New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: "Geological responses to wildfires"最新文献

{"title":"The Hydroclimate and Environmental Response to Warming in the Southwestern US: A Study Across the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum","authors":"Siânin Spaur, J. Rugenstein, D. Koning, S. Aby","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2909","url":null,"abstract":"Predictions for the effects of modern climate change on the southwestern US tend to suggest increased aridity, which is incompatible with paleoclimate data from other warm, high p CO 2 periods. The Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO; ~17-14 Ma) represents a period of warm global temperatures and high p CO 2 with estimates similar to the projected p CO 2 for future decades. We present new stable isotope records of mid-Miocene terrestrial carbonates from the Española basin in northern NM, with δ 18 O and δ 13 C records recording the extent of the MMCO and the beginning of late Miocene cooling. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages establish an updated, high-resolution age model for the Tesuque Fm of the Santa Fe Group. We use δ 18 O as a measure of the balance between summertime and wintertime precipitation and δ 13 C as a reflection of soil productivity. We find evidence for an increasingly winter-wet climate in the southwest US during the MMCO; when compared to modern precipitation δ 18 O, the carbonate δ 18 O record suggests that the region received more westerly-derived, cool-season precipitation than it does today. This indicates that El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was operating during the MMCO and may have been stronger than today; it seems to have been particularly strong during cooler periods during the MMCO, suggesting that cooler temperatures and high p CO 2 may be favorable to ENSO. The δ 18 O and δ 13 C records are highly correlated, indicating seasonality of precipitation as a main control on soil productivity; increases in soil productivity coincide with increases in cool-season precipitation and with faunal fossils that indicate a wetter environment with large vegetation. Changes in the seasonal hydroclimate and soil productivity agree well with the paleontological record at the site, which show a diverse and dynamic faunal assemblage that evolved with the hydroclimate. During the global cooling immediately following the MMCO Española carbonates display decreasing soil productivity and a more summer-dominant hydroclimate similar to that of the region today, with paleontological records indicating a drier faunal and floral assemblage very different from those that occupied the region during the MMCO. Collectively our data do not support increased aridity in the southwest US during warm, high p CO 2 periods, instead suggesting a shift in the hydroclimate towards cool-season, westerly-derived precipitation, driving higher soil productivity and supporting larger vegetation and dynamic faunal assemblages in the region.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124999525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving soil maps of rangelands through identification of patterns in soil variability imposed by geomorphic processes","authors":"Bruce J. Harrison","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2958","url":null,"abstract":"Soil maps of rangeland soils which make up approximately 80% of the landsurface in the US show that all the soils have been mapped and often have very detailed soil analyses associated with them. However, published soil maps consist mainly of poorly characterized soil mapping units which contain one or more soil taxonomic units making it difficult to locate and identify soils in the field. This is a result of the lack of a perceived economic benefit associated with more accurate soils data However, with the impacts climate change being acknowledged, there is increasing need to better understand how soil landscapes will respond to changing environmental conditions. Detailed soil maps are logistically expensive to produce with the current soil mapping programs. More accurate soil data will require a combination of remote sensing, digital soil mapping, machine learning and an understanding of the controls of pedogenic processes. Soil landscapes reflect the actions of geomorphic processes (past and present) that develop distinctive patterns of soil variability and the proxy data that can be used to identify them. These patterns should be used to inform the remote sensing and digital soil mapping approaches to developing new soil maps of nonagricultural areas.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"107 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120982950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tectonic Geomorphology of the Jemez System: Resolving Quaternary River Response to Dynamic Landscapes Using 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology","authors":"C. Reed, K. Karlstrom, M. Heizler, Benjamin Rodriguez, J. Ricci, L. Crossey","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2904","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123872674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The solubility of tellurium dioxide in water vapor at 250°C","authors":"Jonathan Reed Adams, N. Hurtig, A. Gysi, A. Migdissov","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2916","url":null,"abstract":"Tellurium is a critical mineral of increasing importance in green energy technologies. Numerical simulations using previous thermodynamic data predict up to ~0.1 ppm in epithermal vapor with H 2 Te(g) as the dominant vapor species [1]. However, fluid inclusion studies show up to hundreds of ppm Te in vapor inclusions from epithermal ore deposits [2]. In this study, we measured experimentally the solubility of tellurium in hydrothermal vapors to determine the hydrated tellurium speciation in water vapor. Hydration is the effect of water vapor molecules binding to a metal, greatly increasing its solubility [3]. Experiments were conducted in batch-type Ti Parr reactors at 250°C and a range of water vapor pressures (P H2O ) using several different oxygen buffers (e.g., MoO 2 -MoO 3 , WO 2 -WO 3 and Ni-NiO). Kinetic experiments were conducted between 1-25 days at 250°C and 20 bar and at different redox conditions. At oxidizing conditions, equilibrium conditions were reached after ~10 days with 1.33 ±0.01 ppm dissolved Te, whereas in N 2 -degassed experiments equilibrium was reached after ~22 days with 0.669 ±0.004 ppm dissolved Te, indicating slower reaction kinetics and reduced solubility at lower redox conditions. Experiments at 250°C and log f O 2 of -24 (MoO 2 -MoO 3 buffer), show increasing Te solubility with increasing P H2O ranging from 1-3 ppm between 15-25 bar to 12.27±0.01 ppm Te at 35 bar. The MoO 2 -MoO 3 buffered experiments overlap in concentrations with results from the kinetic series at oxidizing conditions. Experiments at 250°C and log f O 2 of -39.37 (WO 2 -WO 3 buffer), show an increase in Te solubility between 15-35 bar from 14.51 ppm up to 15.45±0.01 ppm. Previous experimental work has shown enhanced solubility of TeO 2 in water vapor due to the formation of TeO 2 * x H 2 O with x = 1 and 2 [1,4-5], whereas in this study Te shows higher hydration numbers similar to other metals [3]. Our results demonstrate the significant role of P H2O on Tesolubility in low density fluids as wellas a strong redox control based on results from the WO 2 -WO 3 buffered experiment. The experimental data generated can be applied in thermodynamic models to discern tellurium mobility in hydrothermal systems.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124024435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magdalena Science Café Water Resources Science Project","authors":"Kassidy Brunson, Jeremiah Alvarez, Zeb Apachito, Cade Brunson, Tristin Alvarez, Jim Sauer, B. Frey, N. Hurtig, Laila Sturgis","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2955","url":null,"abstract":"The Teen Science Cafe began participating in the New Mexico Tech Water Resource Education Program in April 2022. Water samples were collected from two areas around Magdalena. Area One included three sample locations between the Magdalena and San Mateo mountains (Forest, Big Crow and New Wilson wells, pipe and stock tanks). Area Two included one sample from the Alamo Reservation (Apachito well) and two north of the reservation, but south of I-40 (House and Oro wells and stock tanks). The pH, specific conductivity, hardness, and dissolved oxygen were measured in the field using a YSI-meter and the LaMotte AQ-2 Chemical Analysis Kit. Other samples were put in plastic bottles and analyzed later in the analytical laboratory at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources. Major ions and minor trace metals, specific conductivity, and alkalinity were tested using a Agilent 5900, Agilent 7900 and Dionex ICS-5000, a Metrohm titrator and a conductivity meter. Hardness and total dissolved solids were calculated from the major ion measurements. Water sources in Area","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127237739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nautiloid eutrephoceras Sp. From the Cretaceous of New Mexico Likely Represents Multiple Species","authors":"P. Sealey, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2889","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to ammonites, Cretaceous nautiloids are relatively rare in New Mexico, and Eutrephoceras sp. is the most common nautiloid of that age in the state. The genus Eutrephoceras ranges from the Late Jurassic to the Middle Miocene worldwide. In New Mexico, Eutrephoceras sp. has been reported from the Turonian and Campanian (e.g. Scott et al., 1986), Santonian and Campanian (Sealey and Lucas, 2019, 2022), E. alcesense Reeside has been reported from the Santonian, and E. montanaensis (Meek) from the lowermost Maastrichtian (Sealey and Lucas, 2019, 2022). Morphological features of many New Mexico specimens of Eutrephoceras sp. are similar to Eutrephoceras dekayi . However, Landman et al. (2018) stated that the lowest occurrence of E. montanaensis from the Cedar Creek Anticline in Montana—the uppermost Campanian Baculites eliasi Zone or the lower part of the lowermost Maastrichtian B. baculus Zone—is below that of E. dekayi, and that their ranges may overlap. Given that the stratigraphically highest known specimen of Eutrephoceras sp. in New Mexico is from the middle upper Campanian B. compressus Zone, specimens from the state are best not assigned to E. dekayi . Furthermore, E. dekayi has been a “wastebasket” taxon for North American Cretaceous nautiloids (Neal Larson, written communication, 2018). Eutrephoceras sp. is present in the D-Cross Member of the Mancos Shale and Gallup Sandstone in Socorro County, the Satan Tongue of the Mancos Shale in Sandoval County, the Lewis Shale in Rio Arriba and San Juan counties and the Fort Hays Limestone Member of the Niobrara Formation and the Pierre Shale in Colfax County. In New Mexico, Eutrephoceras sp. has been found in the upper Turonian Scaphites ferronensis and Prionocyclus quadratus zones, the lower Campanian S. hippocrepis II Zone, the middle Campanian Baculites gregoryensis Zone, the upper Campanian Didymoceras nebrascense , Exiteloceras jenneyi , D. cheyennense and B. compressus zones and unknown zones. The Satan Tongue occurrences are Santonian in age. These Turonian, Santonian and Campanian occurrences of Eutrephoceras sp. from many different ammonite zones in New Mexico likely represent multiple species, and we propose that further study is needed","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126382253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taos Valley Groundwater Structure","authors":"Tony Benson, S. Williams, Sam Fire, Grace Powell","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2911","url":null,"abstract":"The groundwater structure was calculated at top of the Servilleta basalt. Taos Valley is sourced from streams fed by mountain snowmelt. Recent watershed management actions, including forest thinning projects and deep drilling required by the Taos Pueblo Water Rights Settlement Agreement (“Abeyta Settlement”), provide additional information to better understand Taos’ regional aquifer dynamics. Geological structural data was compiled from water wells located by the Taos Soil and Water Conservation District (TSWCD) and NM Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (NMBGR). These data are herein plotted at 1:24,000 scale to allow well location by reference number using topographic maps. Drillers logs accurately depict hard basalt versus soft clastic formations. Structural cross-sections show lateral offsets by faults that frequently affect water levels. Warm, saline waters often rise along fault planes to precipitate minerals that seal the faults, noted first at hot springs in the county. The origin of numerous north-south faults is pull-apart rifting of the Rio Grande Basin at top of Servilleta basalt dated at approximately 2 MYA. Obvious faults in the Los Cordovas outcrop system and continuing northwards are displayed intermittently at the surface across the Gorge Arch. Other faults occur eastwards under Taos but are buried deeper with less well control for basalt tops. The Gorge Arch continues northeast as an accommodation zone to El Salto. The lack of historic earthquakes suggests diminished faulting, although adobe houses may remain at risk. Faults continue to west of the Gorge Arch, including one under the gorge bridge. South near the Picuris front, young “flower” structures can be seen along the highway 68 “horseshoe” curve. Recent deep well control data coupled with high resolution aeromagnetic surveys completed by TSWCD and USGS have enabled better definition of faulting and the compartmentalization of the deep aquifer. A 2500 foot well drilled by the Town of Taos in 2001 produces from the unconsolidated Ojo Caliente dune sand at Los Cordovas. Pressure drops during testing revealed nearby low permeability fault barriers. A new deep well is currently drilling 1 mile south of the producing well and will likely encounter a partially depleted reservoir. Numerous studies have identified an associated problem with deep well water quality where some solutes can exceed EPA levels for drinking water. Arsenic, beryllium, fluoride, and uranium can occur in deep waters and require removal in a public water supply. Taos SWCD has prepared community groundwater summaries that are now available to the public via their website, www.tswcd.org . These summaries show well control at 1:24,000 scale that allows well locations, water depth, faults, and chemistry to be illustrated for public interest.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130335289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exceptional Trace Fossils and Fossil Plants From a New Locality in the upper part of the Abo Formation (lower Permian), Socorro County, New Mexico","authors":"S. Harris, S. Lucas, W. DiMichele, Paul T. May","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2882","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132643328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying 40ar/39ar Detrital Sanidine Geochronology to Constrain Stratigraphic Ages From proboscidean-Bearing Strata of the Plio-Pleistocene Camp Rice Formation, Southern New Mexico","authors":"B. Hampton, P. Houde, M. Heizler, J. Ricci","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2947","url":null,"abstract":"Strata of the uppermost Santa Fe Group are exposed along the axis of the Rio Grande rift throughout central New Mexico and record sedimentation associated with the Plio-Pleistocene integration of the ancestral Rio Grande fluvial system. In southernmost New Mexico, these strata are referred to as the Camp Rice Formation and preserve a rich record of proboscidean megafauna (elephant relatives; i.e., mastodons, gomphotheres, and mammoths) as well as many other Plio-Pleistocene mammalian fossils. The Camp Rice Formation records sedimentation from ~5.0–0.8 Ma in southernmost New Mexico, however while fossil occurrences are abundant, radiometric age constraints are sparce for the strata. In an attempt to place new age constraint on stratigraphic horizons where known gomphothere fossils occur, N=6 samples were collected throughout Doña Ana County for 40Ar/39Ar detrital sanidine analysis. The primary goal for each sample was to analyze ca. 300 sanidine grains with the aim of using the youngest ages as a maximum depositional age (MDA) for each stratigraphic horizon. The MDAs for each sample fall between ~3–1 Ma and break out into several distinct age groups. The oldest MDAs from this study are 2.779±0.023, 2.752±0.008, and 2.745±0.010 Ma with n=2, 5, and 3 sanidine ages used to determine MDAs, respectively. The youngest three ages from the study are 1.997±0.039, 1.331±0.035, and 1.252±0.003 Ma with n= 12, 2, and 82 used to calculate MDAs for each sample, respectively. We caution that MDA determination does not preclude these samples from being younger than the ages listed above (i.e., younger sanidine grains could occur in each sample). We also note that the transport mechanism for sanidine grains into these strata could include fluvial transport and/or tephra erupted from distal sources. The youngest MDA at 1.252±0.003 Ma likely is sourced from the Upper Bandolier Tuff of the Valles Caldera in north-central New Mexico and is tentatively interpreted to represent the true age of the stratigraphic horizon of the Camp Rice Formation where it was collected. The detrital sanidine grains defining the older MDAs do not overlap with known volcanic sources from the Valles Caldera and may represent distal tephra input from other local or regional late Cenozoic volcanic fields and caldera systems. For instance, the ca. 2 Ma sanidines could be from the Huckleberry Ridge tuff in Yellowstone and the ca. 2.75 grains could be derived from Mount Taylor. The lack of ubiquitous Upper and Lower Bandelier grains in these samples could support the MDA’s as actual depositional ages. The large number of ages supporting the youngest MDA are suggestive of an eruption that could have been coincident with or led to the death of an adult but yet undated Cuvieronius gomphothere recovered from this stratum. Cuvieronius is believed to have been replaced temporally by Stegomastodon and in turn by mammoths, reflecting differences in diet imposed by aridification of the Ancient Rio Grande ","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133934360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Millennial-Scale Climate Change in the Valles Caldera Sediment Core During Glacial Period MIS 12","authors":"R. Alcott, P. Fawcett","doi":"10.56577/sm-2023.2953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2023.2953","url":null,"abstract":"The mid-Pleistocene sedimentary record from the Valles Caldera preserved 14 millennial-scale climate oscillations that were assessed for Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Organic Nitrogen (TON), carbon isotopes, nitrogen isotopes and C/N ratios. The in-depth geochemical analysis of these sediments helped determine the relative proportions of terrestrial (higher C/N values) to aquatic productivity (lower C/N values) contributions to the lacustrine organic matter over the abrupt climate change events. The warmer to colder climate oscillations during the MIS 12 glacial period allowed an assessment of changes in productivity and what the relative contributions were from land plants vs. aquatic algae. Meanwhile, examination of the carbon isotopes helped determine whether there were more C4 grasses (which prefer warmer and drier conditions) around the lake during the brief warmer episodes. Data collected and analyzed showed that organic carbon was algae derived and that C4 grasses did not occur during brief warm episodes in the glacial period. Further investigation of the abrupt climate changes using lake sediments can provide a window to the past that allows us better to understand a future that will be heavily influenced by anthropogenic warming.","PeriodicalId":208607,"journal":{"name":"New Mexico Geological Society, 2023 Annual Spring Meeting, Proceedings Volume, Theme: \"Geological responses to wildfires\"","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134086386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}