Public Health Reports最新文献

{"title":"Regional Differences in Hepatitis C-Related Hospitalization Rates, United States, 2012-2019.","authors":"Megan G Hofmeister, Yuna Zhong, Anne C Moorman, Eyasu H Teshale, Christina R Samuel, Philip R Spradling","doi":"10.1177/00333549241260252","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241260252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In the United States, hepatitis C is the most commonly reported bloodborne infection. It is a leading cause of liver cancer and death from liver disease and imposes a substantial burden of hospitalization. We sought to describe regional differences in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hospitalizations during 2012 through 2019 to guide planning for hepatitis C elimination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample for 2012 through 2019. We considered hospitalizations to be HCV-related if (1) hepatitis C was the primary diagnosis or (2) hepatitis C was any secondary diagnosis and the primary diagnosis was a liver disease-related condition. We analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics of HCV-related hospitalizations and modeled the annual percentage change in HCV-related hospitalization rates, nationally and according to the 9 US Census Bureau geographic divisions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 2012-2019, an estimated 553 900 HCV-related hospitalizations occurred in the United States. The highest hospitalization rate (34.7 per 100 000 population) was in the West South Central region, while the lowest (17.6 per 100 000 population) was in the West North Central region. During 2012-2019, annual hospitalization rates decreased in each region, with decreases ranging from 15.3% in the East South Central region to 48.8% in the Pacific region. By type of health insurance, Medicaid had the highest hospitalization rate nationally and in all but 1 geographic region.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HCV-related hospitalization rates decreased nationally and in each geographic region during 2012-2019; however, decreases were not uniform. Expanded access to direct-acting antiviral treatment in early-stage hepatitis C would reduce future hospitalizations related to advanced liver disease and interrupt HCV transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"115-124"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review and Assessment of the Area-Level Composite Measures That Estimate Social Determinants of Health Across the United States.","authors":"Thomas C Hassett, Greta Stuhlsatz, John E Snyder","doi":"10.1177/00333549241252582","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241252582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Evidence-informed population health initiatives often leverage data from various sources, such as epidemiologic surveillance data and administrative datasets. Recent interest has arisen in using area-level composite measures describing a community's social risks to inform the development and implementation of health policies, including payment reform initiatives. Our objective was to capture the breadth of available area-level composite measures that describe social determinants of health (SDH) and have potential for application in population health and policy work.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a scoping review of the scientific literature from 2010 to 2022 to identify multifactorial indices and rankings reflected in peer-reviewed literature that estimate SDH and that have publicly accessible data sources. We discovered several additional composite measures incidental to the scoping review process. Literature searches for each composite measure aimed to contextualize common applications in public health investigations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 491 studies, we identified 31 composite measures and categorized them into 8 domains: environmental conditions and pollution, opportunity and infrastructure, deprivation and well-being, COVID-19, rurality, food insecurity, emergency response and community resilience, and health. Composite measures are applied most often as an independent variable associated with disparities, risk factors, and/or outcomes affecting individuals, populations, communities, and health systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Area-level composite measures describing SDH have been applied to wide-ranging population health work. Social risk indicators may enable policy makers, evaluators, and researchers to better assess community risks and needs, thereby facilitating the evidence-informed development, implementation, and study of initiatives that aim to improve population health.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":"140 1","pages":"67-102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Routine Outreach and Catch-Up Campaign Strategies for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia.","authors":"Mehreen Meghani, Jamison Pike, Ashley Tippins, Andrew J Leidner","doi":"10.1177/00333549241249672","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241249672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) experience periodic outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Our objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of routine outreach and catch-up campaign strategies for increasing vaccination coverage for the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine among children aged 12 months through 6 years in Chuuk, FSM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a cost-effectiveness model to assess 4 MMR vaccination strategies from a public health perspective: routine outreach conducted 4 times per year (quarterly routine outreach), routine outreach conducted 2 times per year (biannual routine outreach), catch-up campaigns conducted once per year (annual catch-up campaign), and catch-up campaigns conducted every 2 years with quarterly routine outreach in non-catch-up campaign years (status quo). We calculated costs and outcomes during a 5-year model horizon and summarized results as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. We analyzed the following public health outcomes: additional protected person-month (PPM), doses administered and protected people (ie, a child who completed a 2-dose MMR series). We conducted 1-way sensitivity analyses to evaluate the stability of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and to identify influential model inputs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 4 MMR vaccination strategies, quarterly routine outreach was the most effective and most expensive strategy, and biannual routine outreach was the least expensive and least effective strategy. Quarterly routine outreach (vs status quo) yielded approximately an additional 7001 PPMs and 132 vaccine doses administered, with incremental costs of about $4 per PPM, $193 per dose administered, and $123 per protected person.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Routine outreach and catch-up campaign vaccination strategies can be important interventions to improve health in Chuuk, FSM. More frequent routine outreach events could improve MMR coverage and reduce the likelihood of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and mumps.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141236997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Griffith: Antiracism in Basic Research on Racial Disparities.","authors":"Ian A Myles","doi":"10.1177/00333549241269506","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241269506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"US State and Territorial Indigenous Consultation Laws: A Potential Strategy to Improve the Social Determinants of Health.","authors":"Lorinda Riley, Kristina Hulama, Ian Tapu, Anna Weightmann, Tehani Louis-Perkins, Carly Kajiwara, Kamaile Maldanado, Meldrick Ravida","doi":"10.1177/00333549241260636","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241260636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The United Nations (UN) has articulated the right to self-determination as a human right for Indigenous people; however, US states and territories have been slow to operationalize this aspect of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous consultation laws require all federal executive agencies to consult with tribal nations before implementing policies that have a \"tribal implication,\" and these form the cornerstone of US efforts to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Despite these federal efforts, less is known about the degree to which state and territorial laws require consultation with Indigenous communities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed all Indigenous consultation laws identified through a search of 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and 5 territories to provide a holistic picture of how jurisdictions have regulated Indigenous consultation efforts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 56 states, 49 (87.5%) had at least 1 Indigenous consultation law; the remaining 7 jurisdictions had none. States engaged in Indigenous consultation in various ways, generally falling into 1 of 3 categories: (1) centralized consultation facilitated through an agency or department, (2) indirect consultation through a designated commission, and (3) fragmented Indigenous consultation through discrete laws. Important gaps were identified, including the lack of a definition for Indigenous consultation, the absence of an appeal process, and the need to train state officials on existing policies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results provide a baseline on the degree to which US states and territories consult with Indigenous communities and can be used to identify gaps in US compliance with UN human rights mandates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"125-132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reporting of Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Southern State in the United States.","authors":"Julia C Thome, Kathy Gracey, Richard A Epstein, Michael J Cull, Tarah Kuhn, Rameela Raman","doi":"10.1177/00333549241245846","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241245846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>COVID-19-related stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) created an immediate physical barrier between children and professionals such as pediatricians and teachers, who are often first to identify and report signs of child maltreatment. Our objective was to determine how the SAHO in a southern state was associated with reports of child maltreatment and whether this association was modified by sociodemographic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We linked data on reports of child maltreatment from a southern state in the United States from October 1, 2018, through September 30, 2020, to data from the US Census Bureau to obtain data on county-level socioeconomic characteristics. We fit a segmented regression model to evaluate changes in reports before and after the SAHO, March 20, 2020. We evaluated potential disparities by child age, case and allegation severity, and socioeconomic characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 374 885 hotline calls, 276 878 (73.9%) were made before the SAHO and 98 007 (26.1%) after it. Although an immediate decrease in reports of child maltreatment occurred on the day of the SAHO, the rates of reporting within socioeconomic groups started increasing thereafter. While we found no significant change in the overall rate of change in hotline calls after versus before the SAHO (0.23; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.58), stratified analyses indicate that the rates at which reporting increased varied by education level, health insurance coverage, median annual household income, and unemployment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evaluating these trends is important for policy makers and practitioners to understand how policies enforced during the pandemic influence child maltreatment reporting and how these policies may affect reporting differently across socioeconomic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"50S-60S"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556571/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141087736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Lifetime Interpersonal Violence and Post-COVID-19 Condition Among Women in Kentucky, 2020-2022.","authors":"Ayşe Güler, Heather M Bush, Katie Schill, Nurlan Kussainov, Ann L Coker","doi":"10.1177/00333549241236638","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241236638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk of interpersonal violence. We investigated the association between lifetime interpersonal violence experience and risk of post-COVID-19 condition (the persistence of symptoms of COVID-19 and severity of health problems associated with COVID-19 that last a few weeks, months, or years) among women with lifetime interpersonal violence experience.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Women participants aged ≥18 years in Kentucky's Wellness, Health & You-COVID-19 study completed online quantitative surveys about the impacts of the pandemic, developing COVID-19, and symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition. We conducted cross-sectional analyses estimating rate ratios of developing COVID-19 and symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition during the pandemic (October 13, 2020-February 28, 2022).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the analytic sample (N = 938), 342 (36.5%) disclosed a history of lifetime interpersonal violence. Compared with women with no lifetime interpersonal violence experience, women with lifetime interpersonal violence experience had significantly more distress because of the pandemic, defined as family financial challenges (<i>P</i> = .001), symptoms of mental health challenges (<i>P</i> < .001), and negative coping behaviors (<i>P</i> < .001). While experiencing lifetime interpersonal violence was not significantly associated with either receiving COVID-19 vaccinations (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 1.10; 95% CI, 0.75-1.61) or developing COVID-19 (aRR = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.92-1.44), experiencing lifetime interpersonal violence was associated with an increased rate of developing symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition (aRR = 2.09; 95% CI, 1.19-3.65).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Symptoms of post-COVID-19 condition may be linked to lifetime interpersonal violence experience, possibly through stress or violence-associated trauma. Future research is needed to assess the negative effects of the pandemic, prioritizing people with lifetime interpersonal violence experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"9S-19S"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141086993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Intimate Partner Violence and Increased Partner Aggression During Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.","authors":"Denise V D'Angelo, Martha Kapaya, Elizabeth A Swedo, Kathleen C Basile, Nickolas T Agathis, Lauren B Zapata, Rosalyn D Lee, Qing Li, Yanet Ruvalcaba, Jessica R Meeker, Beatriz Salvesen von Essen, Heather B Clayton, Lee Warner","doi":"10.1177/00333549241278631","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241278631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Public health emergencies can elevate the risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). Our objectives were 2-fold: first, to assess the prevalence of physical IPV and increased aggression from a husband or partner that occurred during pregnancy and was perceived to be due to the COVID-19 pandemic; second, to examine associations between these experiences and (1) COVID-19-related stressors and (2) postpartum outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System that were collected in 29 US jurisdictions among individuals with a live birth in 2020. We estimated the prevalence of violence during pregnancy by demographic characteristics and COVID-19-related stressors. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) to examine associations of physical IPV or increased aggression with COVID-19-related stressors, postpartum outcomes, and infant birth outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 14 154 respondents, 1.6% reported physical IPV during pregnancy, and 3.1% reported increased aggression by a husband or partner due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents experiencing any economic, housing, or childcare COVID-19-related stressors reported approximately twice the prevalence of both types of violence as compared with those without COVID-19-related stressors. Physical IPV and increased aggression were associated with a higher prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms (APRs, 1.73 and 2.28, respectively) and postpartum cigarette smoking (APRs, 1.74 and 2.19). Physical IPV was associated with a lower prevalence of attending postpartum care visits (APR, 1.84).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings support the need for ongoing efforts to prevent IPV during pregnancy and to ensure the availability of resources during public health emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"20S-31S"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142352694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"I'd Rather Be Broke Than Harmed\": A Qualitative Analysis of the Experiences of People Engaged in Commercial Sex Work During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Rebecca Pfeffer, Kelle Barrick, Terri Galvan, Fleur Monnet Marfori, Shannon A Williams","doi":"10.1177/00333549241236079","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241236079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>People involved in commercial sex work during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly those compelled to sell sex, faced multiple challenges to their safety and well-being. We explored, in real time, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people involved in commercial sex work and the broader commercial sex industry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a participatory action research approach, we interviewed 159 English- and Spanish-speaking adults who had engaged in commercial sex work under the direction of a third party in Sacramento County, California, within the past 5 years (approximately 2017-2022). As part of a larger study, our interview protocol included 1 question about the COVID-19 pandemic: \"Has COVID-19 changed anything about your experience with sex work?\" We transcribed and analyzed interviews using QSR-NVivo, a qualitative coding software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants described the effects of increased isolation, decreased demand, difficulty accessing social services, fear of contracting COVID-19, difficulty in following public health guidance on social distancing and wearing face masks, and how the pandemic resulted in some people entering or exiting commercial sex work. Most participants were familiar with recommended public health safety measures, but lack of agency and financial need limited their ability to comply with all recommendations. A lack of access to social services added stress to those most in need of emergency housing or substance use treatment and left them vulnerable to continued abuse.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Stress and financial insecurity generally increased among people involved in commercial sex work during the pandemic, and no efforts were made to understand and mitigate the hardships that this population faced. Future research should address how to maintain social service availability during times of public health emergencies and other crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"61S-66S"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140065791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process and Outcome Evaluation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's <i>Think. Test. Treat TB</i> Health Communications Campaign, United States, March-September 2022.","authors":"Elise Caruso, John Parmer, Leeanna Allen, Allison Maiuri, Joan Mangan, Beth Bouwkamp, Nickolas DeLuca","doi":"10.1177/00333549241268644","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241268644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The <i>Think. Test. Treat TB</i> health communications campaign aims to increase the awareness of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) primarily among people born in the Philippines and Vietnam and other non-US-born groups (consumers) and the health care providers (providers) who serve them. We conducted a process evaluation to assess reach and audience engagement and an outcome evaluation to assess awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intentions among audiences of the campaign.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To evaluate the process, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention measured exposure to (eg, with impressions [total advertisements]) and engagement with (eg, online clicks) the campaign during its rollout (March-September 2022). After the rollout, to evaluate outcomes, we administered online surveys to consumers and providers who were exposed and not exposed to the campaign.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>Think. Test. Treat TB</i> campaign resulted in >33 million impressions, >2000 materials downloaded from the internet, and >33 000 materials shipped. Of 173 consumers who completed the evaluation survey, 123 (71.1%) were exposed to the campaign, with 108 (87.8%) reporting intention to ask their provider about tuberculosis (TB) during their next visit. Of 44 providers who completed the evaluation survey, 24 (54.5%) did not feel that they were the intended audience of the campaign, yet all felt the campaign materials were relevant to their patients, and 42 (95.5%) felt the materials were relevant to providers who serve patients at risk for TB.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The <i>Think. Test. Treat TB</i> campaign was successful in raising awareness of LTBI among the intended audiences. Continuing engagement with key audiences about LTBI to encourage testing and treatment is integral to eliminate TB in the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"13-21"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142073663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}