Revista Chilena de Historia Natural最新文献

{"title":"Breeding strategies of open-cup-nesting birds in sub-Antarctic forests of Navarino Island, Chile","authors":"R. Jara, R. Crego, F. J. Arellano, Tomás A. Altamirano, J. Ibarra, R. Rozzi, J. Jiménez","doi":"10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fragmentation of Chilean Andean rivers: expected effects of hydropower development","authors":"Gustavo Díaz, Pedro Arriagada, Konrad Górski, Oscar Link, Bruno Karelovic, Jorge Gonzalez, Evelyn Habit","doi":"10.1186/s40693-019-0081-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-019-0081-5","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundFragmentation (establishment of barriers e.g., hydropower dams, reservoirs for irrigation) is considered one of the greatest threats to conservation of river systems worldwide. In this paper we determine the fragmentation status of central Chilean river networks using two indices, namely Fragmentation Index (FI) and Longest Fragment (LF). These are based on the number of barriers and their placement as well as river length available for fish movement. FI and LF were applied to eight Andean river basins of central Chile in order to assess their natural, current (2018) and future (2050) fragmentation at the doorstep of a hydropower boom. Subsequently, we exemplify the use of these indices to evaluate different placement scenarios of new hydropower dams in order to maximize hydropower use and at the same time minimize impact on fish communities.ResultsIn the natural scenario 4 barriers (waterfalls) were present. To these 4 barriers, 80 new ones of anthropogenic origin were added in the current (2018) scenario, whereas 377 new barriers are expected in near future (2050). Therefore, compared to the ‘natural’ scenario, in 2050 we expect 115-fold increase in fragmentation in analysed river systems, which is clearly reflected by the increase of the FI values in time. At the same time, the LF diminished by 12% on average in the future scenario. The fastest increase of fragmentation will occur in small and medium rivers that correspond to 1st, 2nd and 3rd Strahler orders. Finally, case study on configuration of potential hydropower plants in the Biobío basin showed that hydropower output would be maximized and negative effects on fish communities minimised if new hydropower plants would be located in tributaries of the upper basin.ConclusionsFragmentation of Chilean Andean river systems is expected to severely increase in near future, affecting their connectivity and ecological function as well as resilience to other anthropogenic stressors. Indices proposed here allowed quantification of this fragmentation and evaluation of different planning scenarios. Our results suggest that in order to minimise their environmental impact, new barriers should be placed in tributaries in the upper basin and river reaches above existing barriers.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 4","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleomadrigueras de roedores, un nuevo método para el estudio del Cuaternario en zonas áridas de Sudamérica","authors":"J. Betancourt, Bárbara Saavedra","doi":"10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005","url":null,"abstract":"Las zonas aridas y semiaridas de Sudamerica carecen de registros historicos exhaustivos de vegetacion y clima, a pesar de la utilidad que ellos representan para el establecimiento de condiciones basales y tasas naturales de variabilidad en procesos abioticos y bioticos. Fuentes comunmente utilizadas en el estudio de paleovegetacion como el polen, son escasas en zonas aridas y semiaridas en Sudamerica, lo que se refleja en el limitado numero de estudios vegetacionales durante el Cuaternario Tardio. El vacio existente en el conocimiento de la historia vegetacional de esta zona podria ser remediado gracias al descubrimiento y analisis de paleomadrigueras de roedores en ambientes rocosos. Estos depositos, producidos por roedores de los generos Lagidium, Phyllotis, Abrocoma y Octodontomys y posiblemente otros, son ricos en restos vegetales como ramas, hojas, polen o cuticulas; y restos animales como fecas, huesos o insectos. Las paleomadrigueras de roedores han sido extensamente utilizadas en el estudio de zonas aridas en Norteamerica, donde mas de 2.500 registros producidos por roedores del genero Neotoma han sido analizadas desde 1960, permitiendo reconstruir una detallada historia de cambios vegetacionales y climaticos de los ultimos 40.000 anos en el suroeste de Norteamerica. Investigaciones recientes han revelado la presencia de paleomadrigueras en la pre-puna, los desiertos del Monte y Patagonia del oeste argentino, el desierto de Atacama al norte de Chile y sur del Peru, el matorral Mediterraneo de Chile central, y la Puna del Altiplano Andino. Estos hallazgos fortalecen el gran potencial que dichos depositos tienen para reconstruir la vegetacion y el clima en Sudamerica. Con el fin de aportar elementos para la deteccion, uso y analisis de paleomadrigueras de roedores, entregamos una sintesis de los depositos registrados hasta la fecha en Sudamerica, asi como una descripcion de sus probables agentes formadores. Basados en la experiencia Norteamericana entregamos ademas, un resumen de los metodos existentes para la deteccion y analisis de dichos depositos, los sesgos asociados, asi como el aporte potencial que su analisis podria representar en futuros estudios paleoecologicos en las zonas aridas y semiaridas de Sudamerica","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70194874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Didymosphenia geminata coverage on the phytobenthic community in an Andean basin of Chile","authors":"Fabián Figueroa, Pablo Pedreros, Fabiola Cruces, Roberto Abdala-Díaz, Víctor Hernández, José Becerra, Roberto Urrutia","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0080-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0080-y","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt has received considerable attention in recent years due to its rapid geographic expansion and massive proliferation, which have altered habitat availability for benthic species and triggered negative effects on stream ecosystems. We evaluated the changes in the community structure of phytobenthos caused by the temporal variation in D. geminata coverage, in addition to the environmental variables correlated with the temporal variation of this invasive microalga in the Andean sector of the Biobio River basin, Chile.MethodsEnvironmental parameters were measured during the austral summer of 2014–2015, when phytobenthos samples were collected and used to develop a relative abundance matrix of taxa by calculating species richness and Shannon diversity. Multivariate techniques were used to establish the relationships among environmental variables, including D. geminata coverage, and the phytobenthic community.ResultsMassive proliferation of D. geminata occurs during summer (December–January). According to multiple regression analysis, electrical conductivity, temperature and total phosphorus were the variables that best explained the variation in D. geminata coverage. When D. geminata coverage was over 50%, phytobenthic species richness was significantly higher than at the uninvaded site, without a significant change in Shannon diversity. In addition, the % coverage of this invasive microalga and total phosphorus concentration were variables that differentiated phytobenthic communities among the study sites.ConclusionsEnvironmental factors such as conductivity, temperature and total phosphorus concentration influenced the temporal variability of D. geminata mats. In addition, the massive growth of this invasive diatom caused a higher species richness without altering Shannon diversity. Our results suggest that the spatio-temporal variability of D. geminata correlated with environmental variables will help predict the habitat suitability of this alga in other Andean rivers and allow a better understanding of ecological habitat alterations.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 5","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frugivory and seed dispersal in the endemic cactus Eulychnia acida: extending the anachronism hypothesis to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem","authors":"Rocío A. Cares, Consuelo Sáez-Cordovez, Alfonso Valiente-Banuet, Rodrigo Medel, Carezza Botto-Mahan","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0079-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0079-4","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundEulychnia acida is an endemic Chilean cactus species whose fruits show several traits that, taken as a whole, are compatible with a seed dispersal syndrome by large herbivore vertebrates. Since only a few large native mammals exist in Chile at present, cactus fruit consumption and seed dispersal may be coopted by introduced mammals as predicted by Janzen and Martin’s (1982) hypothesis for tropical ecosystems.FindingsWe describe the current frugivore species of E. acida in a protected semiarid-Mediterranean ecosystem using field measurements and feeding experiments. In addition, to examine a potential role as seed dispersers of the cactus species, we offered fruits and performed germination tests on seeds defecated by Lama guanicoe and the introduced goat Capra a. hircus under captivity conditions. Our data indicate that while fruits of E. acida are pecked by the Chilean tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria, and the Chilean mockingbird, Mimus thenca, and eaten by the brush-tailed rodent, Octodon degus, none of these species could be considered a legitimate seed disperser. Unlike L. guanicoe, the goat C. a. hircus did not reduce seed germination, having a neutral effect.ConclusionsResults from this study indicate that introduced C. a. hircus was the only species showing a potential role in the seed dispersal process of E. acida. In the absence of native frugivore species, goats might play an important role in population recruitment of the endemic cactus. These results extend Janzen and Martin’s (1982) anachronism hypothesis to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 6","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of trans-Andean endemic fishes of the genus Cheirodon (Teleostei: Characidae) are associated with chromosomal rearrangements","authors":"Miguel Ángel Soto, Jonathan Pena Castro, Laura Ines Walker, Luiz Roberto Malabarba, Mateus Henrique Santos, Mara Cristina de Almeida, Orlando Moreira-Filho, Roberto Ferreira Artoni","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0078-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0078-5","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundAmong Neotropical fishes, the family Characidae is highly diverse and speciose and its taxonomy is not completely resolved. In Chile, the family is represented by five species, all within the genus Cheirodon, of which C. pisciculus, C. galusdae, C. kiliani, and C. australe are endemic, while C. interruptus is introduced. We compared chromosomal markers in order to appreciate the taxonomy and evolution of these trans-Andean fishes.ResultsThe specimens were photographed in stereomicroscope to observe the ventral protrusive teeth and cusps for morphological analysis and species identification. All of the species analysed had equally diploid chromosome number 2n = 50, with karyotypes dominated by high number of acrocentric chromosomes as compared to those of other members of Cheirodontinae. The distribution of heterochromatin was inconspicuous and was similar in all the species. The number of active NORs (nucleolus organizer regions) was polymorphic, with the greater number of them in C. kiliani and C. galusdae. The location of 5S and 18S rDNA ranged in number and position, showing two sites in different chromosomes. The fluorescent in situ hybridization with telomeric probe did not reveal interstitial sites in all analysed species.ConclusionsThe comparative analysis of karyotypes and morphological markers revealed a biogeographic pattern of distribution, with the species that occur in the southern region forming one group and those in central and northern Chile forming another.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 7","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructure of sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps in three Mesembrinellidae species","authors":"R. L. Caetano, Cesar Carriço, Doris Mendonça de Abreu Freitas, Z. T. Pinto","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65743701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal biomagnification and genotoxic damage in two trophic levels exposed to mine tailings: a network theory approach","authors":"Laura T. Cervantes-Ramírez, M. Ramírez-López, P. Mussali-Galante, M. L. Ortiz-Hernández, E. Sánchez-Salinas, E. Tovar-Sánchez","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65743651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual and asexual reproductive aspects of Leontochir ovallei, a rare and endangered geophyte of the Atacama Desert","authors":"Marta Vargas, Elda Jofré, Carlos Navarrete, Jaime Bravo, Fabiola Jamett, Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau, Cristian Ibáñez","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0075-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0075-8","url":null,"abstract":"Background“Garra de Leon” (Leontochir ovallei) is an ephemeral endangered Alstroemeriaceae species endemic to Chile. Despite many efforts to improve the conservation of this species, the stimulation of dormant seeds and the production of rhizomes under controlled conditions remain unexplored. The aims of this study were to examine the germination responses of L. ovallei seeds under different in vitro conditions and to evaluate the formation of viable rhizomes after transplantation from in vitro to ex vitro conditions.MethodsWe evaluated five in vitro seed germination treatments: (1) acid scarification, (2) acid scarification followed by imbibition of seeds in aerated water, (3) imbibition of seeds in gibberellic acid, (4) clipping of seeds with a scalpel, and (5) seeds without any treatment (control). Seedlings obtained under in vitro conditions were transplanted to ex vitro conditions following a gradual acclimation process. After eight months, the number of rhizomes per plant was counted. To test asexual multiplication, each rhizome with its respective storage organ was divided using a scalpel and then left to rest for two years before subsequent evaluation of viability. After that period, the rhizomes were re-hydrated, and the emergence of plants after three months was evaluated.ResultsSeeds exposed to treatment 2 showed the highest germination percentage (36%), followed by the seeds whose coats were clipped (14%) and seeds treated with sulphuric acid (8%). The seed germination of the control treatment was 3%. After transplantation to ex vitro conditions, we obtained 220 rhizomes, with an average of three to six rhizomes per plant. After two years of dormancy, a total of 34 rhizomes (of 220 rhizomes) reactivated growth after re-ydration, indicating that, at least, 15,5% responded positively to watering.ConclusionsWe found that the seed germination of L. ovallei was increased by strong acidic conditions, suggesting that the main type of seed dormancy in this species is physical. However, germination was further increased by aeration, indicating embryo dormancy. In addition, we were able to obtain viable rhizomes by transplanting seedlings from in vitro to ex vitro conditions, which may be helpful for the propagation and ex situ conservation of this rare geophyte of Chile and potentially other geophyte species adapted to wet-dry cycle environments.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 9","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant composition and structure of two post-livestock areas of Tamaulipan thornscrub, Mexico","authors":"Miguel A. Pequeño-Ledezma, Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez, Víctor M. Molina-Guerra, Arturo Mora-Olivo, Alejandro G. Alcalá-Rojas, José Guadalupe Martínez-Ávalos, Fortunato Garza-Ocañas","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0074-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0074-9","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe composition, structure and biological diversity of two regenerated areas after livestock activities in a Tamaulipan thornscrub vegetation from Northeast Mexico were evaluated. The regeneration of each area was evaluated with the establishment of 12 sampling sites of 50m2. From the data obtained ecological indexes such as: Importance Value Index and Diversity (alpha and beta) were evaluated.ResultsA total of 17 families, 40 genera and 42 species were registered, the most representative family was Fabaceae with 11 spp. The intensive livestock area had 36 species; a Margalef index of 4.44 and a 1.24 Shannon index, while the extensive livestock area had 32 species, a Margalef index of 4.24 and a 2.16 Shannon index. The communities evaluated have a (48%) mean similarity.Conclusions1) Regenerated communities after livestock use showed higher richness of species and alpha diversity.2) Evaluated communities have a mean similarity of (48%). 3) Even after 25 years of regeneration the most dominant species was Cenchrus ciliaris that is used for cattle forage.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 10","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}