{"title":"Upgrade of the Level 1 Global Trigger System in the Belle Experiment","authors":"E. Won, H. Ha, Y. Iwasaki","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382806","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe design and development of the new global decision logic units for the Belle detector at the KEK B-factory. The new units consist of two identical 9U VME modules which are designed using the programmable logic techniques. Performance tests of these new modules and existing system are compared and showed identical results. We also examine possibility of the implementation of an artificial neural network algorithm to the new trigger board for a more efficient data acquisition.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125426739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Schacht, H. Laqua, M. Lewerentz, A. Spring, S. Pingel, G. Kuhner
{"title":"Standardized Communication in the Control System of the Experiment WENDELSTEIN 7-X","authors":"J. Schacht, H. Laqua, M. Lewerentz, A. Spring, S. Pingel, G. Kuhner","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382734","url":null,"abstract":"The superconducting stellarator experiment W7-X has a control system which has been designed for steady state operation as well as for pulsed operation. Each technical component and each \"diagnostic\" system including its data acquisition will have its own control system permitting autonomous operation for commissioning and testing. During the experimental sessions the activity of these components will be coordinated by a Central Control System and the machine runs more or less automatically with predefined programs. A local control component has a number of internal and external communication interfaces which are necessary for data exchange with the operational management system, the segment control system and with the safety system. These interfaces are used to send and receive messages of different types (commands, status information, raw data, and analyzed data). The paper presents a description of the structure of a local control component and a discussion of its communication interfaces.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"424 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121458601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data Acquisition Backbone Core DABC","authors":"S. Linev, H. G. Essel, Nikolaus Kurz, S. Linev","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382824","url":null,"abstract":"For the new experiments at FAIR like CBM new concepts of data acquisition systems have to be developed like the distribution of self-triggered, time stamped data streams over high performance networks for event building. The data acquisition backbone core DABC is designed for FAIR detector tests, readout components test, data flow investigations, and DAQ controls. All kinds of data channels (front-end systems) are connected by plug-ins into functional components of DABC like data input, combiner, scheduler, event builder, analysis and storage. On the other hand, the current GSI DAQ system MBS with its huge installed hardware base (about 100 installed, 50% outside GSI) must be integrated in any new DAQ concept. After detailed simulations now real tests (on InfiniBand clusters) of event building over networks had been performed. Several software packages (uDAPL, OpenFabric IB Verbs, MPI2) have been used to measure the performance of InfiniBand. One can achieve about 80% of the bidirectional nominal IB bandwidth of 1 GByte/s. To achieve real reliable performance with IB one needs the optional real time extensions of the latest Linux kernel 2.6.21. Some infrastructure components of the XDAQ package developed for the CMS experiment have been evaluated for DABC. The development of key components is supported by the FutureDAQ project of the European Union (FP6 I3HP JRA1).","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121505867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. de Areas, M. Ruiz, J. López, R. Gutiérrez, V. Villamayor, L. Gomez, M. Montojo
{"title":"Design of an Intelligent Front-end Signal Conditioning Circuit for IR Sensors","authors":"G. de Areas, M. Ruiz, J. López, R. Gutiérrez, V. Villamayor, L. Gomez, M. Montojo","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382789","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of an intelligent front-end signal conditioning system for IR sensors. The system has been developed as an interface between a PbSe IR sensor matrix and a TMS320C67x digital signal processor. The system architecture ensures its scalability so it can be used for sensors with different matrix sizes. It includes an integrator based signal conditioning circuit, a data acquisition converter block, and a FPGA based advanced control block that permits including high level image preprocessing routines such as faulty pixel detection and sensor calibration in the signal conditioning front-end. During the design phase virtual instrumentation technologies proved to be a very valuable tool for prototyping when choosing the best A/D converter type for the application. Development time was cut off significantly due to the use of this technology.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"192 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114058129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Annovi, J. Bellinger, M. Casarsa, P. Catastini, A. Cerri, M. Dell'Orso, P. Giannetti, C. Ginsburg, T. Liu, M. Piendibene, L. Rogondino, L. Sartori, S. Torre
{"title":"The SVT Bypass for a Forward Lepton wide coverage in the CDF Trigger","authors":"A. Annovi, J. Bellinger, M. Casarsa, P. Catastini, A. Cerri, M. Dell'Orso, P. Giannetti, C. Ginsburg, T. Liu, M. Piendibene, L. Rogondino, L. Sartori, S. Torre","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382822","url":null,"abstract":"The silicon-vertex-trigger (SVT) [1,2] at CDF is made of two pipelined processors: the associative-memory, AM [3,4], finding low precision tracks (roads) and the track-fitter, TF, refining the track quality with high-precision fits. We propose to extend the SVT use, now mostly focused on B-physics, to high-PT physics as a tracker in the forward/backward region. The upgraded SVT structure is easily improved working on firmware, or connecting the existing general purpose FPGA-based SVT boards, named Pulsars, with other Pulsars in a lego-structure. In particular, SVT can easily extend the prompt-lepton acceptance providing silicon-only tracks where the drift-chamber coverage is poor or missing (pseudorapidity larger than 1). Since prompt-leptons from high-PT events do not require precise impact parameter measurement, we don't need to measure these tracks with the maximum silicon detector resolution. We enlarge the use of the AM, to detect tracks above a defined PT threshold. We propose a bypass that brings the new thin roads found by AM, directly to the level-2 CPUs. While the slower full-resolution path (TF) will have to digest the normal AM road production, four new Pulsars will deliver new roads from AM to L2-CPU. All the hardware exists, needs only to be assembled. We present the bypass architecture, the forward-track quality and their possible use in Higgs triggers. The system timing is estimated from simulation on real data and measurements on test stand.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127619771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. David, N. Almeida, J. D. da Silva, P. Silva, J. Varela
{"title":"First beam operation of the CMS calorimeter trigger synchronization boards","authors":"A. David, N. Almeida, J. D. da Silva, P. Silva, J. Varela","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382862","url":null,"abstract":"The CMS experiment uses information from its electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters and muon detectors to decide whether to readout the whole detector. For such a task to be successful, all trigger primitives pushed through the trigger decision tree must be flawlessly aligned in time for operation at 40 MHz. Both calorimeters in CMS use the Synchronization Link Board for this purpose. In this article we report on the results of tests of this board using realistic beam conditions, which demonstrate the soundness of the adopted architecture and synchronization principle.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"505 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132542527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PXI Express for Real-Time Control and High Performance Acquisition (April 2007)","authors":"A. Ullrich","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382851","url":null,"abstract":"Since its release in 1998, the PXI industry standard has quickly gained adoption in a variety of measurement and automation systems including Fermilab's semiconductor quench detection and protection system. Two motivators for adopting the PXI platform are the high-speed PCI data communication bus and integrated timing and triggering features. Now, as the commercial PC industry improves bus bandwidth by evolving PCI to PCI express, PXI has evolved by integrating PCI express into the PXI standard to create PXI express. This paper gives an overview of the PXI platform including the data bus and timing and triggering features of PXI and PXI express.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134214979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using FPGAs to Generate Gigabit Ethernet Data Transfers and Studies of the Network Performance of DAQ Protocols","authors":"D. Bailey, R. Hughes-Jones, M. Kelly","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382745","url":null,"abstract":"FPGA devices have become common in data acquisition (DAQ) systems for high energy particle physics experiments. The next generation of DAQ systems will use FPGAs with commercial networking components. The use of FPGAs to generate gigabit-Ethernet data streams has been investigated using a Virtex 4 development system to generate raw Ethernet packets over both fibre and copper links. Details of the firmware developed to drive the links are presented. Throughput and packet loss over standard Ethernet networks to PCs have been measured using different request-response protocols. Sequential request and group request DAQ data collection protocols have been implemented and initial scaling tests are reported.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130287488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Galli, F. Bonifazi, A. Carbone, C. Gaspar, D. Gregori, U. Marconi, G. Peco, V. Vagnoni, E. van Herwijnen
{"title":"The LHCb Farm Monitoring and Control System","authors":"D. Galli, F. Bonifazi, A. Carbone, C. Gaspar, D. Gregori, U. Marconi, G. Peco, V. Vagnoni, E. van Herwijnen","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382731","url":null,"abstract":"The LHCb experiment at CERN will have an online trigger farm composed of up to 2000 PCs. In order to monitor and control each PC and to supervise the overall status of the farm, a Farm Monitoring and Control System (FMC) was developed. The FMC is based on DIM (Distributed Information Management System) as network communication layer, it is accessible both through a command line interface and through the PVSS (Prozessvisualisierung und Steuerung) graphical interface, and it is interfaced to the Finite State Machine (FSM) of the LHCb Experiment Control System (ECS) in order to manage anomalous farm conditions. The FMC is an integral part of the ECS, which is in charge of monitoring and controlling all on-line components; it uses the same tools (DIM, PVSS, FSM, etc.) to guarantee its complete integration and a coherent look and feel throughout the whole control system.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127559722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Fontaine, F. Lemieux, N. Viscogliosi, M. Tétrault, M. Bergeron, J. Riendeau, P. Bérard, J. Cadorette, R. Lecomte
{"title":"Timing improvement by low-pass filtering and linear interpolation for the LabPETTM scanner","authors":"R. Fontaine, F. Lemieux, N. Viscogliosi, M. Tétrault, M. Bergeron, J. Riendeau, P. Bérard, J. Cadorette, R. Lecomte","doi":"10.1109/RTC.2007.4382813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RTC.2007.4382813","url":null,"abstract":"Digital processing for positron emission tomography (PET) scanners commonly relies on low frequency sampling (≪65 MHz) for reducing power consumption. Timestamps must then be interpolated between samples to achieve adequate time resolution for coincidence detection of annihilation radiation. A low-pass filter based interpolation algorithm adding up to 31 samples between original samples was designed to improve both the energy and timing resolution of the LabPETTM scanner. An energy resolution refinement of ˜2 bits can be achieved with such a technique. The better estimation of triggering threshold leads to a more accurate timestamp generation. Timestamp accuracy was investigated as a function of trigger level (5-50% of maximum value). With the trigger threshold set at 20%, coincidence time resolution of ˜5.0 ns for LYSO-LYSO and ˜9.6 ns for LGSO-LGSO are obtained. A real time implementation of the algorithm was achieved in a Xilinx FPGA.","PeriodicalId":217483,"journal":{"name":"2007 15th IEEE-NPSS Real-Time Conference","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122693325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}