abstract":"The study, the results of which form the basis of this article, is aimed at determining the role of nomadic Turkic peoples in the formation of the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages. Semirechye from 6th to 8th century, in political terms, was under the rule of the nomadic Turks, who formed their state here (Khaganate). The main role in the emergence of the first urban centers belongs, to a greater extent, to the Sogdians who came from the south. At the same time, the significance of the nomadic peoples in the development of urban culture of the region remains unclear. Some researchers are ambiguous about the influence of the policy of Turkic rulers on the urbanization of Semirechye, and also note the difficulty of identifying the nomadic artistic tradition in the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of southeastern and southern parts of Kazakhstan. All this makes research in this area relevant. The article is based on the results of comparing the pictorial monuments left by the inhabitants of the medieval cities of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan (6th – early 13th centuries), with the epic works of nomadic Turks. The methodological basis of the study is a comparative typological analysis, with the help of which the presence of commonly used motives and plots in different types of art is determined. Methods of description and analogy were used in the analysis of archaeological material. The comparative historical method is necessary to confirm the existence of an epic motive or plot in a certain period using written data. In the course of the work, samples of figured ceramics and fragments of a carved stucco (carving on raw unbaked clay) are considered. General pictorial motives, images, and plots in both types of decorative and applied art, as well as their correspondence in ancient Turkic folklore and written sources are identified. On the basis of a comparative analysis, an interpretation of some images is given, which, in turn, define the ancient Turkic artistic tradition. It is concluded that many motives and images in both types of arts indicate the special role of the nomadic Turks in the formation of a peculiar artistic style in the urban culture of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan during the Middle Ages.","PeriodicalId":220135,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124875688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}