{"title":"Practical diagnostic algorithms for run-time systems","authors":"W. Wang, L. Jaw","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1368153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1368153","url":null,"abstract":"In a real-time system, it is plausible to implement simple and effective diagnostic algorithms for run-time health monitoring of a physical system. Since the operating environment is real-time, the periodic timing poses a critical constraint to the detection system in which the diagnostic algorithms reside. Depending on the nature and characteristics of a real-time system, this timing constraint can range between tens of microseconds to tens of milliseconds. This implies that a real-time diagnostic algorithm must be executed within the allotted time period. In addition to the timing constraint, a system designer also pays great attention to the environment-induced noise. Typically, sensors are set to work as bandpass filters and would work properly within the cut-off bandwidth. Thus, a key element in real-time health monitoring is to ensure that the sensor filtering is done properly in the presence of environmental noise. We present a few examples of diagnostic algorithms that can be embedded in a real-time system and provide a ready solution to time-critical diagnostic problems.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129430796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. Wang, B. Wang, P. Bos, J. Anderson, P. McManamon
{"title":"2-D liquid crystal optical phased array","authors":"X. Wang, B. Wang, P. Bos, J. Anderson, P. McManamon","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367690","url":null,"abstract":"2-D optical phased array (OPA) antenna based on a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) spatial light modulator is introduced. Diffraction efficiency of the 1-D OPA for fine angle beam steering and 2-D OPA for aberration correction is characterized experimentally and by computer simulation. Excellent agreement between the simulation, measurement and empirical model is observed. Large aperture transmitter for long distance free space communication is analyzed by wave optics simulation. The system performance for beam steering and correction for wavefront aberration in large aperture transmitter is discussed.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129464452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ISS program infrastructure upgrades to enhance science return: current, planned & potential","authors":"H. J. Durham","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367589","url":null,"abstract":"The command and communications architecture implemented by the International Space Station (ISS) Program (ISSP) determines the amount of data that can be transmitted to (i.e., \"uplinked\") and received from (i.e., \"downlinked\") the ISS vehicle. The current system design reflects cost reductions imposed over the last 13 years, and constrains data flows to much lower rates than are technologically feasible. These constraints will result in loss of irreplaceable opportunities for exploiting the science that could be returned from experiments conducted in the microgravity environment of the ISS. NASA has embarked on a series of projects to upgrade the end-to-end ISS Program communications architecture. This work summarizes the content and schedule of projects currently underway and planned, as well as future potential efforts which still are in concept definition. The objective is to provide a high-level summary of prospective improvements in ISS science support as an aid to designing ISS experiment hardware, software and procedures to take maximum advantage of those improvements.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129474793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Similarity based modeling of time synchronous averaged vibration signals for machinery health monitoring","authors":"S. Wegerich","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1368182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1368182","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring rotating machinery is often accomplished with the aid of vibration sensors. The vibration sensor signals contain a wealth of complex information that characterizes the dynamic behavior of the machinery. Transforming this information into useful knowledge about the health of the machine can be challenging due to the presence of extraneous noise sources and variations in the vibration signal itself. This is particularly true in situations in which the rotating machinery is monitored under varying loads and/or speeds. In order for any gained knowledge or insight into the health of machinery to be useful, it must be actionable. This is achieved by detecting incipient faults as early as possible. A novel approach to vibration monitoring that employs a multivariate similarity-based modeling (SBM) technique to characterize the expected behavior of time synchronous averaged spectral features is shown to enable the detection in rotating machinery. This in turn facilitates the assessment of machine health and enables fault diagnostics and ultimately prognostics. SBM has been applied successfully to a variety of non-vibration related multi-sensor, health monitoring applications. Our new approach builds off of these experiences and a combination of signal processing algorithms to expand the overall applicability of SBM into single sensor vibration monitoring. We discuss an approach to gearbox fault monitoring using vibration data and SBM. This new approach is described in detail and is applied to actual H-60 gearbox vibration data acquired from seeded fault tests conducted by U.S. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) at the Helicopter Transmission Test Facility (HTTF) in Patuxent River, MD in 2001 and 2002.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123846008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing the process of testing object-oriented systems","authors":"I. Alkadi, G. Alkadi","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1368118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1368118","url":null,"abstract":"E.W. Dijkstra said, \"Testing proves the presence, not the absence, of bugs\". Testing is a crucial step in the overall system development process. Using testing techniques that support features of the underlying software paradigm more effectively tests program than do testing techniques that support features of other paradigms. Systems developed with the object-oriented paradigm require techniques that support object-oriented features such as inheritance, data abstraction, encapsulation, and dynamic binding. Many techniques that are used to test systems developed with the structured paradigm are not sufficient for the testing of object-oriented systems. The goal of this research is to develop methods that will improve the process of testing object-oriented systems. Specifically, emphasis is given to improving the level of testing of methods because the level of method testing is generally considered inadequate. Algorithms are included that identify the set of methods, both interobject and intraobject, that should be tested for a given system. These algorithms are implemented as a part of an automated testing system that derives a framework for the testing of methods. This system includes the automatic generation of test drivers to facilitate the testing. It captures the results of tests for the purposes of reuse for future system maintenance. This framework provides the software engineer who is testing a system a mechanism to determine the level of method coverage that has been achieved in the testing process.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123210543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hulst, J. Barton, J. Carpenter, C. Frey, J. Hammes, A. Johnson, D. Olsen, R. Schultz, B.W. Scilley, G. Seielstad, W. Semke, S. Threinen, P. Ubbi, R. Voeller, W.J. Wambsganss, A. Webster, Chang-Hee Won, A. Zeller
{"title":"AgCam: scientific imaging from the ISS Window Observational Research Facility","authors":"N. Hulst, J. Barton, J. Carpenter, C. Frey, J. Hammes, A. Johnson, D. Olsen, R. Schultz, B.W. Scilley, G. Seielstad, W. Semke, S. Threinen, P. Ubbi, R. Voeller, W.J. Wambsganss, A. Webster, Chang-Hee Won, A. Zeller","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367585","url":null,"abstract":"The agricultural camera (AgCam) is a two-band digital imaging payload that will be operated in the pressurized Window Observational Research Facility (WORF) onboard the International Space Station. Its primary mission is to provide on-demand, high-resolution remote sensing imagery to support precision agriculture and natural resource end-users in the Upper Midwest. The major benefits of AgCam are its ability to provide 10-meter data in two spectral bands, to make map products available to end-users within 48 hours of data acquisition, and to be able to revisit any site in the Upper Midwest within 2-to-3 days throughout most of the growing season. In addition, the system will deliver map products without any per-scene cost as a service to regional end-users. AgCam is being designed, built, and tested by students at the University of North Dakota, under the supervision of faculty and staff in the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences and the School of Engineering & Mines.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121432956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visual, tactile, and vibration-based terrain analysis for planetary rovers","authors":"K. Legnemma, C. Brooks, S. Dubowsky","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367684","url":null,"abstract":"Future planetary exploration missions can require rovers to perform difficult tasks in rough terrain, with limited human supervision. Knowledge of terrain physical characteristics would allow a rover to adapt its control and planning strategies to maximize its effectiveness. This paper describes recent and current work at MIT in the area of onboard terrain estimation and sensing utilizing visual, tactile, and vibrational feedback. A vision-based method for measuring wheel sinkage is described. A tactile method for on-line terrain parameter estimation is also presented. Finally, a method for terrain classification based on analysis of vibration in the rover suspension is described. It is shown through simulation and experimental results that these methods can lead to accurate and efficient understanding of a rover's physical surroundings.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114104611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Search algorithms for space tug rendezvous: simulation and experiment","authors":"G. Bounova, T. de Mierry, O. de Weck","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367626","url":null,"abstract":"Space tugs must be able to search for and identify inert non-communicative targets, whose ephemeris is only known approximately. The goal of this article is to evaluate the efficiency of three possible two-dimensional search strategies in the context of autonomous rendezvous in space. As part of a broader Space Tug project, a number of modeling challenges were addressed to validate the experimental results. A crucial problem was to reduce the complex space search problem to a simple two-dimensional search for an inert target using LEGO robots. The data collected, as well as results from simulations, showed strong trends in the relationship between time and energy expended during the search. The project provided a starting point for the rendezvous control system to be implemented in a Space Tug vehicle by showing which of the three strategies - random, semi-autonomous and autonomous - is most efficient in the two-dimensional search case. It was found that the semi-autonomous algorithm is the most energetically efficient approach, but also the most time-consuming. This finding disproved our initial belief that the semi-autonomous (human-in-the-loop) strategy is the most efficient in terms of both time and energy. Instead, the conclusion is that an autonomous algorithm is more suitable for space applications. The results also suggest that, depending on knowledge of the search space and mission requirements, a hybrid approach might be most efficient.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114355534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An improved hybrid interferometer","authors":"R. Penno, K. Pasala, S. Schneider","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367694","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, three alternatives to AOA determination are considered: the hybrid interferometer using MUSIC resolution, the hybrid interferometer using the comparison approach to resolution and the hybrid-MUSIC approach. It is seen that the hybrid interferometer (MUSIC) is more accurate than the hybrid interferometer (comparison). On the other hand, hybrid interferometer (MUSIC) is not as accurate as the hybrid-MUSIC, but does not require excessive computational resources to achieve AOA estimates whose bias and standard deviations are much improved over other hybrid approaches as well as the linear phase interferometer.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121535935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NASA/JPL Tumbleweed polar rover","authors":"A. Behar, J. Matthews, F. Carsey, J. Jones","doi":"10.1109/AERO.2004.1367622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO.2004.1367622","url":null,"abstract":"The Tumbleweed rover, currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, is a large, windblown, inflated ball, which carries an instrument payload in its interior. Such rovers offer an effective and simple means of gathering data over large spatial extents of Earth, Mars, and other solar system bodies. Tumbleweeds could prove to be a safe and economical way of deploying instruments such as a ground penetrating radar or a magnetometer in numerous hostile environments. The latest version of the rover was recently deployed in Greenland, where it completed a more than 130km autonomous traverse across an ice sheet. Communicating via the Iridium satellite network, the rover in question successfully and reliably relayed live GPS, temperature, and pressure data to a ground station at JPL for nearly ten days. The follow-on rover is currently being readied for a traverse from the South Pole to the coast of Antarctica some 2000km away. The Antarctic test is set to take place in February of 2004 and will serve to verify Tumbleweed as an effective means of harvesting data in extreme and remote settings.","PeriodicalId":208052,"journal":{"name":"2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126328509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}