{"title":"‘Enverists’ and ‘Titoists’ – Communism and Islam in Albania and Kosova, 1941–99: From the Partisan Movement of the Second World War to the Kosova Liberation War","authors":"S. Schwartz","doi":"10.1080/13523270802655613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802655613","url":null,"abstract":"‘Enverists’, or supporters of Albanian communist dictator Enver Hoxha, and ‘Titoists’, referring to sympathizers with the architect of communist Yugoslavia, Josip Broz Tito, are terms used in Albanian discourse over Kosova. But they are generally misconstrued to suggest differing orientations towards the rival regimes, when they more properly refer, as Albanian sources demonstrate, to attitudes about the fate of Kosova itself. ‘Enverists’ in Kosova very rarely supported Hoxha and ‘Titoists’ were not necessarily loyalists of Yugoslavia. Rather, the terms signify a distinction between those who saw the Albanian national question as one involving all Albanians, in Albania proper, Kosova, and neighbouring territories (‘Enverists’) and those who viewed the problem of Kosova as a separate question (‘Titoists’).","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"46 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120883010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unholy Alliance: Muslims and Communists – An Introduction","authors":"B. Fowkes, Bülent Gökay","doi":"10.1080/13523270802655597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802655597","url":null,"abstract":"With the victory of the Bolsheviks in October 1917 strategic choices had to be made. Many of the pre-revolutionary Muslim reformers, the Jadids, endeavoured to work within the Soviet system. This was made possible by the moderate policies pursued by the Bolsheviks. They also called on Muslims to engage in a ‘holy war’ against Western imperialism. The 1920s were the heyday of co-operation between the two sides. In Indonesia the revolts of 1926 were both communist and Islamic in inspiration. But the alliance between communism and Islam did not last. After the death of Stalin the way was open for a renewal of the alliance between communists and Muslim movements which secured some temporary successes, in Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Indonesia followed everywhere by the anti-communist coups of the 1960s. The war in Afghanistan in the 1980s forced communist parties into isolation and stimulated the rise of political Islam. The collapse of the Soviet Union set communist parties adrift, with the freedom to decide their own policies.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128964819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Unholy Alliances in Chechnya: From Communism and Nationalism to Islamism and Salafism","authors":"C. Moore, P. Tumelty","doi":"10.1080/13523270802655621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802655621","url":null,"abstract":"The end of the Cold War ushered in a new period of instability in the Caucasus, as groups formerly associated with the Communist Party sought to wrest power from newly formed political movements, which themselves sought independence from the successor to the Soviet Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States. In the immediate post-Cold War period a number of alliances, formed by groups with radically different agendas, shaped the ensuing political uncertainty across the region. In Chechnya, a number of historical relationships influenced the formation of nationalist and communist coalitions, particularly in the early and latter part of the twentieth century. Moreover, in the post-Soviet period, a series of coalitions and alliances – such as the Abkhaz Battalion – melded together national and regional groups, which themselves had an impact on the first Russo-Chechen War of the 1990s. Following the end of the first war in 1996, a series of other alliances, partially influenced by religion, linked members of the Chechen diaspora community with indigenous radical figures and foreign jihadis who espoused Salafism. This, in turn, expanded what had ostensibly been a nationalist movement into a regional conflict beyond the borders of Chechnya, a development that sheds light on the second Russo-Chechen War.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131924308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uneasy Alliances: British Muslims and Socialists since the 1950s","authors":"Farzana Shain","doi":"10.1080/13523270802655639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802655639","url":null,"abstract":"The recent coalition between British Muslims and socialists, formed by the Respect Party in 2004, has provoked fierce debate about the extent to which the two ideologies of Islam and communism can actually work together. Yet since the 1950s, and even before this, Muslims, initially as part of a wider Asian struggle, worked closely with socialists to campaign against social exclusion, poor working and housing conditions, racist immigration laws and violent racist attacks. These earlier alliances, involving trade unionists and Asian workers in the 1960s and 1970s and youth movement activists and socialist groups in the 1970s and 1980s, were built on a secular basis, but were also often fractious with deep-rooted racism penetrating and undermining them. Recent economic, political and social conditions have brought Islamic identities to the fore and have also created the basis for a new and controversial alliance between British Muslims and the Left.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123376372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reversing the Verdict on Maoism?","authors":"Chris Bramall","doi":"10.1080/13523270802510644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802510644","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since Mao’s death in 1976, few of China’s self-styled intellectual ‘elite’, or members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), have been positive in their appraisal of the Maoist era. The tale of cannibalism in Guangxi is one of the more lurid examples of this genre but it is hardly untypical. Among Chinese economists this tendency to admire all aspects of US capitalism and to belittle the record of the Maoist era is especially marked, but it is commonplace even among those academics working in the humanities and other social sciences. A group of writers keen to offer a more balanced perspective on Maoism has emerged in China over the past decade; often called the New Left (although not all would accept this label), its most prominent members include Wang Hui, Huang Ping, Wang Shaoguang and Cui Zhiyuan. However, these scholars remain in a minority, and the decision of the CCP’s propaganda department to instruct the parent company to dismiss Wang and Huang from their positions as editors of the famous and antineo-liberal journal Dushu in the summer of 2007 has undoubtedly weakened the New Left. The work of Jung Chang and Jon Halliday is representative of the Chinese establishment’s continuing attempts to denigrate Mao and the Maoist era. Based upon extensive interviews and a range of unpublished and archival sources, Mao: The Unknown Story makes several very strong claims.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116012720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Putin in Russian Fiction","authors":"A. Rogatchevski","doi":"10.1080/13523270802510636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802510636","url":null,"abstract":"During his two terms as president of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin was depicted in a number of works of fiction, either occupying centre stage, performing a secondary role, or making a cameo appearance. Written in a variety of genres, from short stories to full-scale novels, these works reflect a comprehensive range of political views and range across a wide geographical spread. Author's licence means that the various fictional images of Putin diverge from the facts, as revealed in journalistic reports, interviews and memoirs. These various accounts reveal aspects of Putin's personality and political style that cannot be learnt otherwise, and also reveal features of the Russian public discourse on the former president.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pre-Modern State-Building in Post-Soviet Russia","authors":"O. Cappelli","doi":"10.1080/13523270802510487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802510487","url":null,"abstract":"‘Transitology’, or the study of transitions from communist rule to what was expected to be applications of Western-style democracy, suffered from fatal misapprehensions that ensured its failure to explain, predict or effectively guide the developments that took place during the 1990s. In particular, it lacked a historical dimension, and it misunderstood the proper function of the state in establishing a political regime. Stateness, or state strength, is an essential variable, and the acquisition of that quality is vital. It involves two fundamental aspects: asserting the state's political autonomy from the social context, i.e. its ability to formulate interests of its own, and establishing its governmental capacity, or the state's ability to achieve its goal. Historical analogies with ‘feudal’ and ‘absolutist’ political regimes are helpful in explaining the task that confronted Putin on assuming office as the designated heir of the chaotic legacy of Boris Yeltsin. The assertion of state power under Putin's leadership should not be seen as an authoritarian reversal that followed a democratic wave, but is comparable with the pre-modern process of state-building that took centuries following the decline of feudalism in Western Europe. Whether the Russian state will strengthen and become an institutionalized democracy following the European sequence remains unclear; but even democratic leaders need a government able ‘to control the governed’.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115252062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Putin Phenomenon","authors":"S. White, I. McAllister","doi":"10.1080/13523270802510610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802510610","url":null,"abstract":"The Putin presidency in Russia became increasingly popular as it progressed and a leadership cult developed around the president himself. Not only was there general satisfaction with the leadership as a whole, there was also evidence that it was regarded as increasingly successful in all fields of policy, particularly in international affairs; and focus group discussions as well as surveys suggested the newly elected president, Dmitri Medvedev, would be expected to continue those policies. A closer examination of the survey evidence suggests that the Putin leadership in fact had relatively weak roots in the wider society, and drew widely but superficially on public support. More than anything else it was the strong economic performance of these years that generated support for the Putin presidency, and this suggested that any future leader would depend for his position on maintaining that economic performance in what were now more difficult circumstances.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121908157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Russian Elite in Transition","authors":"O. Kryshtanovskaya","doi":"10.1080/13523270802510602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802510602","url":null,"abstract":"When Putin came to power he and his associates agreed to follow an ‘Andropov’ strategy, seeking to restore the firm central direction that had been characteristic of the late Soviet period. Over the course of his presidency they gradually eliminated the opposition they confronted among governors, the oligarchs and the media, and increasingly entrusted leading positions to representatives of the armed forces and security. Despite the differences among these siloviki, they shared an authoritarian approach to government and a common wish to take advantage of the economic opportunities that had formerly been closed to them. They did so particularly through the control they came to exercise over the major state companies, on whose boards they became an increasingly substantial presence. Putin avoided the discredit he would have otherwise incurred at home and abroad by standing down as president in 2008, but his intention appears to be to return not later than the end of President Medvedev's term of office and after the presidential term has itself been extended.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123583393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rus United","authors":"Ken Jowitt","doi":"10.1080/13523270802563593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270802563593","url":null,"abstract":"As president, Vladimir Putin has set about the rebuilding of Russia's statehood in an effort to replace the weak, feudalistic state inherited by Boris Yeltsin with a mercantilist state-nation.","PeriodicalId":206400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123423496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}