Public Health Reports最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Mpox Exposures and Outcomes in Workplaces, 6 Jurisdictions, June 1-August 31, 2022.","authors":"Marie A de Perio, Libby Horter, William Still, Ie Meh, Nancy Persson, Abby L Berns, Andrea Salinas, Katherine Murphy, Allison G Lafferty, Daniel Daltry, Skyler Mackey, Denise C Sockwell, Jeremy Adams, Jenniffer Rivas, Nicholas J Somerville, Diana Valencia","doi":"10.1177/00333549241245655","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241245655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The risk for mpox virus (MPXV) transmission in most workplaces has not been thoroughly assessed in the context of the 2022 global mpox outbreak. Our objectives were to describe mpox case patients who worked while infectious and the subsequent workplace contact tracing efforts, risk assessments, and outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requested information from health departments in the United States in September 2022 to identify people with confirmed or probable mpox who worked outside the home while infectious, either before or after diagnosis, from June 1 through August 31, 2022. We collected and summarized data on demographic, clinical, and workplace characteristics of case patients and workplace contact investigations. We stratified data by industry and occupation categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 102 case patients were reported by 6 jurisdictions. The most common industries were accommodation and food services (19.8%) and professional business, management, and technical services (17.0%). Contact investigations identified 178 total contacts; 54 cases (52.9%) had no contacts identified. Of 178 contacts, 54 (30.3%) were recommended to receive postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and 18 (10.1%) received PEP. None of the contacts developed a rash or were tested for orthopox or mpox, and none were reported to have confirmed or probable mpox.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Data from 6 jurisdictions suggest that the risk of MPXV transmission from workers to others in workplace settings in many industries is low. These findings might support future updates to exposure risk classifications and work activity recommendations for patients. These findings also demonstrate the importance of collecting and analyzing occupation and industry data in case reports to better understand risks in workplaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"744-749"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11502268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141087763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Engagement, Equity, and Cross-Sector Public Health Practice.","authors":"Patricia M Nickel, Cerise Hunt","doi":"10.1177/00333549241249671","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241249671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this topical review, we integrate 3 concepts-public health practice, community engagement, and cross-sector governance-to consider the following question: What is the underlying relationship between public health and cross-sector governance according to which the field can understand the role of community engagement in achieving health equity? We begin with an overview of public health practice and the practice of community engagement. Next, we position these practices in the broader turn toward cross-sector governance. The integration of these themes reveals that common tools for community engagement fail to address questions about how services should be funded, how resources should be distributed, and which members of the community have a claim to services. We therefore suggest that distinguishing between community <i>engagement for equity</i> and <i>equitable community engagement</i> is a first step toward deepening dialogue about the role of public health in achieving health equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"669-674"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11528812/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141082198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Face Mask Mandates on COVID-19 Transmission in Utah.","authors":"Alicia C Horn, Holly E Shoemaker, Lindsay T Keegan","doi":"10.1177/00333549241290676","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241290676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the effectiveness of face mask mandates was intensely debated. The objective of this study was to describe how face mask mandates at the state, county, and local levels differed in their effectiveness in reducing the number of COVID-19 cases in the jurisdiction where the mandate was implemented and throughout Utah.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used publicly available data from the Utah Department of Health and Human Services. We calculated the effectiveness of face mask mandates (<i>E_Fm</i>) in each local health district after 3 key mandates: the enactment of face mask mandates in Salt Lake and Summit counties (SLSC) on June 28, 2020, and June 27, 2020, respectively; the enactment of a statewide face mask mandate on November 9, 2020; and the lifting of the statewide face mask mandate on April 10, 2021.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most counties in Utah had a reduction in the growth rate of COVID-19 cases after enactment of face mask mandates. We found an average 11.9% reduction in <i>E_Fm</i> after the introduction of the SLSC face mask mandates, with 8 of 13 local health districts experiencing a reduction, and an average 12.7% reduction after introduction of the statewide mandate, with 12 of 13 local health districts experiencing a reduction. After mandates were lifted, many counties had an increase in <i>E_Fm</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Face mask mandates were an effective way to reduce transmission of COVID-19 in local jurisdictions and in neighboring jurisdictions in Utah. Our evidence supports the use of face mask mandates as a way to prevent disease transmission and be better equipped to respond to future pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241290676"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556457/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142547023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and Revision of Historical ESSENCE Syndromic Surveillance Definition Used to Identify Work-Related Emergency Department Visits.","authors":"Laurel Harduar Morano, Aaron Kite Powell, Sara E Luckhaupt","doi":"10.1177/00333549241287929","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241287929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Occupational health surveillance programs have rarely incorporated syndromic surveillance. We documented a process for evaluating and revising syndromic surveillance definitions, using the example of work-related emergency department (ED) visits.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Of 140 331 481 ED visits in the National Syndromic Surveillance Program from May 15, 2016, through October 31, 2017, we extracted 391 827 records for phase 1 that met the previously unevaluated original work-related definition or included a work-related employment status ICD-10-CM code (Y99.0/Y99.1; <i>International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification</i>). Also for phase 1, we evaluated the performance of the original work-related definition using ICD-10-CM work-related employment status codes as a reference standard. In phase 2, we extracted 99 109 records containing candidate work-related keywords. Finally, in phase 3, we examined individual keywords and developed and evaluated a revised definition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The revised work-related definition identified 259 153 visits by keyword alone, 104 342 visits by ICD-10-CM work-related employment status codes alone, and 16 385 ED visits by both methods. Sensitivity (13.6% vs 11.3%) and positive predictive value (5.9% vs 4.8%) were higher for the revised definition than for the original work-related definition. Manual review indicated that 91.3% (95% CI, 89.6%-93.0%) of visits identified by the revised definition keywords met the study criteria for work-related visits as compared with 75.5% (95% CI, 73.0%-78.4%) of visits for the original work-related definition.</p><p><strong>Practice implications: </strong>The original work-related definition performed suboptimally because keywords were not sufficiently specific. The revised definition is an improvement but requires testing in real-world scenarios. The presented methods for developing a syndromic surveillance definition are useful, not only for occupational health, but for identification of other subpopulations treated in the ED.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241287929"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steps Toward Decreasing Maternal Alcohol Consumption in Israel: Nationwide Trends During a Decade.","authors":"Yehuda Senecky, Noam Zrubavel Yaaron, Gabriel Chodick, Andrea Berger, Liat Hen-Herbst, Ilana Barta Fund, Manal Massalha, Ran Matot, Esther Ganelin-Cohen","doi":"10.1177/00333549241289035","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241289035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Prenatal alcohol exposure poses a substantial risk to fetal development. Efforts were made in 2011-2020 to increase public awareness of and prevent alcohol consumption during pregnancy. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Israel of pregnant women's alcohol consumption from January 2021 through June 2023 and compared our results with the results of a survey conducted during 2009-2010 to assess changes over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted cross-sectional surveys at 3 public hospitals in central and northern Israel. Surveyors visited hospitals twice weekly and used a questionnaire consistent with one used in 2009-2010 that focused on alcohol consumption 3 months before pregnancy and during pregnancy. We conducted a stratified analysis of the prevalence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy by demographic characteristics. We also used a multivariable logistic regression model to examine variables associated with receiving guidance on alcohol consumption during pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 1915 women in the 2021-2023 survey (mean [SD] age, 30.8 [5.6] y), 1204 (62.9%) reported never consuming alcohol before pregnancy and 1708 (89.2%) reported no alcohol consumption during pregnancy. During pregnancy, 157 (8.2%) women reported consuming alcohol weekly or less, 12 (0.6%) more frequently, and 52 (2.7%) binge drinking. We found a significant decrease in alcohol consumption during pregnancy in 2021-2023 as compared with 2009-2010 (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.88; <i>P</i> = .03). Predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy included alcohol consumption before pregnancy, parity, and smoking. Significantly more women in the 2021-2023 sample (n = 569; 29.7%) than in the 2009-2010 sample received guidance on alcohol consumption during pregnancy (<i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Educational efforts should continue to increase awareness of the risks of prenatal alcohol exposure in the general population and among health professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241289035"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data Improvement: A Strategy to Improve Understanding of Violence Against Transgender Populations.","authors":"Symphony Fletcher, Kieran Todd","doi":"10.1177/00333549241291711","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241291711","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241291711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Immediate but Fleeting Interest in MPH Programs After the Onset of COVID-19: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis.","authors":"Jemar R Bather, Emily M Burke, Christine M Plepys, Janani Rajbhandari-Thapa, Debra Furr-Holden, Melody S Goodman","doi":"10.1177/00333549241288140","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241288140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The relationship between the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and interest in master of public health (MPH) programs is unknown. We examined trends in MPH application rates for 31 MPH concentrations and specifically for the MPH concentration in epidemiology and differences by race and ethnicity before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We constructed a quasi-experimental design to examine trends in MPH application rates from academic years 2015-2016 through 2022-2023 by using Centralized Application Service for Schools and Programs of Public Health data. We used an interrupted time-series analysis to test whether application rates surged after the pandemic's onset (academic years 2019-2020 through 2020-2021) and whether this increase persisted during the pandemic (academic years 2020-2021 through 2022-2023). We fit models for the overall sample, a combined racially and ethnically minoritized sample, each racial and ethnic group separately, and a non-US citizen sample.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pandemic's onset correlated with an immediate increase in application rates across most samples: overall (38%) and among American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (91%), Asian (35%), Black (42%), Hispanic (60%), multiracial (30%), racially and ethnically minoritized (44%), and White (53%) samples. However, this trend was not sustained; application rate trends during the pandemic were significantly lower than prepandemic trends. Application rate trends for all MPH concentrations and the MPH in epidemiology concentration among non-US citizens were significantly higher during the pandemic than prepandemic.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results highlight the need for innovative strategies to sustain MPH degree interest and a diverse applicant pool.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241288140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142506719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Shift in Approach to Addressing Public Health Inequities and the Effect of Societal Structural and Systemic Drivers on Social Determinants of Health.","authors":"Carla I Mercado, Kai McKeever Bullard, Michele L F Bolduc, Courtni Alexis Andrews, Zoe R F Freggens, Grace Liggett, Desmond Banks, Shanice Battle Johnson, Ana Penman-Aguilar, Rashid Njai","doi":"10.1177/00333549241283586","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241283586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that influence health outcomes, and structural and systemic drivers of health (SSD) are the social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that create and shape SDOH. With the integration of constructs from previous examples, we propose an SSD model that broadens the contextual effect of these driving forces or factors rooted in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's SDOH framework. Our SSD model (1) presents systems and structures as multidimensional, (2) considers 10 dimensions as discrete and intersectional, and (3) acknowledges health-related effects over time at different life stages and across generations. We also present an application of this SSD model to the housing domain and describe how SSD affect SDOH through multiple mechanisms that may lead to unequal resources, opportunities, and consequences contributing to a disproportionate burden of disease, illness, and death in the US population. Our enhanced SDOH framework offers an innovative and promising model for multidimensional, collaborative public health approaches toward achieving health equity and eliminating health disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241283586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556650/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142473287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID Just-in-Time Extension for Community Health Outcomes: A Collaborative Information-Sharing Platform for a School Health Community.","authors":"Priya Chopra, Alethea Chiappone, Susan Goldenstein, Therese Pilonetti, Roberta Gillis, Daniel Dodson, Shuyuan Tan, John F Thomas, Jessica R Cataldi","doi":"10.1177/00333549241283173","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241283173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic challenged school health professionals to navigate a dynamic public health emergency and to stay aware of changing recommendations. This study aimed to determine the value of the COVID Just-in-Time ECHO (Extension for Community Health Outcomes) Learning Series for Schools among participating school health personnel and to describe their ongoing information needs during the pandemic. School health, public health, and education professionals across Colorado participated in this ECHO series. Participants attended 1-hour sessions every 2 to 4 weeks from March 2020 through December 2021 for a total of 34 sessions. Data collection included postsession and postseries surveys assessing what participants found most valuable and what additional information they needed. School nurses represented 113 of 224 participants (50%). ECHO content noted as being the most valuable included epidemiology updates and special topics as chosen by participant input. Postseries surveys identified the value of experiencing shared knowledge among Just-in-Time ECHO participants. Participants identified ongoing needs for information about COVID-19 guidance and risk mitigation in schools throughout the sessions. In postseries surveys, participants reported additional ongoing information needs related to COVID-19 outside schools. This ECHO series delivered reliable and time-sensitive information for school health personnel and school leaders and may provide a useful model for information sharing among education and public health professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241283173"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556453/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Emergency Department Identification of Young People Experiencing Trafficking During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis.","authors":"Preeti Panda, Yaowei Deng, Andrea Fang, Victoria Ward, Ewen Wang, Jennifer Newberry, Maya Mathur, Anisha Patel","doi":"10.1177/00333549241279662","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241279662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Human trafficking is a public health issue affecting young people across the United States, and trafficked young people frequently present to emergency departments (EDs). The identification of trafficked young people by pediatric EDs during the COVID-19 pandemic is not well understood. We examined trends in the identification of young people with current or lifetime experiences of trafficking in US pediatric EDs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed an interrupted time-series analysis using the Pediatric Health Information System database, which includes data from 49 US children's hospitals, to determine differences in rates of trafficked young people identified in pediatric EDs before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 910 patients; 255 prepandemic (October 1, 2018, through February 29, 2020) and 655 during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2023). We found a 1.92-fold increase in the incidence rate of identified trafficked young people at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 (incidence rate ratio = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.47-2.51; <i>P</i> < .001), followed by a decrease over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The observed increase in identified trafficked young people during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic should alert pediatric ED providers to the opportunity to identify and provide services for trafficked young people as an important part of improving preparedness for future disease outbreaks. Our observed identification trends do not represent the true incidence of trafficked young people presenting to pediatric EDs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future work should seek to better understand the true occurrence and the health and service needs of trafficked young people during emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241279662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142352692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}