Reproductive Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of Characteristics Between Early-Onset and Late-Onset Severe Preeclampsia: A Retrospective Cohort Study from a Tertiary Hospital in China.","authors":"Xiaolan Li, Fen Kang, Xiaojing Li, Xue Du, Yuanyuan Yang","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01674-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01674-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to explore the different characteristics between early-onset severe preeclampsia (ESPE) and late-onset severe preeclampsia (LSPE) to improve pregnancy outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort study between January 2016 and December 2021. Eligible hospitalized pregnant women with severe preeclampsia were assigned into the early-onset or late-onset group, depending on the gestational age at the time of severe preeclampsia onset (< or ≥ 34 gestational weeks, respectively). The clinical characteristics, laboratory results, maternal complications, and fetal and neonatal outcomes were recorded and compared between the two groups. A total of 1,238 pregnant women were included, with 525 in the early-onset group and 713 in the late-onset group. The late-onset group had more cases of gestational diabetes, whereas the early-onset group had a higher blood pressure, showed more proteinuria, had more liver and renal damage, exhibited more serious adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes, was more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit, and required longer hospital stays (all P < 0.05). In addition, the early-onset group had fewer prenatal care appointments and was more often transferred from a primary or secondary care hospital. The logistic regression analysis showed that a weekly weight gain of > 100 g was a risk factor for ESPE and that fewer prenatal care appointments were a risk factor for ESPE in pregnant women with female fetuses. Moreover, logistic regression analysis indicated that nulliparity and gestational diabetes during the current pregnancy were risk factors for LSPE. In conclusion, compared with the women with LSPE, those with ESPE usually had worse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. More frequent prenatal screening and care should be provided for pregnant women with high-risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141971787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non Invasive Preimplantation Testing for Aneuploidies in Assisted Reproduction: A SWOT Analysis.","authors":"Elena Carrillo de Albornoz, Jose Antonio Dominguez Arroyo, Yosu Franco Iriarte, Xavier Vendrell, Verónica Martínez Vidal, María Carrera Roig","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01698-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01698-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implementation of non-invasive PGT-A offers a new strategy to genetically assess the preimplantation embryo and to enhance IVF results. The extraction of DNA from the embryo culture medium has been sufficiently demonstrated, and the ability to obtain chromosomal information as a result is particularly interesting. As morphological criteria have proven to have a weak correlation with embryo ploidy status, this technique emerges as a promising alternative for embryo selection. It also appears reasonable that avoiding biopsy may enhance further embryo development. However, there are growing concerns regarding several aspects of this technique, such as the origin of this cell free DNA, the degree of representativeness of the whole embryo, the need for extended culture or the absence of standardized protocols. Despite the published data on good prognosis couples are promising, niPGT-A is yet to be considered a substitute for trophectoderm biopsy. The current SWOT analysis aims to summarize both resolved and unresolved issues, as well as limiting aspects of niPGT-A.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142473405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Neurotransmitter Symphony: Dynamic Shifts in Neurotransmitter Levels during Menstruation.","authors":"Mayur B Kale, Nitu L Wankhede, Barkha K Goyanka, Reena Gupta, Ashok Kumar Bishoyi, Deepak Nathiya, Parjinder Kaur, Kumari Shanno, Brijesh G Taksande, Mohammad Khalid, Aman B Upaganlawar, Milind J Umekar, Monica Gulati, Monika Sachdeva, Tapan Behl, Amin Gasmi","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01740-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01740-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The menstrual cycle is an intricate biological process governed by hormonal changes that affect different facets of a woman's reproductive system. This review provides an overview of neurotransmitter alterations during different menstrual cycle phases and their effects on physiology and psychology. During the follicular phase, rising estrogen levels increase serotonin synthesis, enhancing mood, cognition, and pain tolerance. Estrogen may also influence dopamine levels, promoting motivation and reward sensitivity. GABA, involved in anxiety regulation, may be modulated by estrogen, inducing relaxation. Ovulation involves fluctuating dopamine and serotonin levels, potentially affecting motivation and positive mood. In the luteal phase, rising estrogen and progesterone may reduce serotonin availability, contributing to mood dysregulation, while enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission promotes sedation. Menstruation is characterized by declining estrogen and progesterone, potentially leading to mood disturbances, fluctuating GABAergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems, relaxation, fatigue, motivation, and pleasure variations. Understanding neurotransmitter alterations during the menstrual cycle unveils the neurobiological mechanisms behind menstrual-related symptoms and disorders, facilitating targeted interventions. Pharmacological approaches targeting neurotransmitter systems, nutritional interventions, and lifestyle modifications show promise in managing menstrual symptoms. Future research should focus on further understanding neurotransmitter dynamics, personalized medicine, unexplored neurotransmitter roles, and integrating psychosocial factors. This knowledge will enhance well-being and quality of life for individuals experiencing menstrual-related challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"26-40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endometrial Elasticity is an Ultrasound Marker for Predicting Clinical Pregnancy Outcomes after Embryo Transfer.","authors":"Lin-Lin Zhang, Shuo Huang, Li-Ying Wang, Yuan-Yuan Wang, Shan Lu, Rong Li","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01565-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01565-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometrial elasticity is a potential new marker for assessing endometrial receptivity and pregnancy outcomes based on endometrial thickness and type. Currently, little research has been conducted on the elasticity of the endometrium using shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI). This study aimed to explore whether endometrial elasticity is an ultrasound marker for predicting clinical pregnancy outcomes after embryo transfer. A total of 245 infertile women underwent ultrasonography before embryo transfer at the Peking University Third Hospital. We compared the endometrial elasticity and sub-endometrial blood flow rate using SWEI in the groups with different pregnancy outcomes. Trends in clinical pregnancy outcomes across the quartiles of endometrial elasticity in the fundus of the uterus (E1) were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain odds ratios for clinical pregnancy outcomes based on the quartiles of E1, with or without adjusting for potential confounding variables. Women in the clinical pregnancy group had higher E1 values and sub-endometrial blood flow rates in the uterine fundus than those in the non-pregnancy group. Women in the highest quartile of E1 had the most favorable clinical pregnancy rates. Endometrial elasticity measured using SWEI is a promising ultrasound marker for predicting clinical pregnancy outcomes after embryo transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11729198/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141070664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotics Combined with Metformin Improves Sperm Parameters in Obese Male Mice through Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota Equilibrium.","authors":"Dan Liu, Xiaolong Han, Wenda Zou, Zhenyu Yang, Juan Peng, Yukun Li, Yuli Liu, Man Jia, Weijun Liu, Hui Li, Qianyin Zhou, Zhirong Tan, Juan Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01748-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01748-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The decline in sperm parameters among obese males has attracted significant scholarly interest. The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in obesity, and investigating the intestinal-reproductive axis may offer a novel molecular approach to addressing the decline in male sperm parameters caused by obesity. To clarify whether probiotics, either alone or in conjunction with metformin, can enhance sperm parameters in obese male mice and assess the underlying mechanisms involved. 6-week-old male mice were constructed as obese models. Probiotics and metformin were used as intervention conditions. Changes in inflammatory factors and ROS content were detected by ELISA, morphological changes in testicular and colon tissues were observed by H&E staining, changes in intestinal microbiota abundance were detected by 16SrRNA gene sequencing, and changes in metabolites such as blood glucose, blood lipids, and lipopolysaccharide were detected by biochemical testing to investigate the mechanism of probiotics, metformin, and their combination to ameliorate reproductive impairment in obese male mice. Our results revealed that high-fat diet would result in reduced testicular spermatogenic tubule hierarchy, decreased spermatogenic cell counts, decreased sperm concentration and motility, and altered abundance of intestinal microbiota, whereas the combination of probiotics and metformin could restore high-fat-mediated pathophysiological alterations thereby ameliorating spermatogenic disorders in mice. The combination of probiotics and metformin can attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress, while enhancing androgen production to improve testicular spermatogenic function by re-construction intestinal microbiota equilibrium in HFD mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"116-130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142771835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Causal Relationship Between Autoimmune Diseases and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency.","authors":"Tingyu Lang, Shaoqi Hua, Junhong Du, Xi Chen, Xiaowei Liu, Xing Ma, Xiaolei Liang, Yongxiu Yang","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01603-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01603-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>POI is a multifactorial disease due to lack of estrogen resulting in symptoms such as insomnia, osteoporosis, and voiding disorders. For most women, fertility is affected. Autoimmune diseases are chronic diseases caused by disorders of immune regulation that often harm the ovaries. Recent epidemiological studies have reported a correlation between autoimmune diseases (AIDs) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). This study aims to explore the causal relationship between AIDs and POI using bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). The data regarded AIDs from the Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Catalog and the IEU Open GWAS project. POI was obtained from the FinnGen Study. All data were extracted from European populations. We used bidirectional MR with inverse variance weighting (IVW) as the primary study method, supplemented by weighted median and MR Egger validation analyses. Our original data has been uploaded to Figshare, number and distribution of the DOI (DOI: 10.6084 / m9 Figshare. 25,525,585). Figshare is an open-access data storage and sharing platform designed to make it easy for researchers to store, manage, and share their research data, code, and other academic achievements. Our study showed that the liability to Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Myasthenia gravis (MG) affect POI risk. The reverse MR analysis supported the effect of POI on Crohn's disease (CD). The result of the IVW method was supported by the sensitivity MR analysis. The IVW results showed that the odds ratio (OR) value of SLE was 1.13 and MG was 0.83. In the reverse MR, the OR value of CD was 1.22. We used MR methods to look into the causal association between 13 different kinds of AIDs and POI. Our study took a novel approach to traditional observational studies by adhering to the MR principle, which states that gamete formation depends on random assortment independent of external variables and that genetic variations precede outcomes, reducing the risk of reverse causality. The study found a correlation between SLE, MG, CD, and POI. Patients with SLE should have their ovarian function checked regularly, while those with POI should be aware of the possibility of CD and pay attention to their CD screening. MG, as a protective factor, can reduce the risk of POI.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"176-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141284636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monogram and Heat Map on Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Evaluate the Recommendation for Myomectomy in Patients with Infertility: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Takuya Yokoe, Masato Kita, Hidetaka Okada","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01667-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01667-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Uterine myomas can cause infertility. Studies are attempting to determine the indications for myomectomy. However, the multiplicity and localization of myomas complicate this issue. We aimed to develop a visualization tool to aid patients with infertility in their decision-making for myomectomy. We included 191 women with uterine myoma attending an outpatient infertility clinic, of whom 124 patients underwent myomectomy. Of these, 65 (52.4%) patients became pregnant within 17.6 months after surgery, and 54 (83.1%) of them had a live birth. A logistic regression model predicting the pregnancy rate (area under the curve, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.74-0.89; validation value, 74.6%) was generated using the leave-one-out cross-validation method. This model incorporated five factors: age, maximum level of infertility intervention following myomectomy, presence of submucosal myoma, maximum diameter of the myoma, and type of myomas (multiple or single). We successfully visualized the degree of involvement of each factor in the pregnancy rate by developing a nomogram based on this model. We expanded the data from the preoperative magnetic resonance images and applied machine learning using a convolutional neural network. The classification accuracy was 71.4% for sensitivity and 77.7% for specificity. Heatmap images, generated using gradient-weighted class activation mapping to show the classification results of this model, could distinguish between myomas that required enucleation and those that did not. Although a larger sample size is needed to further validate our findings, this innovative pilot study demonstrates the potential of machine learning to refine assessment criteria and improve patient decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142111413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylation Status at DMRs of C14MC and C19MC in Spermatozoa and Chorionic Villi of Individuals Experiencing Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions.","authors":"Mamata Datar, Vandana Bansal, Padmaja Samant, Kumari Nishi, Nafisa H Balasinor","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01737-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01737-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) is defined as a loss of two or more consecutive clinically recognized pregnancies before the 20th week of gestation. In RSA, several causative maternal factors are known, but still, 50% of the cases remain unexplained. Evidence suggests that paternal factors are also equally important. Epigenetic phenomenon such as genomic imprinting and regulation of gene expression by miRNAs plays an important role in embryonic and placental development. Two large miRNA clusters, C14MC (Chromosome 14 microRNA cluster) and C19MC (Chromosome 19 microRNA cluster) are imprinted and expressed in the placenta during pregnancy and are known to regulate functionally important processes such as the trophoblast proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Hence, we studied the DNA methylation at the Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs) of these clusters in spermatozoa and chorionic villi by pyrosequencing. In Spermatozoa, few Cytosine followed by Guanosine (CpG) sites at DMRs of C14MC and C19MC showed significant hypermethylation. In Chorionic villi, CpG sites showed significant hypomethylation in the RSA group as compared to control group. Semen parameters like sperm concentration, sperm motility, morphology, and chromatin compaction were comparable in control and RSA groups. The study suggests aberrant DNA methylation in spermatozoa and chorionic villi at DMRs of both miRNA coding clusters to be associated with RSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"150-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro Fertilization Outcomes of Frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer with Hatched Blastocysts versus with Hatching Blastocysts.","authors":"Ji Hye Kim, Eun A Park, Tae Ki Yoon, Myung Joo Kim, Jung Hyun Lee, Kyung-Ah Lee, Yun Jung Hur, Seung Young Choi, Eun-Hye Jo, You Shin Kim","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01499-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01499-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to elucidate the effect of hatching status on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles. Frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles performed at a single fertility center between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively assessed. Analyses were restricted to 6,821 frozen-thawed blastocyst transfers in women aged 24-47 years. For optimal comparability, double embryo transfer (ET) cycles consisting of one hatching and one hatched blastocyst were excluded. The implantation and pregnancy rates were evaluated and compared between the hatching and hatched blastocyst transfer groups based on patients' age (<38 vs. ≥38 years), blastocyst grade (good vs. bad grade), and the number of transferred embryos (single ET vs. double ET). Hatched blastocyst transfer was associated with higher implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in the single ET group (15.7% and 15.6%, respectively; p<0.001). The transfer of two hatched blastocysts had higher implantation and clinical pregnancy rates compared to the transfer of two hatching blastocysts (19.5% and 20.4%, respectively; p<0.001) in the double ET group. In the hatched blastocyst transfer group, the clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were higher, regardless of each woman's age and embryo quality. The IVF treatment outcomes were improved when the blastocysts were hatched during FET cycles. Hence, hatched blastocyst transfer in FET cycles could be considered a superior method in IVF practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"74-84"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141175916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Pregnancy and Live Birth Rates with Vaginal Endometrin Plus Intramuscular Progesterone Every Third Day Versus Intramuscular Progesterone Alone in Programmed Frozen Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Case-control Study.","authors":"Luke Y Ying, Bradley S Hurst, Michelle Matthews, Rebecca Usadi, Charles C Coddington, Ashley M Eskew, Ying Ying","doi":"10.1007/s43032-024-01600-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s43032-024-01600-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine whether the use of vaginal Endometrin plus intramuscular progesterone on every third day (VIM) in programmed frozen embryo transfer (FET) is associated with lower pregnancy and live birth rates compared to daily intramuscular progesterone (IM). FET data from a single program were collected between November 2018 and December 2021. A total of 903 FETs were analyzed, including 504 FETs in the IM group, and 399 FETs in the VIM group. Inclusion criteria were women undergoing FETs with either 50 mg daily IM progesterone only (control) or 200 mg Endometrin twice daily plus 50 mg IM progesterone on every third day, with the transfer of a single day 5 or 6 frozen embryo. There were no significant differences in patient age at time of FETs, BMI, endometrial thickness, blastocyst quality, or infertility diagnosis between the groups. The VIM had significantly lower positive hCG and clinical pregnancy rates compared to the IM (60.2% vs 72.0% and 40.6% vs 56.7%, respectively, P = 0.0002 and P < 0.0001). The live birth rate was 36.1% in the VIM, compared to 49.4% in the IM (P < 0.0001). These findings also remained significant when excluding FETs with donor egg (35.9% vs 50.1%, P < 0.0001). This study demonstrated that VIM in FET cycles yields significantly lower pregnancy and live birth rates compared to IM along. IM progesterone alone may be preferable to combined Endometrin and IM progesterone in patients undergoing programmed frozen embryo transfers.</p>","PeriodicalId":20920,"journal":{"name":"Reproductive Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}