Seminars in nuclear medicine最新文献

{"title":"PET Imaging in Psychiatric Disorders.","authors":"Rodolfo Ferrando, Daniel Hernandes, Bruno Galafassi Ghini, Artur Martins Coutinho","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as a pivotal imaging modality in the investigation of psychiatric disorders, enabling in vivo assessment of regional cerebral metabolism, neurotransmitter dynamics, receptor binding, synaptic density, and neuroinflammation. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on the utility of PET imaging in elucidating the pathophysiology of major psychiatric conditions-including schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and addiction and its potential in clinical decision-making. <sup>18</sup>F-FDG-PET has consistently demonstrated regional metabolic abnormalities, most notably prefrontal hypometabolism in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, with implications for negative symptomatology, cognitive dysfunction, and treatment resistance. Functional FDG-PET (fPET) has recently enabled dynamic metabolic mapping with high temporal resolution, allowing the evaluation of stimulus-induced changes in neuronal activity. Receptor-specific PET tracers have provided further insights into dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic dysregulation across psychiatric spectra. Notably, schizophrenia is associated with a increased striatal dopamine (DA) synthesis capacity and DA release, and disrupted frontolimbic connectivity, while depression shows reduced serotonergic transporter binding and lower mGluR5 availability, supporting neurotransmitter system-based subtyping. PET imaging has also revealed neuroinflammatory signatures, such as altered TSPO binding, as well as synaptic density reductions via SV2A tracers in early psychosis, emphasizing shared neurobiological underpinnings and disease progression markers. In pediatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, PET and multimodal approaches have contributed to identifying heterogeneous neurochemical phenotypes, linking abnormal glucose metabolism and receptor availability to specific behavioral domains. Clinically, PET imaging aids in the differential diagnosis of primary psychiatric disorders from neurodegenerative conditions, including behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), by detecting disease-specific metabolic patterns and supporting biomarker-informed diagnostics. Furthermore, PET has been employed to predict and monitor treatment response across pharmacological and neuromodulatory interventions, including antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), enabling strides toward personalized psychiatric care. Despite its promise, widespread clinical integration of PET in psychiatry remains limited by high cost, accessibility barriers, and the need for standardized acquisition and interpretation protocols. Ongoing advancements in radiopharmaceutical development, artificial intelligence, and normative imaging databases are expected to facilitate the incorporation of PET into routine psychiatric assessment and t","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroimaging of Mild Traumatic Injury.","authors":"Gabriela Capriotti, Alessia Guarnera, Andrea Romano, Giulia Moltoni, Giorgia Granese, Alessando Bozzao, Alberto Signore","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global public health problem and is a leading cause of disability, morbidity and death in children and adults in USA It is characterised by alteration of neurological, behavioral and cognitive function as consequence of biomechanical insulte and possible progression to chronic encephalopathy. According to the CDC, approximately 75% of all reported TBIs are considered mild in form. Mild TBI is defined as individuals who had head trauma with subsequent mild deficit on the GCS and thu are frequently observed in military combat, athletes and motor vehicle accidents. Clinical assessment of mTBI is difficult and therefore different neuroimaging techniques have been used to characterized different stages of the disease. This article reviews the utility of imaging while focusing on the emerging applications of advanced MRI studies and PET in TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144317849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positron Emission Tomography in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Status and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Jeongryul Ryu, Minyoung Oh","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition marked by impairments in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors. While both genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to ASD, its precise causes remain unclear. Advances in molecular imaging, particularly positron emission tomography (PET), have enhanced our ability to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ASD. PET offers valuable insights into brain metabolism, neurotransmitter systems, neuroinflammation, and synaptic density. This review highlights the contributions of PET imaging to understanding the pathophysiology of ASD, focusing on recent advancements in technology and novel radiotracers. These innovations may lead to more accurate biomarkers for diagnosis and targeted therapeutic strategies. As PET technology continues to improve, it holds significant potential for advancing ASD research and clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update on Molecular Imaging in Epilepsy.","authors":"Kowshik Vengadesan, Ankita Phulia, Rakesh Kumar","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epilepsy is one of the commonest neurological disorders worldwide. It is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures and has significant effects on one's daily life. Though almost two thirds of patients with epilepsy respond well with one or more antiepileptic drugs, about 30% patients suffer with drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). Patients with focal variant of DRE, often have a focal pathology in brain and benefit vastly by removing or disconnecting the foci of origin of epileptiform waves from other parts of the cerebral cortex. While clinical examination, MRI and EEG are the first line investigations done in such patients before surgery, many a times they yield normal or discordant or multiple lesions of which only 1 or 2 are epileptogenic. It is in such cases; molecular imaging such as SPECT and PET helps in accurately demarcating the EZ for planning epilepsy surgery. The functional integrity of the rest of the brain can also be assessed by PET and SPECT, which may also offer valuable insights into the potential pathophysiology of the neurocognitive and behavioral impairments commonly seen in these patients. Epilepsy continues to be a common indication for perfusion SPECT as it is the only imaging method that can visualize the ictal onset zone in vivo. Interictal FDG PET/CT is a single investigation that can provide most information about EZ whereas SPECT has to be done twice-ictal and interictal. The evolution of advanced image analysis techniques like SISCOM, SISCOS, PISCOM and newer receptor-based PET tracers has further refined the localization of the seizure onset zone.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144294917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Developments on [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in Inflammatory Disorders of the Central Nervous System.","authors":"Gilles N Stormezand, J Doorduin, Andor W J M Glaudemans, Anouk van der Hoorn, Bauke M De Jong","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>2-Deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is widely used to study cerebral glucose metabolism and may be useful in several inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system. Emerging literature suggests that [¹⁸F]FDG may be more sensitive to detect abnormalities in auto-immune encephalitis (AIE) in comparison to MRI, especially in NDMA receptor encephalitis. Distinct patterns of regional abnormalities in AIE have been reported, depending on the auto-antibody involved. Predominant findings are hypermetabolism of the mediotemporal lobe and hypometabolism in parietal and occipital lobes. The possibility for whole body imaging in the setting of malignancy screening further strengthens the importance of [¹⁸F]FDG PET in AIE when associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. Other inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system where [¹⁸]FDG PET may facilitate diagnosis include neurosarcoidosis and potential neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematodes. More recently, [¹⁸F]FDG PET has been used in patients to evaluate postacute sequelae of COVID-19, allowing assessment of specific neuronal impairments at the individual level and determination of time-dependent metabolic alterations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144286446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Targets for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Parkinson´s Disease.","authors":"Yu-Jie Yang, Yi-Xin Zhao, Xin-Yi Li, Chuantao Zuo","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the neuroimaging biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD) has advanced rapidly, targeting to the key pathological mechanisms such as α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and brain clearance. This review summarized the novel imaging targets and their clinical practice in human studies. The presynaptic dopamine transporters and ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) have been characterized as established biomarkers in PD. Furthermore, as the key pathogenic protein in PD, α-syn aggregation forming Lewy bodies could drive the neuronal degeneration, making the α-syn-targeted PET imaging a critical focus in PD research. Other co-pathologies, including amyloid-β and tau protein, were also concluded for their clinical implications in PD. Additionally, the PET imaging targets for neuroinflammatory mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, microglial and astrocyte activation, hold promise for further investigation. Finally, the radiotracers detecting disruptions of blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system would also represent as therapeutic opportunities. In conclusion, the vigorous development of novel imaging biomarkers in PD will refine the diagnostic frameworks, promoting for the future disease-modifying therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor (FAPI) PET in Sarcoma: An Update and Future Perspective.","authors":"Roberto C Delgado Bolton, Adriana K Calapaquí Terán, Ludmila Santiago Almeida, Diana Paez, Enrique Estrada Lobato, Anita Brink, Peter Knoll, Giorgio Treglia, Francesco Giammarile","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear medicine has seen significant advancements in recent years, especially in the area of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. One of these innovations is the use of Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors (FAPI) as a novel radiotracer. FAPI PET imaging has shown promising results in various malignancies, including sarcomas, which are a diverse group of cancers originating from mesenchymal cells. This review aims to explore the potential of FAPI PET imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment monitoring of sarcomas. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of FAPI PET in sarcomas. Furthermore, FAPI PET imaging has shown potential in assessing treatment response, with changes in FAPI uptake correlating with treatment outcomes. However, there are challenges to be addressed. The heterogeneity of sarcomas, both inter- and intra-tumoral, may affect the uniformity of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) expression and thus the effectiveness of FAPI PET imaging. In conclusion, the introduction of FAPI PET imaging represents a significant advancement in the field of nuclear medicine and oncology. As we continue to deepen our understanding of this novel imaging technique, it is hoped that FAPI PET imaging will play an increasingly important role in the fight against cancer. However, as with any new technology, further research is needed to fully understand the potential and limitations of FAPI PET imaging in the clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Endocrine Tumor PET Imaging Targeting CXCR4 and GLP-1.","authors":"Esther Mena, Liza Lindenberg, Peter Herscovitch, Samira M Sadowski, Peter L Choyke","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Molecular imaging has experienced significant advances in the areas of imaging probes and technology, enabling the detection of tumors at earlier stages and more accurately identifying extent of disease. To better characterize lesions, nuclear medicine modalities utilize molecular imaging agents targeting specific pathways and cell surface molecules to improve both sensitivity and specificity. In the field of endocrinology, tumors encompass a wide spectrum of aggressiveness ranging from indolent, well differentiated tumors to highly aggressive cancers. Thus, in recent years, new molecular imaging biomarkers have been developed for noninvasively assessing different types of hormone-producing tumors. For instance, ⁶⁸Ga-PentixaFor is a novel PET imaging agent targeting the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) with proven utility in various malignancies, and has also shown multifunctionality in detecting endocrine pathologies, such as primary aldosteronism, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenomas and ACTH-independent cortisol-producing adrenal adenomas. Another novel receptor-targeted radiotracer using the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) analog, Exendin-4 has recently developed to preoperatively localize insulinomas, arising from pancreatic beta cells. This review presents an overview of new developments and potential clinical implementation of CXCR4- and Exendin- based radiotracers for imaging applications in endocrinology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"¹⁸F-FDG PET for Dementia Evaluation: Co-pathologies, New Diseases, and Its Roles in the Era of Antiamyloid Treatment.","authors":"Tanyaluck Thientunyakit, Weerasak Muangpaisan, Satoshi Minoshima","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.04.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dementia, which impairs a person's cognition and ability in daily tasks and is often caused by neurodegenerative disorders, remains one of the most challenging neuropsychiatric conditions. The prevalence of dementia has been steadily increasing in aging societies. Recently, antiamyloid treatment has been developed and approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is known as the major cause of dementia. Such therapeutic developments have accelerated the use of in vivo biomarkers in research, clinical trials, and clinical practice. Past and recent developments of several biomarkers, including ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), have played a pivotal role in understanding the underlying mechanisms of dementing disorders and accelerating progress in both research and clinical practice, leading to more accurate clinical diagnosis, recognition of co-pathologies, better understanding of new diseases, treatment planning, and response evaluation. This article reviews the roles of brain FDG PET, one of the well-established imaging biomarkers, as a valuable tool for studying brain metabolism and its applications in clinical and research settings, particularly for the treatment of dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144187870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targets for Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs): An Overview and Update.","authors":"Esmail Jafari, Majid Assadi, Meysam Nasiri, Hojjat Ahmadzadehfar","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a diverse group of tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells, characterized by their unique biological behavior and clinical manifestations. The incidence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has been rising, necessitating effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Molecular imaging, particularly through techniques such as PET and SPECT, plays a pivotal role in the management of NETs. This review highlights the significance of somatostatin receptor imaging in the initial diagnostic work-up, staging, and treatment planning for NETs, emphasizing the utility of radiopharmaceuticals like [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTATATE and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-LM3. These agents demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate delineation of disease extent and identification of occult primary tumors. Furthermore, the review discusses the emerging role of nonsomatostatin receptor targets, such as glucose metabolism and fibroblast activation protein, in enhancing the diagnostic capabilities of molecular imaging. The integration of advanced imaging modalities, including dual-tracer approaches, is explored for their potential to refine therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcomes. As the field of molecular imaging continues to evolve, ongoing research and clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of novel imaging agents and techniques, ultimately enhancing the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}