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Contesting New Markets for Bodily Knowledge 争夺身体知识的新市场
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.29
Rene Almeling
{"title":"Contesting New Markets for Bodily Knowledge","authors":"Rene Almeling","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"Using the case of direct-to-consumer genetic testing, this chapter examines how experts contested the emergence of this new market for bodily knowledge in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Drawing on theoretical innovations in economic sociology and medical sociology, the author analyzes how scientists, clinicians, and genetic counselors made the argument that genetic information should be provided within the context of a clinical relationship and not a commercial relationship. A systematic examination of editorials in scientific and medical journals, statements by medical professional organizations, and interviews with genetic counselors reveals that experts draw a bright line between medical genetic testing and commercial genetic testing by emphasizing the complexity of the information and the different motivations of clinical versus corporate purveyors. The conclusion offers suggestions for how to study markets for bodily knowledge, and it discusses how experts’ claims may affect people’s ability to access and control their own bodily information.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124455521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fat as a Floating Signifier 脂肪是一个漂浮的能指
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.9
S. Strings
{"title":"Fat as a Floating Signifier","authors":"S. Strings","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on the development of fat stigma in the United States often consider gender, but not race. This chapter adds to the literature on the significance of race in the propagation of fat phobia. I investigate representations of voluptuousness among “white” Anglo-Saxon and German women, as well as “black” Irish women between 1830 and 1890—a time period during which the value of a curvy physique was hotly contested—performing a discourse analysis of thirty-three articles from top newspapers and magazines. I found that the rounded forms of Anglo-Saxon and German women were generally praised as signs of health and beauty. The fat Irish, by contrast, were depicted as grotesque. Building on the work of Stuart Hall, I conclude that fat was a “floating signifier” of race and national belonging. That is, rather than being universally lauded or condemned, the value attached to fatness was related to the race of its possessor.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121514747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Methodologies for Categories in Motion 动态分类的方法论
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.2
M. Craig
{"title":"Methodologies for Categories in Motion","authors":"M. Craig","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of intersectionality has profoundly shaped sociological research on bodies and embodiment. While single-axis analyses of race or gender were common in sociology before the late 1980s, they appear inadequate now. Nonetheless, the concept of intersectionality has been critiqued for its weddedness to identitarian projects, and applications of intersectionality have been critiqued for failing to move beyond additive approaches. This chapter highlights examples of research on bodies and embodiment that employ methodologies that realize intersectionality’s promise. Examples of ethnographic, autoethnographic, archival, textual, interview, and mixed methods are presented as methodologies that investigate the simultaneous force of multiple social structures. These methods involve identity categories but treat them as always in motion. Keeping categories in motion within sociology of the body entails accounting for individual bodily change, contextual and historical change in the available identity categories, and change in the meanings that are socially attached to forms of embodiment.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130603315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Male Breast Cancer in the Public Imagination 公众想象中的男性乳腺癌
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.16
P. Sledge
{"title":"Male Breast Cancer in the Public Imagination","authors":"P. Sledge","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer in American culture is intrinsically tied to normative ideologies of femininity. Within the highly visible public discourse about breast cancer, men with the disease (both transgender and cisgender) remain nearly invisible. The very presence of breast cancer in men is unthinkable precisely because its presence challenges the association of femininity with breasts. In this chapter I explore the ways that male breast cancer emerges in public discourse in order to explore the ways in normative expectations of masculinity emerge as a narrative framework for bringing trans and cis men into the breast cancer conversation as well as the ways that masculinity is deployed differentially in representing breast cancer in these two groups of men.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126356876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
YouTube Vlogs as Illness Narratives YouTube视频日志作为疾病叙事
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2020-11-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.6
N. Fullenkamp
{"title":"YouTube Vlogs as Illness Narratives","authors":"N. Fullenkamp","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we present a methodological template for the use of video diaries (vlogs) as data in social science research, with a particular eye toward the selection, coding, and analysis of vlogs as data. Amid the sea of YouTube content, vlogs provide a medium for ordinary people to tell and share sobering stories about coming to terms with profound life events. YouTube vlogs that present individuals’ experiences with illness are a case in point. Considered as illness narratives, vlogs afford a new way to both document and study the experience of illness. Of importance to us here, vlogs project the physical body into cyberspace in ways that shape how “wounded storytellers” (Frank 1995) perform their illness. Beyond the specifics of our empirical case, therefore, a study of illness vlogs is relevant to body scholars interested in the representation and construction of bodies in online spaces.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114893826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Good-Looking Men Require Hard-Working Women: The Labor of Consumption in the Grooming Industry 漂亮的男人需要勤劳的女人:美容行业的消费劳动
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.17
K. Barber
{"title":"Good-Looking Men Require Hard-Working Women: The Labor of Consumption in the Grooming Industry","authors":"K. Barber","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the cultural and organizational expenditure of women’s labor that masculinizes beauty products, services, spaces, and experiences. Drawing from 9 months of ethnographic observations at two high-service men’s salons—Adonis and The Executive—and fifty interviews with the salons’ employees and clients, the author shows how women bear the burden of making beauty a socially enhancing practice for heterosexual men. Men sitting at the nexus of race, class, and sexual privilege are remade rather than compromised at Adonis and The Executive. The author moves the conversation away from questions focused solely on the clients’ experiences to the labor that makes their consumption possible. This helps to explain how privilege is maintained through everyday organizations, interpersonal interactions, and embodied practices; and how spaces and practices that appear to blur the gender binary may actually reinforce the status quo. The emotional labor especially women beauty workers do, the touching rules by which they are obliged to operate, and the educational work they do as experts to make men competent beauty consumers all pillar men’s access to women’s bodies, sexualities, and emotions.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122693272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unruly Bodies 不守规矩的身体
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2019-08-12 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.22
Randolph Hohle
{"title":"Unruly Bodies","authors":"Randolph Hohle","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines a methodological approach to studying the body and embodiment in political and historical sociology. The advantage of incorporating the body into the study of political and historical sociology is that it captures how the body exerts causal effects on political outcomes. In particular, it will show how embodiment explains (1) the importance of affect on the formation of political knowledge, (2) how bodies produce meanings independent of their original construct and persist after the social group dissolves, and (3) a specific connection point between mobilization and the state response to the social movement. To illustrate, this chapter shows how the racially threatening embodied performance was both vital to the Black Panther Party’s success and served as the focal point for elite white and state actors to mobilize against racial equality in the post–civil rights era.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"16 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124314552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Contrasting Scientific Discourses of Skin Lightening in Domestic and Global Contexts 对比国内和全球背景下的美白科学话语
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2019-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.19
C. Curington, Miliann Kang
{"title":"Contrasting Scientific Discourses of Skin Lightening in Domestic and Global Contexts","authors":"C. Curington, Miliann Kang","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780190842475.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how racial and gender ideologies shape and are shaped by scientific understandings of beauty practices via a critical examination of the scholarly discourses on skin lightening. Based on qualitative content analysis of thirty domestic and international scholarly articles on skin lightening and whitening published between 2000 and 2017, the authors found that products in Europe and the United States marketed to white customers were likely to be framed as benign beauty products, with health risks attributed to imported products. In contrast, the use of similar products overseas, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, were depicted as higher risk and locally sourced. Further, by mapping certain skin-related pathologies onto distinct human bodies, these studies reinforce discredited biological understandings of race. Overall, scientific studies of skin whitening and lightening practices enforce the scientific validation of white/western beauty practices alongside the problematization of similar practices/products when used by non-white or non-western subjects. These studies often recognize the dominance of a white cultural ideal but, rather than tracing its structural and historical determinants, instead pathologize those who aspire to it, often neglecting the dynamics of global white supremacy, marketing, production, and distribution in the global beauty economy that fuel the desire and consumption for these products.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130843993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Representations of Fatness by Experts and the Media and How This Shapes Attitudes 专家和媒体对肥胖的表述及其对态度的影响
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2019-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.7
Abigail C. Saguy
{"title":"Representations of Fatness by Experts and the Media and How This Shapes Attitudes","authors":"Abigail C. Saguy","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"The past two decades have seen an explosion of research on “fat frames.” Scholars have found that medical researchers and the pharmaceutical industry have dominated such debates, whereas fat rights activists have struggled to get their message out. Media scholars have found that the news media primarily frame fatness as a medical problem and public health crisis that people bring on themselves through poor food choices and physical inactivity. In contrast, the news media rarely discuss fatness as a form of diversity or condemn weight-based discrimination. Research has further shown that the news media emphasize individual blame and responsibility for “overweight” and “obesity.” Finally, experimental research has shown that people who read news media reports on an “obesity epidemic” caused by poor individual choices express more anti-fat prejudice than people who do not read such reports. This chapter examines the methodology and major findings of these strands of research and identifies fertile avenues of future research.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130017875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Artificial Pancreas in Cyborg Bodies 电子人体内的人工胰腺
The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment Pub Date : 2019-01-08 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.31
Anthony Ryan Hatch, J. T. Gordon, Sonya R. Sternlieb
{"title":"The Artificial Pancreas in Cyborg Bodies","authors":"Anthony Ryan Hatch, J. T. Gordon, Sonya R. Sternlieb","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842475.013.31","url":null,"abstract":"The new artificial pancreas system includes a body-attached blood glucose sensor that tracks glucose levels, a worn insulin infusion pump that communicates with the sensor, and features new software that integrates the two systems. The artificial pancreas is purportedly revolutionary because of its closed-loop design, which means that the machine can give insulin without direct patient intervention. It can read a blood sugar and administer insulin based on an algorithm. But, the hardware for the corporate artificial pancreas is expensive and its software code is closed-access. Yet, well-educated, tech-savvy diabetics have been fashioning their own fully automated do-it-yourself (DIY) artificial pancreases for years, relying on small-scale manufacturing, open-source software, and inventive repurposing of corporate hardware. In this chapter, we trace the corporate and DIY artificial pancreases as they grapple with issues of design and accessibility in a content where not everyone can become a diabetic cyborg. The corporate artificial pancreas offers the cyborg low levels of agency and no ownership and control over his or her own data; it also requires access to health insurance in order to procure and use the technology. The DIY artificial pancreas offers patients a more robust of agency but also requires high levels of intellectual capital to hack the devices and make the system work safely. We argue that efforts to increase agency, radically democratize biotechnology, and expand information ownership in the DIY movement are characterized by ideologies and social inequalities that also define corporate pathways.","PeriodicalId":208099,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Body and Embodiment","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129422247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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