Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD最新文献

{"title":"Book Review.","authors":"Daniel R. George","doi":"10.3233/jad-220791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220791","url":null,"abstract":"Felix Mühlhölzer’s book Wissenschaft (‘‘Science’’) appeared in the series ‘‘Grundwissen Philosophie’’ (‘‘Basic Knowledge in Philosophy’’), whose aim is to give an introduction to different philosophical topics. Thus, Mühlhölzer’s Wissenschaft can be read with profit by beginners, while not providing a straightforward introduction to the subject. Rather, the author puts forward an argumentation of his own, and in so doing, chooses to ignore some essential questions and problems of the Philosophy of Science. Therefore my review will not discuss the didactic qualities of the book, but concentrate on the author’s argumentation. In seven chapters, he presents ‘‘some thoughts’’ (10) concerning the central issues of science and scientific objectivity. The author’s argumentation rests, I think, on four main aspects: normativity, the concept of scientific man (wissenschaftlicher Mensch), that of lifeworld (Lebenswelt) and finally Kuhn’s Philosophy of Science. The first chapter (‘‘Philosophy of Science’’, 14–18) sets the course for an elucidation of the practice of philosophers of science. As Mühlhölzer puts it: ‘‘Simple prudence suggests that Philosophy of Science respects scientific practice and remains, as far as possible, descriptive, i. e., tries to illuminate sciences—and in particular their normative practices— descriptively.’’ (16, my emphasis). What is meant by ‘‘simple prudence’’ is (at this point) not clear. I shall come back to this point in my discussion of Mühlhölzer’s view. In the second chapter (‘‘The Concept of Science’’, 19–29) Mühlhölzer draws on Herman Weyl’s characterization of the role that objectivity plays in science. Here, the author says nothing about the concept, except that he considers it more important for a description of scientific practice than the concept of truth. Subsequently, Mühlhölzer points to the","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131944946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Caregiver's Guide to Communication Problems from Brain Injury or Disease edited by Barbara O'Connor Wells & Connie Porcaro, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2022, 256 pp.","authors":"R. Friedland","doi":"10.3233/jad-220697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220697","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"298 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116363283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Multivariate Prediction Model of the Clinical Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in a Community-Dwelling Multiethnic Cohort","authors":"E. Stallard, A. Kociolek, Zhezhen Jin, Hyunnam Ryu, Seonjoo Lee, Stephanie Cosentino, C. Zhu, Yian Gu, K. Fernández, Michelle Hernandez, B. Kinosian, Y. Stern","doi":"10.1101/2022.06.28.22277006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.28.22277006","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe major aims of the three Predictors Studies have been to further our understanding of Alzheimers disease (AD) progression sufficient to predict the length of time from disease onset to major disease outcomes in individual patients with AD.\u0000\u0000ObjectivesTo validate a longitudinal Grade of Membership (L-GoM) prediction algorithm developed using clinic-based, mainly white patients from the Predictors 2 Study in a statistically representative community-based sample of Hispanic (N=211) and non-Hispanic (N=62) older adults (with 60 males and 213 females) from the Predictors 3 Study and extend the algorithm to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).\u0000\u0000MethodsThe L-GoM model was applied to data collected at the initial Predictors 3 visit for 150 subjects with AD and 123 with MCI. Participants were followed annually for up to seven years. Observed rates of survival and need for full-time care (FTC) were compared to those predicted by the algorithm.\u0000\u0000ResultsInitial MCI/AD severity in Predictors 3 was substantially higher than among clinic-based AD patients enrolled at the specialized Alzheimers centers in Predictors 2. The observed survival and need for FTC followed the L-GoM model trajectories in individuals with MCI or AD, except for N=32 subjects who were initially diagnosed with AD but reverted to a non-AD diagnosis on follow-up.\u0000\u0000ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the L-GoM model is applicable to community-dwelling, multiethnic older adults with AD. They extend the use of the model to the prediction of outcomes for MCI. They also justify release of our L-GoM calculator at this time.","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122186526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Releasing the Butterfly: A Love Affair in Four Acts by Max Sherman, 2020, 280 pp.","authors":"Jenny Sarpalius","doi":"10.3233/jad-220553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220553","url":null,"abstract":"Releasing the Butterfly (RTB) is fundamentally one of the most beautifully written love stories ever told. RTB is a journey for the reader that begins with Max Sherman’s strong, youthful crush on Gene Alice, the love of his life, a long courtship, marriage, the highs and lows of an enduring relationship, friendship, careers, and ultimately to the test of true love and commitment following Gene Alice’s diagnosis of early onset dementia, leading to Alzheimer’s disease where Max became a stranger to the love of his life. RTB is a testament to Gene Alice’s strong will, independence, and determination. It is a celebration of fierce womanhood, during an era where that was not readily acknowledged or accepted. Max credits Gene Alice’s independent, intellectual, and curious spirit throughout the book, and, in fact, he embraced and encouraged that in Gene Alice. Gene Alice maintained her own personal identity throughout their very public facing marriage, given that Max maintained a very high-profile political office and career. In RTB, Max openly shares his devastation, struggle, fear, and reality of not physically losing Gene Alice, but losing her to another world, in the grip of dementia and Alzheimer’s, where not only was he no longer known or recognized, but where he felt helpless in protecting and caring for his vibrant, independent, strong-willed, beautiful wife and best friend. Max found himself on a new journey of trying to navigate this horrible disease, learning how best to communicate, understand, and care for Gene Alice, and, most importantly, ensure her safety; now a caregiver with no guidebook. Max beautifully details his journey through the many dark moments, experiences, and learnings in dealing with the required caregiving associated with dementia and Alzheimer’s, his impenetrable love for Gene Alice never diminished in any way. In fact, he worked tirelessly, with the caregivers in the facility, where Gene Alice was ultimately placed, to ensure care that would preserve Gene Alice’s fierce independence. Caregiving for an individual afflicted with dementia and Alzheimer’s is a delicate and frustrating process. Max found himself searching for answers and a navigating the unknown3⁄4a new world for Max who was, more often than not, the “go-to” man for solutions throughout his remarkable career as a public servant. Max learned to rely on the advice and expertise of those with deep experience, always with Gene Alice’s best interest and care front and center. As a reader of RTB, and with my own Mother afflicted with dementia/Alzheimer’s, I was moved to tears at times as I paged through Max and Gene Alice’s journey. Dealing with this horrible disease is not only painful and frustrating, but a process of slow grief, for all caregivers, family, and friends. It is a cruel disease, robbing the afflicted of dignity, and most importantly, memories. It requires a different kind of patient love—a love where one must navigate and adjust differently day to ","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133295998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Plasma Orexin-A Levels in Prodromal Dementia with Lewy Bodies.","authors":"Jinghuan Gan,&nbsp;Shuai Liu,&nbsp;Zhichao Chen,&nbsp;Yaqi Yang,&nbsp;Lingyun Ma,&nbsp;Qingbo Meng,&nbsp;Xiao-Dan Wang,&nbsp;Chunyan Liu,&nbsp;Xudong Li,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Yong Ji","doi":"10.3233/JAD-220082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studies on plasma orexin-A levels in prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and the relationship with clinical manifestations are rare.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess plasma orexin-A levels and evaluate the correlation with clinical features in patients with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) and DLB.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Plasma orexin-A levels were measured in 41 patients with MCI-LB, 53 with DLB, and 48 healthy controls (HCs). Informant-based history, neurological examinations, neuropsychological assessments, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging were collected and the correlation between orexin-A and various indicators evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Plasma orexin-A levels in patients with MCI-LB (1.18±0.33 ng/mL, p = 0.014) or DLB (1.20±0.44 ng/mL, p = 0.011) were significantly higher than in HCs (1.02±0.32 ng/mL) and associated with gender and age. DLB patients with fluctuating cognition (FC) (1.01±0.23 versus 1.31±0.50, p = 0.007) or parkinsonism (PARK) (0.98±0.19 versus 1.25±0.47, p = 0.030) had significantly lower plasma orexin-A levels than subjects without FC or PARK. Plasma orexin-A levels were significantly negatively correlated with irritability and UPDRS-III scores and significantly positively correlated with disinhibition scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first report in which elevated plasma orexin-A levels were observed in patients with MCI-LB or DLB. In addition, lower orexin-A levels were found in patients with DLB and FC or PARK compared with HCs. The plasma orexin-A levels were associated with the presence of core features and motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with MCI-LB and DLB.</p>","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":" ","pages":"1037-1048"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40058633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"Jung-Min Pyun, Young Ho Park, Sangyun Kim","doi":"10.3233/jad-220302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220302","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Although thyroid dysfunction has been considered as a cause of reversible cognitive impairment, association between subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive impairment is controversial.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000We compared cognitive profiles of patients in an euthyroid or subclinical hypothyroid (sHypo) state, as well as their disease progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia within 3 years.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We included 2,181 patients in a euthyroid and 284 in a sHypo state over 60 years of age who underwent an extensive cognitive assessment at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital but were not prescribed levothyroxine, methimazole, carbimazole, or propylthiouracil. After propensity score matching for age, sex, and education level, 1,118 patients in a euthyroid and 283 patients in a sHypo state were included. Attention, language, memory, visuocontructive, and executive functions were compared between the groups using Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test. To investigate the association between disease progression and subclinical hypothyroidism, a Cox regression analyses was performed in 1,265 patients with MCI. Patients with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels over 10 mlU/L was classified as the \"sHypo10\", and hazard ratios for sHypo or sHypo10 were assessed.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000There was no difference in attention, language, memory, visuoconstructive, and executive functions between the patient groups. Progression from MCI to dementia was not associated with sHypo or sHypo10.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000There was no difference in cognitive profile between euthyroid and sHypo patients, and no association between subclinical hypothyroidism and disease progression. This might suggest a clue of strategies regarding hormone therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism with cognitive impairment.","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126166215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern of Altered Magnetization Transfer Rate in Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Wenna Duan, Parshant Sehrawat, Tony D Zhou, J. Becker, O. Lopez, H. Gach, W. Dai","doi":"10.3233/jad-220335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220335","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are crucial for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring once disease modifying therapies become available.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000This study aims to quantify the forward magnetization transfer rate (kfor) map from brain tissue water to macromolecular protons and use it to identify the brain regions with abnormal kfor in AD and AD progression.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000From the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) cognition study, magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) was acquired at baseline from 63 participants, including 20 normal controls (NC), 18 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 25 AD subjects. Of those, 53 participants completed a follow-up MRI scan and were divided into four groups: 15 stable NC, 12 NC-to-MCI, 12 stable MCI, and 14 MCI/AD-to-AD subjects. kfor maps were compared across NC, MCI, and AD groups at baseline for the cross-sectional study and across four longitudinal groups for the longitudinal study.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000We found a lower kfor in the frontal gray matter (GM), parietal GM, frontal corona radiata (CR) white matter (WM) tracts, frontal and parietal superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) WM tracts in AD relative to both NC and MCI. Further, we observed progressive decreases of kfor in the frontal GM, parietal GM, frontal and parietal CR WM tracts, and parietal SLF WM tracts in stable MCI. In the parietal GM, parietal CR WM tracts, and parietal SLF WM tracts, we found trend differences between MCI/AD-to-AD and stable NC.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Forward magnetization transfer rate is a promising biomarker for AD diagnosis and progression.","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131543020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alzheimer's Disease with Epileptiform EEG Activity: Abnormal Cortical Sources of Resting State Delta Rhythms in Patients with Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"C. Babiloni, G. Noce, C. Di Bonaventura, R. Lizio, A. Eldellaa, Federico Tucci, E. Salamone, R. Ferri, A. Soricelli, F. Nobili, F. Famà, D. Arnaldi, E. Palma, Pierangelo Cifelli, M. Marizzoni, F. Stocchi, G. Bruno, G. Di Gennaro, G. Frisoni, C. Del Percio","doi":"10.3233/jad-220442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220442","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (ADMCI) typically show a \"slowing\" of cortical resting-state eyes-closed electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms. Some of them also show subclinical, non-convulsive, and epileptiform EEG activity (EEA) with an unclear relationship with that \"slowing.\"\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000Here we tested the hypothesis that the \"slowing\" of rsEEG rhythms is related to EEA in ADMCI patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Clinical and instrumental datasets in 62 ADMCI patients and 38 normal elderly (Nold) subjects were available in a national archive. No participant had received a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy. The eLORETA freeware estimated rsEEG cortical sources. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) indexed the accuracy of eLORETA solutions in the classification between ADMCI-EEA and ADMCI-noEEA individuals.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000EEA was observed in 15% (N = 8) of the ADMCI patients. The ADMCI-EEA group showed: 1) more abnormal Aβ 42 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to the ADMCI-noEEA group and 2) higher temporal and occipital delta (<4 Hz) rsEEG source activities as compared to the ADMCI-noEEA and Nold groups. Those source activities showed moderate accuracy (AUROCC = 0.70-0.75) in the discrimination between ADMCI-noEEA versus ADMCI-EEA individuals.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000It can be speculated that in ADMCI-EEA patients, AD-related amyloid neuropathology may be related to an over-excitation in neurophysiological low-frequency (delta) oscillatory mechanisms underpinning cortical arousal and quiet vigilance.","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125087910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Reprogramming of Microglia Enhances Proinflammatory Cytokine Release through EphA2/p38 MAPK Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Xiaowei Ma, Yizhou Zhang, Dongyun Gou, Jingle Ma, Juan Du, Chang Wang, Sha Li, H. Cui","doi":"10.3233/jad-220227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220227","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The activation of microglia and neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the exact roles of microglia and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000To clarify how the metabolic reprogramming of microglia induce by amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 to affect the release of proinflammatory cytokines in AD.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000MTS assay was used to detect the viability of BV2 cells treated with different concentrations of Aβ1-42 for different periods of time. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assay in BV2 cells and hippocampus of mice. RNA sequencing was applied to evaluate the gene expression profiles in response to HK2 knockdown in BV2 cells treated with Aβ1-42.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Low concentrations of Aβ1-42 increased the viability of BV2 cells and promoted the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and this process is accompanied by increased glycolysis. Inhibition of glycolysis significantly downregulated the release of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 cells and hippocampus of mice treated with Aβ1-42. The results of RNA sequencing revealed the expression of chemokine ligand 2 (Cxcl2) and ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2) were significantly downregulated when knocked down HK2 in BV2 cells. Subsequently, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was downregulated in BV2 cell after knocking down EphA2.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000This study demonstrated that EphA2/p38 MAPK pathway is involved the release of proinflammatory cytokines in microglia induced by Aβ1-42 in AD, which is accompanied by metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis.","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126804449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training with Odors Impacts Hippocampal Thickness in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"A. Haehner, Ben Chen, Melanie Espin, R. Haussmann, C. Matthes, D. Desser, Lorenz Loessner, M. Brandt, M. Donix, T. Hummel","doi":"10.3233/jad-220248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-220248","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000The olfactory system is affected early in Alzheimer's disease and olfactory loss can already be observed in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Olfactory training is effective for improving olfactory and cognitive function by stimulating the olfactory pathway, but its effect on patients with MCI remains unclear.\u0000\u0000\u0000OBJECTIVE\u0000The aim of this randomized, prospective, controlled, blinded study was to assess whether a 4-month period of olfactory training (frequent short-term sniffing various odors) may have an effect on olfactory function, cognitive function, and morphology of medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions and olfactory bulb in MCI patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A total of thirty-seven MCI patients were randomly assigned to the training group or a placebo group, which were performed twice a day for 4 months. Olfactory assessments, cognitive tests and magnetic resonance imaging were performed at the baseline and follow-up period.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000After the training, there was an increase in odor discrimination, and increased cortical thickness of bilateral hippocampus (CA23DG and CA1) and mean MTL. Additionally, the change of olfactory score was positively associated with change of volume of olfactory bulb and hippocampus; the change of global cognition was positively associated with change of cortical thickness of hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and mean MTL; the change of cortical thickness of entorhinal cortex was positively associated with change of executive function.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Olfactory training was associated with an increase in cortical thickness of the hippocampus but not olfactory bulb volume in patients with MCI. Olfactory training may serve as an early intervention of preventing hippocampal atrophy.","PeriodicalId":219895,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122944612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}