Running on EmptyPub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0003
K. Clifton, K. Lucas
{"title":"Examining the empirical evidence of transport inequality in the US and UK","authors":"K. Clifton, K. Lucas","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how it is important to first gain a better understanding of the inequalities that arise from the present system of transport delivery in order to argue the case of taking a social policy approach to transport. The chapter presents the statistical and qualitative evidence for this in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). However, it should be noted that distributional inequities in and of themselves do not necessarily justify the need for social policy intervention. It is generally accepted that such intervention is only appropriate where the welfare of citizens is already, or may become, underminded. With this in mind, the later sections of the chapter examine the evidence for this with particular emphasis on the effects of transport inequalities on people’s ability to access the key activities, which are considered essential to the welfare of citizens, namely employment, education and training, healthcare and social, leisure and cultural activities.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128941563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Running on EmptyPub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.4135/9781446247655.n15
K. Lucas
{"title":"Transport and social exclusion","authors":"K. Lucas","doi":"10.4135/9781446247655.n15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247655.n15","url":null,"abstract":"A summary of recent developments in transport and social policy that are under the social exclusion policy agenda in England are presented in this chapter. These have emerged largely in response to increasing government recognition of the issues that were raised in the preceding chapters of the book and also the growing acceptance of both social and transport policy makers within the central government that a “social welfare approach” to transport decision making and policy delivery is needed in the United Kingdom (UK). Similar policy strategies are also being developed in Wales and Scotland under their devolved Parliaments, but consideration of these are not included in this chapter because of the author’s inexperience and familiarity with the subject outside of England.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"431 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123415753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Running on EmptyPub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0013
R. García, T. A. Rubin
{"title":"Crossroad blues: the MTA Consent Decree and just transportation","authors":"R. García, T. A. Rubin","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how a team of civil rights attorneys working with grassroots activists filed and won the landmark environmental justice class action Labor/Community Strategy Center v. Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA). The plaintiffs alleged that MTA operated separate and unequal bus and rail systems that discriminated against bus riders with disproportionately low-income people of color. The parties settled the case in 1996 through a court-ordered Consent Decree in which MTA agreed to make investments in the bus system that totaled over $2 billion, making it the largest civil rights settlement ever. The MTA agreed to improve transportation for all of the people of Los Angeles by reducing overcrowding on buses, lowering transit fares, and enhancing county-wide mobility. Despite the fact that the MTA agreed to the terms of the Consent Decree, it has resisted bus service improvements for the seven-plus years the decree has been in force. MTA has taken its arguments to set aside the Consent Decree all the way to the US Supreme Court – and lost every time. Ultimately, the MTA case was resolved through mediation and an out of court settlement, not a trial. The MTA case illustrates what can be accomplished under federal civil rights law in the US when a community organizes to protect against environmental injustices. This is an important difference between the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), where no such legislation and litigation is available to populations that are discriminated against by transportation policies.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131752180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Running on EmptyPub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781861345707.003.0010
L. Kennedy
{"title":"Transportation and environmental justice","authors":"L. Kennedy","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781861345707.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781861345707.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123957850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Running on EmptyPub Date : 2004-10-13DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0011
R. Cervero
{"title":"Job isolation in the US: narrowing the gap through job access and reverse-commute programs","authors":"R. Cervero","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861345707.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how a significant and troublesome form of environmental injustice in the United States (US) is the physical location of the inner-city poor to rising suburban job opportunities. Unlike many parts of the developed and developing world, the poor and “have nots” are principally concentrated in and near the urban centers of many US metropolitan areas, occupying working-class neighborhoods long abandoned by the middle class for “greener pastures.” The concentration of jobless individuals in the center and explosion of jobs on the fringe has given rise to “reverse commute”, both in terms of actual work trips for those fortunate enough to have a job and the latent demand for those who cannot find work, whether for reasons of poor mobility options or structural employment problems. The chapter describes how reverse commutes in the US have increased steadily over the past two decades and how they continue to capture a growing share of the total journey-to-work. Reverse commute has been especially pronounced in large, heavily urbanized areas like California. Between 1980 and 1990, Southern California recorded the second largest-relative increase in reverse commuting in the nation. The location-liberating effects of cyberspace and telematics, along with rising affluence, have compiled to create a new geomorphology for economic production across the US; sprawling corporate enclaves, business parks, power centers, and other non-nodal forms of development. The chapter describes how, today, all US metropolitan areas (with the exception of New York and Chicago) have the majority of office space outside of the traditional city centers. Reverse commute public transport services have over the years been viewed as an important means of enhancing the mobility and job prospects for inner-city residents. However, the chapter describes how relatively little empirical research has been carried out on the reverse-commute marketplace.","PeriodicalId":218663,"journal":{"name":"Running on Empty","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121881425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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