Sexual medicine reviews最新文献

{"title":"Review of recent data on disorders of ejaculation and orgasm in men: recommendations from the Fifth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.","authors":"Alan W Shindel, Ege Can Serefoglu, Stanley Althof, Mohamed Arafa, Gajanan Bhat, Eelke Snoeren, Yan Zhang, Amr El-Meliegy","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Disorders of ejaculation and orgasm (DEO) in men are poorly understood and can pose a substantial burden to men and their sexual partners.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Under the aegis of the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine, a multinational, multidisciplinary panel of experts was convened to review the world literature and generate a consensus on management of DEO in men. This document represents a summary of the panel's report on physiology of ejaculation and orgasm, mental health conditions, and specific DEO that are not related to the timing of climax (ie, premature and delayed ejaculation).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Narrative review of existing literature and consensus recommendations from the expert panel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The processes of ejaculation and orgasm are complex and include neuronal and hormonal factors as well as psychological and interpersonal dynamics. Care of the patient presenting with a potential DEO centers on sensitive history taking and selective testing. Declines in semen volume may occur naturally with age and can be seen in the context of medical or surgical therapies. Pain with ejaculation/orgasm has a myriad of potential etiologies and may be part of a complex chronic pelvic pain syndrome; assessment for related diagnoses that may be contributory is warranted. Hematospermia can be distressing but is often benign; management when indicated is geared toward detecting potentially reversible etiologies. Climacturia is a troublesome condition of urine loss common after prostate surgeries; Behavioral and physical therapy and surgical intervention may be of value in these cases. Management strategies for anhedonic orgasm and post-orgasmic illness syndrome are not well established. Dhat is a complex syndrome oftentimes centered around pathological fear of semen loss that is best managed with a sensitive and culturally appropriate focus.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An understanding of the processes of ejaculation and what is known about DEO can aid clinicians and researchers in providing optimal care.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143796303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use the sexperts recommendations!","authors":"Annamaria Giraldi","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual satisfaction in people and couples belonging to sexual orientation and gender diversities: a bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Pablo Mangas, Juan Carlos Sierra","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sexual satisfaction is a key component of individual and relational well-being and is defined as the subjective perception of enjoyment and fulfillment in sexual life. For individuals and couples belonging to sexual orientation and gender diversities (SOGDs), this satisfaction may be influenced by unique factors related to the experience of their sexual orientation and gender identity. However, the scientific literature exploring sexual satisfaction in these groups remains scarce. The present work analyzes the growth and characteristics of scientific production in this field of study.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Mapping scientific articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science on the scientific production of sexual satisfaction in SOGD individuals and couples and identifying the production growth, sources, authors, countries and affiliations, relevant terms, and collaborative networks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A bibliometric analysis of 333 articles published in scientific journals was performed. The selected studies included terms related to the SOGD population and sexual satisfaction in the title, abstract and keywords. The articles covered the period 1976-2023 and were analyzed in terms of temporal production; authors, countries and institutions; relevant terms; trend topics; co-occurrence; and collaborations, using R-bibliometrix and VOSviewer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed a progressive growth in scientific production, especially in the last decade. The main journals that published on the subject include The Journal of Sexual Medicine, Archives of Sexual Behavior, and The Journal of Sex Research. The studies were mainly concentrated in North American and European countries. Recurring terms such as HIV and relationship satisfaction were identified, while some SOGD collectives remained underrepresented. Additionally, limited intellectual collaboration networks were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This analysis highlights the need to expand research on sexual satisfaction in SOGD populations to include underrepresented regions and groups. A more inclusive and collaborative approach is recommended, addressing experiences of sexual satisfaction from affirmative and multicultural perspectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of erectile function in laboratory animals: an overview.","authors":"Jianxiong Ma, Yuhe Si, Yihao Chen, Jiahua Qian, Chenxi Wang, Qiang He","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male sexual disorder that diminishes quality of life significantly. Despite extensive research, little is known about the complex physiological mechanisms of ED, in part owing to disparities between animal and human physiology. Comprehensive and objective assessment methods for animal models are crucial to bridge this translational gap.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Various experimental approaches for evaluating erectile function in rodent models are explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A search of the medical literature was carried out in PubMed and Medline, focusing on original research and systematic reviews of original research on the evaluation of erectile function in experimental animals. Studies without erectile assessment methods or insufficient data, editorials, letters, commentaries, and non-English articles were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ICP-to-mean arterial pressure ratio remains a valuable indicator for evaluating erectile function. Furthermore, laser speckle blood perfusion imaging technology offers an approach for assessing changes in cavernous blood flow, whereas infrared thermal imaging technology enables real-time temperature monitoring during erectile responses. Microscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging allow high-resolution observation of hemodynamic and histological changes in the rat model penis, real-time assessment of blood flow, and detailed anatomical information. Human-rat homologous marker detection using blood tests has high clinical relevance and translational potential. In addition, wearable adaptive penile rigidity monitoring (WARM) dynamically monitors erectile function by accurately and continuously detecting changes in the girth of the rat penis in a non-invasive manner. Utilizing ex vivo models of cavernous tissue, such as the cavernous artery and smooth muscle, can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ED and the pharmacological effects and efficacy of drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This comprehensive review covers diverse approaches, including new technologies, for assessing erectile function in rodent models, including new technologies. By addressing the limitations of the existing methodologies and providing a framework for accurate and reliable evaluations, this review provides a basis for further research on the pathophysiology of ED and potential therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testosterone deficiency and treatments: common misconceptions and practical guidance for patient care.","authors":"Mohit Khera, James M Hotaling, Martin Miner","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Misconceptions about testosterone therapy are prevalent and there is an unmet need for a review of current literature that can be leveraged by physicians to deliver safe and effective care for men with hypogonadism.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review aims to address common misconceptions about testosterone therapy using current literature and synthesize practical guidance for clinicians with patients who are starting testosterone therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL was carried out to identify associations between testosterone therapy and prostate cancer, cardiovascular risk, and hepatic toxicity; definitions of hypogonadism; and practical guidance for clinician with patients starting testosterone therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There is no evidence to support the misconception that testosterone therapy leads to or promotes progression of prostate cancer, no evidence that testosterone therapy increases cardiovascular risk, no evidence that newer oral testosterone therapy formulations (eg, testosterone undecanoate) are associated with hepatic toxicity, and no consistent definition of hypogonadism among regulatory agencies and expert bodies. Clinicians should diagnose hypogonadism using testosterone concentrations and/or symptoms of testosterone deficiency, help patients select a testosterone therapy formulation that best fits their needs and preferences (including considerations for dose adjustment), ensure appropriate laboratory monitoring before and during treatment, and assess how patients are feeling during treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Testosterone therapy is not associated with increased prostate cancer or increased cardiovascular risk, newer oral testosterone therapy formulations are not associated with hepatic toxicity, and a strict definition of hypogonadism is difficult because patient individualization is required. Each patient in real-world clinical practices has unique baseline characteristics and will likely respond differently to testosterone therapy. As the primary goal of testosterone therapy is to provide relief from symptoms of hypogonadism, physicians should work with their male patients to create a comprehensive treatment plan that suits the patient's specific needs and preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143754527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the erectile dysfunction-cardiovascular disease connection: clinical and pathophysiological insights.","authors":"Jinshun An, Boyu Xiang, Jingxuan Peng, Dongjie Li","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) share common pathophysiological mechanisms and molecular pathways, with ED serving as an independent risk factor and prognostic marker for CVD.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review aims to explore the relationship between ED and CVD, analyze their shared pathophysiological mechanisms, and discuss the implications of these findings for clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases, with keywords including \"erectile dysfunction,\" \"cardiovascular disease,\" \"endothelial dysfunction,\" \"inflammation,\" \"oxidative stress,\" \"NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway,\" \"RhoA/ROCK pathway,\" and \"testosterone deficiency.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found a positive correlation between ED and the incidence rate and severity of CVD, with shared mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. Mendelian randomization studies provided evidence of a causal relationship between genetically predicted CVD and ED risk, although reverse causality remains less clear. Early detection of ED may help prevent and manage CVD, with ED serving as a sentinel marker for asymptomatic coronary artery disease. The review also highlighted the potential of combining treatments like phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors with rho-associated protein kinase inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists with testosterone therapy to optimize both cardiovascular and sexual outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding the association between ED and CVD is crucial for improving patients' quality of life and cardiovascular prognosis. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanistic pathways underlying ED and CVD, validating causal relationships through long-term, multimodal studies, and developing standardized risk algorithms for early intervention. For clinical practice, proactive ED screening in high-risk populations and interdisciplinary collaboration between cardiologists and urologists are essential to prevent CVD progression and enhance patient quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the functional significance of the labia minora: a scoping review on sexual physiology.","authors":"Sara Perelmuter, Sarah Ponce, Meghana Chapalamadugu, Katelyn Maliszewski, Gabrielle Smotrich, Rachel Rubin","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The labia minora, an essential yet understudied component of female genital anatomy, has been hypothesized to play a role in the female sexual function. Despite its potential importance, empirical evidence linking the labia minora's anatomical characteristics to sexual function remains limited.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Through critically assessing the current literature on the labia minora, this scoping review aims to consolidate existing research on the labia minora's anatomy, vascularization, innervation, and its role in female sexual function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Scoping review methods according to (PRISMA-ScR) were followed. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, from database inception to March 31, 2024. Studies were screened for original research on anatomy, vascularization, innervation, and sexual function of the labia minora, and data were extracted from those meeting the inclusion criteria. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence and the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 480 studies identified, a total of 27 studies met the inclusion criteria, with the majority (56%) rated as \"good\" quality evidence. The labia minora was consistently found to have rich vascularization and a high density of nerve endings, suggesting a role in sexual arousal and engorgement. However, significant variations in labial morphology were noted, and the impact of these variations on sexual function remains unclear. Additionally, the role of hormonal influences, particularly androgens, on labial anatomy and function is poorly understood.Conclusion: The labia minora likely plays a critical role in female sexual function, yet many aspects of its anatomy and function are not well understood. Future research should prioritize detailed studies of its vascular and neural structures and the effects of hormonal changes to improve clinical outcomes and therapeutic interventions for vulvar-related conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143736217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive behavior therapy for female sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ming Liu, Yuran Wang, Li Zheng, Ya Gao, Irene Zhao, Xiaotong Gu, Liang Yao, Long Ge, Jinhui Tian, Kaihua Zhang","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Sexual dysfunction has a negative influence on both human physical and psychological health across various ages and frequently results in the deterioration of quality of life for individuals and/or partners.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for female sexual dysfunction (FSD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases from inception to January 6, 2023 (updated on April 15, 2024). The risk of bias in all included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (revised version 2.0), and meta-analysis was conducted using R (version 4.2.0). We used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to evaluate the certainty of the evidence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten RCTs involving 837 patients were included, and three RCTs were judged at high risk of bias due to missing outcome data and baseline imbalances. In the post-intervention follow-up, CBT participants showed a greater increase in FSFI scores than those receiving routine care (MD: 7.63, 95% CI: 5.25 to 10.02, GRADE: low), and greater improvement than waitlist participants (MD: 3.13, 95% CI: 0.90 to 5.35, GRADE: moderate). In the short-term follow-up (4 to 24 weeks after completion of intervention), CBT participants had a greater increase in FSFI scores than routine care (MD: 11.13, 95% CI: 0.27 to 22.00, GRADE: low) and waitlist participants (MD: 3.80, 95% CI: 1.46 to 6.14, GRADE: very low).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CBT can improve the clinical symptoms of patients with FSD. However, large-scale RCTs are needed in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theoretical model for sexual performance anxiety (SPA) and a clinical approach for its remediation (SPA-R).","authors":"David L Rowland, Paraskevi-Sofia Kirana","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Anxiety, and more specifically performance anxiety, is commonly associated with sexual problems both by health professionals and clients alike. Yet, despite its strong association with sexual dysfunctions, the conceptualization and understanding of performance anxiety are seldom provided in a comprehensive and detailed manner that imparts utility for its remediation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Here, we offer a theoretical model for sexual performance anxiety that directly informs a clinical approach for its remediation, with the goal of better preparing clinicians who routinely work with, counsel, and treat men and women experiencing a sexual problem.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We first lay a groundwork that explains the general characteristics of anxiety as a psychological construct and emotion and briefly summarize 2 overarching models that relate anxiety to performance. Then we present a theoretical model that provides a heuristic for understanding sexual performance anxiety (SPA) and review factors purported to moderate and mediate anxiety in sexual performance situations. Finally, we present a clinical approach for its remediation (SPA-R) that is directly tied to the theoretical model (SPA), specifically demonstrating how consideration of various targets in the flow chart can serve as a roadmap for addressing performance anxiety within a psychotherapeutic context.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We highlight and explain each aspect of the model and delineate the connection between the model and its application, summarizing a number of key principles inherent to the therapeutic process.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We offer both this theoretical model and remedial clinical application not necessarily as the only or even best solution for dealing with clients suffering from sexual performance anxiety but as a challenge to stimulate both critique and further discussion, elaboration, and research on this critically important, though somewhat neglected, topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of hematocrit levels for testosterone replacement patients, a narrative review.","authors":"Julius Fink, Kirk Bentzen, Shigeo Horie","doi":"10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Testosterone replacement therapy is gaining more and more popularity among hypogonadal men. The positive effects on body composition, metabolic functions, and mental well-being can improve the quality of life of many men. However, testosterone can also trigger several side effects, including increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. Exogenous testosterone tends to increase erythropoiesis. The testosterone-induced increase in red blood cells can increase performance via improved transport of oxygen to the body. However, red blood cell overproduction can cause blood clots and severe sequelae such as heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism. These side effects need to be closely monitored in testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) patients. Traditionally, cessation of TRT was recommended for patients with severe polycythemia. However, cessation of TRT can lead to the recurrence of symptoms experienced before TRT. Fortunately, recent innovations in testosterone preparations allow a treatment with less side effects on hematocrit levels.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review focuses on highlighting novel methods to treat hypogonadism while minimizing side effects related to hematocrit levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We identified relevant articles using PubMed and Google Scholar searching for specific terms from 2000-2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Elevations in hematocrit levels triggered by testosterone therapy seem to be controversial, some studies advocate noninferior effects as compared to placebo while others found adverse side effects on cardiovascular health. However, the way of administration of testosterone seems to strongly influence the extent of hematocrit increases and can therefore be minimized by choosing the right testosterone preparation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Depending on the route of administration, testosterone replacement therapy can lead to significant increases in hematocrit and potential cardiovascular incidents. On the other hand, for hypogonadal patients with anemia, testosterone replacement therapy might be beneficial not only for restoring healthy testosterone levels but also red blood cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":21813,"journal":{"name":"Sexual medicine reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143701673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}