Seminars in nuclear medicine最新文献

{"title":"Total Body PET-CT Protocols in Oncology.","authors":"Antonia Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss, Leyun Pan, Christos Sachpekidis","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently developed long axial field of view (LAFOV) PET-CT scanners, including total body scanners, are already in use in a few centers worldwide. These systems have some major advantages over standard axial field of view (SAFOV) PET-CT scanners, mainly due to up to 20 times higher sensitivity and therefore improved lesion detectability. Other advantages are the reduction of the PET acquisition time for a static whole-body measurement, the reduction of the administered radiotracer dose, and the ability to perform delayed scans with good image quality, which is important for imaging radionuclides with long half-lives and pharmaceuticals with long biodistribution times, such as ⁸⁹Zr-labeled antibodies. The reduction of the applied tracer dose leads to less radiation exposure and may facilitate longitudinal studies, especially in oncological patients, for the evaluation of therapy. The reduction in acquisition time for a static whole body (WB) study allows a markedly higher patient throughput. Furthermore, LAFOV PET-CT scanners enable for the first-time WB dynamic PET scanning and WB parametric imaging with an improved image quality due to increased sensitivity and time resolution. WB tracer kinetics is of particular interest for the characterization of novel radiopharmaceuticals and for a better biological characterization of cancer diseases, as well as for a more accurate assessment of the response to new targeted therapies. Further technological developments based on artificial intelligence (AI) approaches are underway and may in the future allow CT-less attenuation correction or ultralow dose CT for attenuation correction as well as segmentation algorithms for the evaluation of total metabolic tumor volume. The aim of this review is to present dedicated PET acquisition protocols for oncological studies with LAFOV scanners, including static and dynamic acquisition as well as parametric scans, and to present literature data to date on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141293684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Body PET/CT: Future Aspects.","authors":"Felipe Godinez, Clemens Mingels, Reimund Bayerlein, Brahim Mehadji, Lorenzo Nardo","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.011","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Total-body (TB) positron emission tomography (PET) scanners are classified by their axial field of view (FOV). Long axial field of view (LAFOV) PET scanners can capture images from eyes to thighs in a one-bed position, covering all major organs with an axial FOV of about 100 cm. However, they often miss essential areas like distal lower extremities, limiting their use beyond oncology.TB-PET is reserved for scanners with a FOV of 180 cm or longer, allowing coverage of most of the body. LAFOV PET technology emerged about 40 years ago but gained traction recently due to advancements in data acquisition and cost. Early research highlighted its benefits, leading to the first FDA-cleared TB-PET/CT device in 2019 at UC Davis. Since then, various LAFOV scanners with enhanced capabilities have been developed, improving image quality, reducing acquisition times, and allowing for dynamic imaging. The uEXPLORER, the first LAFOV scanner, has a 194 cm active PET AFOV, far exceeding traditional scanners. The Panorama GS and others have followed suit in optimizing FOVs. Despite slow adoption due to the COVID pandemic and costs, over 50 LAFOV scanners are now in use globally. This review explores the future of LAFOV technology based on recent literature and experiences, covering its clinical applications, implications for radiation oncology, challenges in managing PET data, and expectations for technological advancements.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"107-115"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Body PET/CT: Clinical Value and Future Aspects of Quantification in Static and Dynamic Imaging.","authors":"Narendra Rathod, Warissara Jutidamrongphan, Wolfram Andreas Bosbach, Yizhou Chen, Jan Luca Penner, Hasan Sari, Konstantinos Zeimpekis, Alejandro López Montes, Pawel Moskal, Ewa Stepien, Kuangyu Shi, Axel Rominger, Robert Seifert","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Total body (TB) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) / Computed Tomography (CT) scanners have revolutionized nuclear medicine by enabling whole-body imaging in a single bed position.¹ This review assesses the physical and clinical value of TB-PET/CT, with a focus on the advancements in both static and dynamic imaging, as well as the evolving quantification techniques. The significantly enhanced sensitivity of TB scanners can reduce radiation exposure and scan time, offering improved patient comfort and making it particularly useful for pediatric imaging and various other scenarios. Shorter scan times also decrease motion artifacts, leading to higher-quality images and better diagnostic accuracy. Dynamic PET imaging with TB scanners extends these advantages by capturing temporal changes in tracer uptake over time, providing real-time insights into both structural and functional assessment, and promoting the ability to monitor disease progression and treatment response. We also present CT-free attenuation correction methods that utilize the increased sensitivity of TB-PET as a potential improvement for dynamic TB-PET protocols. In static imaging, emerging quantification techniques such as dual-tracer PET using TB scanners allow imaging of two biological pathways, simultaneously, for a more comprehensive assessment of disease. In addition, positronium imaging, a novel technique utilizing positronium lifetime measurements, is introduced as a promising aspect for providing structural information alongside functional quantification. Finally, the potential of expanding clinical applications with the increased sensitivity of TB-PET/CT scanners is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"98-106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142772110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosing Bone Metastases in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis on Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies of 2-[¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT, ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT, MRI, Contrast-Enhanced CT, and Bone Scintigraphy.","authors":"Oke Gerke, Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad, Sofie Tind Nygaard, Victoria Raha Sigaroudi, Marianne Vogsen, Werner Vach, Malene Grubbe Hildebrandt","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of 2-[¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT, ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT, MRI, contrast-enhanced CT, and bone scintigraphy for diagnosing bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. Following PRISMA-DTA guidelines, we reviewed studies assessing 2-[¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT, ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT, MRI, contrast-enhanced CT, and bone scintigraphy for diagnosing bone metastases in high-stage primary breast cancer (stage III or IV) or known primary breast cancer with suspicion of recurrence (staging or re-staging). A comprehensive search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Embase was conducted until February 2024. Inclusion criteria were original studies using these imaging methods, excluding those focused on AI/machine learning, primary breast cancer without metastases, mixed cancer types, preclinical studies, and lesion-based accuracy. Preference was given to studies using biopsy or follow-up as the reference standard. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Screening, bias assessment, and data extraction were independently performed by two researchers, with discrepancies resolved by a third. We applied bivariate random-effects models in meta-analysis and network meta-analyzed differences in sensitivity and specificity between the modalities. Forty studies were included, with 29 contributing to the meta-analyses. Of these, 13 studies investigated one single modality only. Both 2-[¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT (sensitivity: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89-0.97; specificity: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99), MRI (0.94, 0.82-0.98; 0.93, 0.87-0.96), and ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT (0.95, 0.85-0.98; 1, 0.93-1) outperformed the less sensitive modalities CE-CT (0.70, 0.62-0.77; 0.98, 0.97-0.99) and bone scintigraphy (0.83, 0.75-0.88; 0.96, 0.87-0.99). The network meta-analysis of multi-modality studies supports the comparable performance of 2-[¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT and MRI in diagnosing bone metastases (estimated differences in sensitivity and specificity, respectively: 0.01, -0.16 - 0.18; -0.02, -0.15 - 0.12). The results from bivariate random effects modelling and network meta-analysis were consistent for all modalities apart from ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT. We concluded that 2-[¹⁸F]FDG-PET/CT and MRI have high and comparable accuracy for diagnosing bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Both outperformed CE-CT and bone scintigraphy regarding sensitivity. Future multimodality studies based on consented thresholds are warranted for further exploration, especially in terms of the potential role of ¹⁸F-NaF-PET/CT in bone metastasis diagnosis in breast cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"137-151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142639707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Body PET/CT: A Role in Drug Development?","authors":"Xiangxi Meng, Xiangxing Kong, Runze Wu, Zhi Yang","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nowadays, total body PET has already entered the medical centers and enabled various clinical applications due to its superior imaging capabilities, especially the high sensitivity. However, the potential of the total body PET in the clinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals remains underexplored. The development and regulatory processes for radiopharmaceuticals present unique challenges that total body PET could address. In the safety evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals, the internal radiation dosimetry demands images with high quality and quantitative accuracy, which can be achieved using the total body PET. The current clinical pharmacokinetic study for radiopharmaceuticals still relies on invasively sampling of blood and other body fluid, causing discomfort of participant and difficulty in implementation. With the total body PET, the radioactive concentration of the drug in various blood vessels can be assessed noninvasively, facilitating the pharmacokinetic study. The parametric analysis over the total body based on compartment models also sheds light on the pharmacokinetics of the radiopharmaceutical. A special requirement for multi-center clinical research involving PET and SPECT is the harmonization of the quantitative performance among different imaging equipment, and the discrepancy between the total body PET and short axial field of view PET scanners may add to the complexity. To date, there are several successful examples of clinical trials of innovative radiopharmaceuticals using the total body PET, involving different types of tracers ranging from small molecules, peptides, nanobodies, minibodies, and aptamers. In conclusion, total body PET has the potential to revolutionize the clinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals and will play a crucial role in future drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"116-123"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142401157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total-Body PET/CT: Challenges and Opportunities.","authors":"Clemens Mingels, Kevin J Chung, Austin R Pantel, Axel Rominger, Ian Alberts, Benjamin A Spencer, Lorenzo Nardo, Thomas Pyka","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-axial field-of-view (LAFOV) systems have changed the field of molecular imaging. Since their introduction, many PET centers have installed these next-generation digital systems to provide more detailed imaging and acquire PET images in a single bed position. Indeed, vertex to thigh imaging for oncological indications can be obtained in most of the population with the currently available LAFOV systems. Moreover, Total Body (TB) PET, a subtype of LAFOV, enables imaging the entire patient-from vertex through the toes-with one bed-position for most of the population. This review aims to identify possible challenges and opportunities for PET-centers working with TB and LAFOV systems. Emphasis is placed on the strength and weaknesses in clinical routine of currently available and upcoming TB and LAFOV PET systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142353161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total-Body PET/CT: A Role of Artificial Intelligence?","authors":"Qiyang Zhang, Zhenxing Huang, Yuxi Jin, Wenbo Li, Hairong Zheng, Dong Liang, Zhanli Hu","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the cutting-edge applications of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in total-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning technology and its profound impact on the field of medical imaging. The introduction of total-body PET/CT scanners marked a major breakthrough in medical imaging, as their superior sensitivity and ultralong axial fields of view allowed for high-quality PET images of the entire body to be obtained in a single scan, greatly enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of diagnoses. However, this advancement is accompanied by the challenges of increasing data volumes and data complexity levels, which pose severe challenges for traditional image processing and analysis methods. Given the excellent ability of AI technology to process massive and high-dimensional data, the combination of AI technology and ultrasensitive PET/CT can be considered a complementary match, opening a new path for rapidly improving the efficiency of the PET-based medical diagnosis process. Recently, AI technology has demonstrated extraordinary potential in several key areas related to total-body PET/CT, including radiation dose reductions, dynamic parametric imaging refinements, quantitative analysis accuracy improvements, and significant image quality enhancements. The accelerated adoption of AI in clinical practice is of particular interest and is directly driven by the rapid progress made by AI technologies in terms of interpretability; i.e., the decision-making processes of algorithms and models have become more transparent and understandable. In the future, we believe that AI technology will fundamentally reshape the use of PET/CT, not only playing a more critical role in clinical diagnoses but also facilitating the customization and implementation of personalized healthcare solutions, providing patients with safer, more accurate, and more efficient healthcare experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"124-136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142378232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long Axial Field-of-View (LAFOV) PET/CT in Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Christos Sachpekidis, Antonia Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PSMA-targeted PET/CT is currently considered the most effective non-invasive diagnostic technique for imaging PSMA-positive lesions in prostate cancer (PC), and its introduction has significantly enhanced the role of nuclear medicine in both the diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) of this oncological entity. In line with developments in radiopharmaceuticals, significant progress has been made in the development of PET/CT systems. In particular, the advent of long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT scanners has represented a major leap forward in molecular imaging, with early results from clinical applications of these systems showing significant improvements over previous standard axial field-of-view systems in terms of sensitivity, image quality and lesion quantification, while enabling whole-body dynamic PET imaging. In this context, the introduction of the new LAFOV scanners may further enhance the use and potential of PSMA-ligand PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of PC. The initial but steadily growing literature on the application of the new technology in the field of PSMA-ligand PET/CT has already yielded encouraging results regarding the detection of PC lesions with high sensitivity while providing the possibility of ultra-fast or ultra-low dose examinations. Moreover, whole-body dynamic PET has rendered for the first time feasible to capture the pharmacokinetics PSMA-ligands in all major organs and most tumor lesions with high temporal resolution. The main results of these studies are presented in this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"67-75"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141200149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Total Body PET/CT in Inflammatory Disorders.","authors":"Shervin Zoghi, Clemens Mingels, Ramsey D Badawi, Benjamin A Spencer, Tracy L Yarbrough, Lorenzo Nardo, Abhijit J Chaudhari","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory disorders historically have been difficult to monitor with conventional PET imaging due to limitations including radiation exposure, lack of validated imaging biomarkers, low spatial resolution, and long acquisition durations. However, the recent development of long-axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT scanners may allow utilization of novel noninvasive biomarkers to diagnose, predict outcomes, and monitor therapeutic response of inflammatory conditions. LAFOV PET scanners can image most of the human body (if not the entire body) simultaneously in one bed position, with improved signal collection efficiency compared to conventional PET scanners. This allows for imaging with shorter acquisition durations, decreased injected radiotracer dose, prolonged uptake times, or a combination of any of these. In addition, LAFOV PET scanners enable whole-body dynamic imaging. Altogether, these intrinsically superior capabilities in assessing both local and systemic diseases, have allowed these scanners to make increasingly significant contributions to the assessment of inflammatory conditions. This review aims to further explore the role and benefits of LAFOV scanners for imaging various inflammatory conditions while addressing future developments and challenges faced by this technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11645246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long Axial Field of View PET/CT: Technical Aspects in Cardiovascular Diseases.","authors":"Tonantzin Samara Martinez-Lucio, Oscar Isaac Mendoza-Ibañez, Wanling Liu, Samaneh Mostafapour, Zekai Li, Laura Providência, Giordana Salvi de Souza, Philipp Mohr, Magdalena M Dobrolinska, Bram van Leer, Hendrea S A Tingen, Joyce van Sluis, Charalampos Tsoumpas, Andor W J M Glaudemans, Klaas Pieter Koopmans, Adriaan A Lammertsma, Riemer H J A Slart","doi":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) plays a pivotal role in the assessment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly in the context of ischemic heart disease. Nevertheless, its application in other forms of CVD, such as infiltrative, infectious, or inflammatory conditions, remains limited. Recently, PET/CT systems with an extended axial field of view (LAFOV) have been developed, offering greater anatomical coverage and significantly enhanced PET sensitivity. These advancements enable head-to-pelvis imaging with a single bed position, and in systems with an axial field of view (FOV) of approximately 2 meters, even total body (TB) imaging is feasible in a single scan session. The application of LAFOV PET/CT in CVD presents a promising opportunity to improve systemic cardiovascular assessments and address the limitations inherent to conventional short axial field of view (SAFOV) devices. However, several technical challenges, including procedural considerations for LAFOV systems in CVD, complexities in data processing, arterial input function extraction, and artefact management, have not been fully explored. This review aims to discuss the technical aspects of LAFOV PET/CT in relation to CVD by highlighting key opportunities and challenges and examining the impact of these factors on the evaluation of most relevant CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":21643,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in nuclear medicine","volume":" ","pages":"52-66"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142627390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}