Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comparative analysis of widal agglutination and typhoid humoral response assays in febrile patients at Kebbi State, Nigeria","authors":"N. Faruku, F. Sarkinfada, A. O. Akande, Taysir R. Hafiz, I. M. Khalid, Idris A. Kabuga, S. Musa, K. Umar, Faruk U. Magaji, M. Yusuf, N. Mujahid, M. A. Abbas","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.30","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoid fever is a life-threatening diseases caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi that poses high-level of public health concern especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Essentially, inadequate or inappropriate diagnosis of the human salmonellosis could be a factor that facilitated its dissemination in Nigeria. To determine the sensitivity and specificity of serological widal and Typhoid IgG/IgM tests in comparison with blood culture as a reference for typhoid diagnosis among febrile patients attending three public hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria. A hospital based cross-sectional study was carried out among 406 febrile patients with suspected typhoid fever (mean age = 34 years). Blood culture for bacterial isolation, subjects widal and Salmonella enterica serovar typhi IgM/IgG tests were performed on all participants by the use of selective bacteriological media, slide agglutination, rapid Typhoid IgG/IgM lateral flow immunochromatographic assay, respectively. Positive Salmonella typhi culture was obtained in 6.4% of the participants, of which a higher rate was recorded among males 7.5% than in females 5.0% participants. Anti-typhoid IgM and IgG were detected 25.1% and 21.9% of the participants while the widal agglutination was positive in 52% of the participants.. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value of typhoid IgM was found as 88.46%, 79.21%, 22.55%, and 99.01%, respectively. Whereas, 65.38%, 48.95%, 8.06%, and 95.39% were obtained for Widal agglutination test, respectively. Based on these findings, the typhoid IgM and IgG demonstrated better diagnostic performance for serological identification of typhoid in the first week of illness than widal test. Hence, so it is suggested that healthcare facilities to considering replacing the widal test by typhoid IgM/IgG tests in cases when urgent test results are necessary in lieu of culture that has long turnaround time.","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalies and trends assessment for rainfall and temperatures in Zaria and environs, Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"I. B. Adamu, A. Ahmed, A. W. Hassan, A. Balarabe, A. I. Bashir, S. A. Salihu","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.25","url":null,"abstract":"The study area is located within the region of a very high climatic variation which may impact negatively to the immediate environment. The study aimed to assess meteorological parameters such as rainfall and temperatures to prepare for the occurrence of future climatic extremes. The study used anomaly and linear trends on the variables to determine climate change. The study made use of meteorological variables recorded for the period of 30 years (1991-2020). Anomaly was used in determining the annual amount of rainfall (surplus or deficit/dry); warm, cool or normal temperatures. Linear trend analysis was carried out on meteorological variables to determine an increase or decrease during the three decades under review. The result from the anomaly showed many years of wet/surplus while few years of deficit/dry. Temperatures showed the years with warm or cool temperatures. Rainfall shows 12 years of wet and 18 years of dry. Out of 12 years with wets, 11 years were between 2001-2017. Maximum temperature shows 17 years warmer than normal; 13 years shows cooler than normal. Out of 17 years that showed warmer maximum temperatures, 16 years were between 2001-2020. The minimum temperature shows 13 years with a warmer minimum temperature. Out of 13 years with warm, 12 years were between 2001-2020. Average temperature shows 17 years with warm while 13 years with cool. Out of the 17 years with warm, 12 years were between 2001-2020. Results from the trend analysis revealed that rainfall, average temperature, and maximum and minimum temperatures had positive trends with 8.86mm, 0.992℃, 0.143℃ and 0.0639℃ respectively.","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals from the stem of Ficus vogelii","authors":"C. Udechukwu, Olatunde Olabode Adeoye, ThankGod Kelechi Nwarie, R. O. Muoka","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.27","url":null,"abstract":"The plant Ficus vogelii commonly known as West African rubber tree, belongs to the family of Moraceae; it is a member of the fig genus found mostly in the Guinea savannah vegetation belt of West and Central Africa. The phytochemicals from the stem of Ficus vogelii, a plant species with ethnomedicinal importance in West Africa, were qualitatively analysed in this work. The aim of the study was to identify and characterize the bioactive compounds present in Ficus vogelii, which could potentially contribute to its therapeutic effects. Fresh stems of Ficus vogelii were collected from a natural habitat in Enugu State, Nigeria, and subjected to air drying followed by cold extraction using methanol, ethyl acetate, and water as solvents. The extracts were then tested for the presence of various phytochemicals using standard qualitative tests. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and phenols in the stem extracts of Ficus vogelii. Each phytochemical was present in varying quantities across the different solvent extracts, with methanol showing the highest extraction efficiency for most compounds. Nonetheless, the findings of this study underscore the potential of Ficus vogelii as a valuable source of natural products for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing cost policies in an industrial setting using duality theory: a case study of brewery production company","authors":"A. C. Iwuji, P. I. Okoroafor","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.2","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of duality is applied to achieve optimal revenue generation in a production. It provides optimal cost policies for selling available raw materials when production is not feasible. In this work, the duality theorem is applied to the primal linear programming (LP) model of a brewery production company by Ekwonwune and Edebatu (2016) to achieve an optimal cost policy that satisfies the strong duality theorem. The dual LP model of the brewery production problem is formulated which is aimed at minimizing costs of raw material sales when production is not feasible. The optimal cost obtained provides maximum revenue plans for the brewery as well as minimized cost of purchase for the buyer. Data used in the illustration of the dual LP model is secondary data which includes profit of cartons of drinks, quantity of raw materials used in the production of some selected drinks in a brewery and available quantity of raw materials in the production run. From the analysis of the dual LP model formulated, the optimal amount obtained from sales of raw materials is 43,196. This optimal sales amount corresponds to the optimal profit solution of the primal model when production holds which is also 43,196. This result therefore upholds the strong duality theorem.","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring microbial analysis of tap water in University of Benin Halls of residence: implications for health and sustainability","authors":"N. O. Ogbebor, Alamu Bamidele Alaba, B. Ohiocheoya","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2a.29","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyze the bacterial and fungal composition of tap water found in the University of Benin's halls of residence, located in Benin City, Nigeria. Standard methods were employed to isolate, enumerate, characterize, and identify the bacterial and fungal isolates.Clean and safe water access is crucial for human well-being and sustainable development. This study examines the bacterial and fungal contaminants in the tap water obtainable in the halls of residence at the University of Benin in Benin City, Nigeria. Standard methods were employed to isolate, enumerate, characterize, and identify the bacterial and fungal isolates. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of bacteria such as Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with potential pathogens like Escherichia coli in all samples. Fungi detected included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp., and Mucor spp. The detection of E. coli suggests waterborne disease risks, emphasising the need for water treatment and hygiene. Maintaining microbiological quality is crucial for a healthy learning environment. Variations across residential halls indicate the importance of infrastructure and maintenance. Compliance with regulations and standards, infrastructure upgrades, education on water safety, collaboration with health authorities, and continuous monitoring are recommended to ensure safe tap water for students in university residences.","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of the Third Head of Gastrocnemius","authors":"Garzali Marwana Bala, Aliu Abdul-Hameed","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.12","url":null,"abstract":"During a routine dissection for medical students in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health  Sciences of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, the posterior aspect of the leg region of an adult male cadaver was observed to  have a third head of Gastrocnemius muscle unilaterally on the right leg. The third head of the muscle originated from the distal portion of  the right femur just above the lateral condyle between plantaris and the lateral head of Gastrocnemius, the third head was having a  short slender belly that descends down along the medial aspect of the medial head of the Gastrocnemius before tapering as a long  tendon that blends posteriorly with the calcaneal tendon. Upon tracing the muscle, it was confirmed to be a separate head with a distinct  origin and insertion independent of the usual two heads. This discovery of a third head of Gastrocnemius is certainly unusual and would  no doubt go a long way in drawing the attention of surgeons both in the interpretations of radiological images and the surgery itself.  Additionally, this discovery would add to the existing literature for the teaching of human anatomy generally. ","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the Advanced Encryption Standard System Performance on Hidden Data","authors":"A. A. Adigun, O.I. Adigun, M.O. Abolarinwa, O.S. Bakare, S.O. Folorunso, S.O. Adebayo, A.I. Oladimeji","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.21","url":null,"abstract":"As the digital landscape continues to rapidly evolve, fueled by the proliferation of multimediaapplications, ensuring the security of data transmission has become a paramount concern.Cryptography emerges as a stalwart guardian in this dynamic environment, offering a robustapproach to safeguarding sensitive information. Despite significant strides in enhancing securityservices and processes over the years, the relentless march of technological progress demands a continual reassessment of strategies for protecting data in transit. Cryptography, with its ability totransform plaintext into ciphertext through encryption procedures, remains a cornerstone of moderndata security frameworks. This paper reviews a series of data security methods, focusing on theperformance of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) system in concealing data. A structuredapproach is employed to actualize the reviewed methods, with cryptographic techniques scrutinized inthe literature. Analysis is conducted to obtain reviewed literature, evaluating the strengths andlimitations of different cryptographic methods. The practical application of cryptography techniquesis assessed across various literatures, identifying potential implications for enhancing data security inthe modern digital environment. It is observed that encryption techniques are utilized to protect dataover the internet and other forms of data transmission, yet brute force methods can sometimes easilyidentify hidden data. This paper suggests that combining two or more algorithms can lead to betterdata security. Specifically, combining the AES algorithm with other algorithms such as Proxy reencryption, Honey encryption, and N-th degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Unit (NTRU) canenhance the data encryption and decryption process.","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria Prevalence and its Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at General Hospital Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria","authors":"O. A. Adesoye, K. A. Adeniyi, A. O. Adeogun, O.A. Oyeniran, I. Akinsete, C. Akinleye, O.M. Alaje, B.A. Ezeonuegbu, Z.T. Bello","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.24","url":null,"abstract":"Research into the frequency of malaria among pregnant women is still insufficient due to multiple challenges. Despite these difficulties,  this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of malaria and its associated factors among pregnant women visiting antenatal clinics at  Dutse General Hospital in Jigawa State. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design involving 50 pregnant participants who provided  consent. A questionnaire was administered, blood samples were collected, and laboratory analysis was performed following established  and standard protocols. The data collected underwent analysis utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20,  employing ANOVA with a significance level set at P<0.05. The study revealed a malaria prevalence of up to 22%. The age groups of 18-24  and 25-34 exhibited no significant difference (P >0.05) in malaria prevalence, both showing the highest rates at 36.36%. Conversely, the  35-45 age group displayed the lowest prevalence at 27.27%. Factors such as pregnancy stage, participant age, and socio-economic status  were found to influence malaria prevalence in the study area. Owing to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that malaria  infection among pregnant women in Dutse was relatively low. The study recommends that healthcare providers should provide  comprehensive health education on malaria prevention during antenatal clinics. ","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose Optimization and Radiation Safety for Paediatric Patients in North Eastern Nigeria","authors":"Habib Saad, Umar Ibrahim, Samson D. Yusuf, A. Alhaji, Bappah S. Yahaya, M.M. Sidi","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.31","url":null,"abstract":"Ionizing radiation from medical sources, primarily diagnostic X-rays, constitutes the largest artificial contribution. Variances in patient  doses across radiological departments for similar examinations prompted surveys on patient doses in diagnostic radiology globally. The  study Assess the Entrance Skin Dose for paediatric patients during specific radiological exams (Chest AP/PA, Skull AP, and Pelvic AP) and  then compare the findings to the diagnostic reference levels established by international organizations. Three x-ray machines from three  different tertiary health institutions with facilities for paediatric radiography were used under clinical conditions for the selected  radiological examinations. A total of 135 TL dosimeter chips positioned selectively on patients at the axis of the primary X-ray beam to  capture entrance skin dose/dose equivalent Hp (0.07). The TLD chips underwent analysis by heating using Harshaw 4500 automatic TLD  reader and ESD for each patient was calculated using a given equation. Result indicated that the total average maximum and minimum  mean and standard error (SE) value of age group of the participants are 0.60±0.3 – 13.50±0.7, tube loading kVp as 54.90±0.0 – 73.70±1.3  and tube current mAs 4.5±0.2 – 12.5±1.0 respectively. The mean values of ESDs found at each hospital are much higher than, the same  published studies and the internationally recommended values and dose reference levels by National Radiation Protection Board (NRPB), International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and European Commission (EU). This is presumably due to the use of low  kVp and high mAs at all hospitals compared to the recommendations by National Radiation Protection Board (NRPB), International  Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and European Commission (EC). ","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141830228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Understanding the Chandrasekhar Maximum Mass of White Dwarf Stars","authors":"Usman Muhammed Dauda, Chifu E. Ndikilar","doi":"10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v10i2b.9","url":null,"abstract":"The maximum mass of white dwarf stars, the final products of stellar evolution, is a crucial parameter in astrophysics. The Chandrasekhar  limit, approximately 1.4 M⊙, is widely recognized as the upper limit. However, recent observations have revealed the  existence of super-Chandrasekhar white dwarfs, which are believed to be precursors of bright type Ia supernovae. The origin and  fundamental nature of these super-Chandrasekhar white dwarfs remain poorly understood, leading to extensive debate within the  scientific community. This research paper reviews current understanding of the maximum mass limit of white dwarf stars, examining  various models, including strong magnetic fields, rapid rotation, non-commutative geometry and modified theories of gravity.  Furthermore, the criticisms and challenges encountered by these Models, such as electron captures, pycnonuclear reactions, general  relativity, and observational limitations were analyzed. This analysis yielded a conclusion with the proposition of potential avenues for  future exploration in this area of study. ","PeriodicalId":213779,"journal":{"name":"Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}