Proceedings of the Royal Society B最新文献_第7页

Bark coverage shifts assembly processes of microbial decomposer communities in dead wood 树皮覆盖改变了枯木中微生物分解者群落的组装过程

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-09 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1744

Jonas Hagge, C. Bässler, A. Gruppe, Björn Hoppe, H. Kellner, Franz-Sebastian Krah, Jörg C Müller, S. Seibold, Elisa Stengel, S. Thorn

{"title":"Bark coverage shifts assembly processes of microbial decomposer communities in dead wood","authors":"Jonas Hagge, C. Bässler, A. Gruppe, Björn Hoppe, H. Kellner, Franz-Sebastian Krah, Jörg C Müller, S. Seibold, Elisa Stengel, S. Thorn","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1744","url":null,"abstract":"Bark protects living trees against environmental influences but may promote wood decomposition by fungi and bacteria after tree death. However, the mechanisms by which bark determines the assembly process and biodiversity of decomposers remain unknown. Therefore, we partially or completely removed bark from experimentally felled trees and tested with null modelling whether assembly processes were determined by bark coverage and if biodiversity of molecularly sampled fungi and bacteria generally benefited from increasing bark cover. The community composition of fungi, wood-decaying fungi (subset of all fungi) and bacteria clearly separated between completely debarked, partly debarked and control trees. Bacterial species richness was higher on control trees than on either partly or completely debarked trees, whereas the species richness of all fungi did not differ. However, the species richness of wood-decaying fungi was higher on partially and completely debarked trees than on control trees. Deterministic assembly processes were most important in completely debarked trees, a pattern consistent for fungi and bacteria. Our findings suggest that human disturbances in forests shift the dominant assembly mechanism from stochastic to deterministic processes and thus alter the diversity of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78064212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates 通讯网络中的同步交配信号:在吸引配偶的同时避开捕食者的挑战

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-09 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1067

Henry D. Legett, R. Page, X. Bernal

{"title":"Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates","authors":"Henry D. Legett, R. Page, X. Bernal","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1067","url":null,"abstract":"Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signallers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and non-target. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle, given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals overlap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of non-target receivers. We investigate how signal synchronization is shaped by the trade-off between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs (Smilisca sila), in which males produce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the trade-off imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory playback experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signallers to reduce their exposure to eavesdroppers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding of the origin of mating signals and displays.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80456187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Capture from the wild has long-term costs on reproductive success in Asian elephants 从野外捕获亚洲象会对亚洲象的繁殖成功率造成长期影响

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-09 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1584

M. Lahdenperä, John Jackson, W. Htut, V. Lummaa

引用次数: 10

Space and rank: infants expect agents in higher position to be socially dominant 空间和等级:婴儿期望地位较高的人在社会上占主导地位

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-09 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1674

Xianwei Meng, Yo Nakawake, Hiroshi Nitta, K. Hashiya, Y. Moriguchi

{"title":"Space and rank: infants expect agents in higher position to be socially dominant","authors":"Xianwei Meng, Yo Nakawake, Hiroshi Nitta, K. Hashiya, Y. Moriguchi","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1674","url":null,"abstract":"Social hierarchies exist throughout the animal kingdom, including among humans. Our daily interactions inevitably reflect social dominance relationships between individuals. How do we mentally represent such concepts? Studies show that social dominance is represented as vertical space (i.e. high = dominant) by adults and preschool children, suggesting a space-dominance representational link in social cognition. However, little is known about its early development. Here, we present experimental evidence that 12- to 16-month-old infants expect agents presented in a higher spatial position to be more socially dominant than agents in a lower spatial position. After infants repeatedly watched the higher and lower agents being presented simultaneously, they looked longer at the screen when the lower agent subsequently outcompeted the higher agent in securing a reward object, suggesting that this outcome violated their higher-is-dominant expectation. We first manipulated agents' positions by presenting them on a podium (experiment 1). Then we presented the agents on a double-decker stand to make their spatial positions directly above or below each other (experiment 2), and we replicated the results (experiment 3). This research demonstrates that infants expect spatially higher-positioned agents to be socially dominant, suggesting deep roots of the space-dominance link in ontogeny.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88872769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Biased movement drives local cryptic coloration on distinct urban pavements 有偏差的运动在不同的城市人行道上驱动着当地的隐色

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1343

P. Edelaar, Adrián Baños-Villalba, David P. Quevedo, Graciela Escudero, D. Bolnick, Aída Jordán-Andrade

{"title":"Biased movement drives local cryptic coloration on distinct urban pavements","authors":"P. Edelaar, Adrián Baños-Villalba, David P. Quevedo, Graciela Escudero, D. Bolnick, Aída Jordán-Andrade","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1343","url":null,"abstract":"Explanations of how organisms might adapt to urban environments have mostly focused on divergent natural selection and adaptive plasticity. However, differential habitat choice has been suggested as an alternative. Here, we test for habitat choice in enhancing crypsis in ground-perching grasshoppers colonizing an urbanized environment, composed of a mosaic of four distinctly coloured substrates (asphalt roads and adjacent pavements). Additionally, we determine its relative importance compared to present-day natural selection and phenotypic plasticity. We found that grasshoppers are very mobile, but nevertheless approximately match the colour of their local substrate. By manipulating grasshopper colour, we confirm that grasshoppers increase the usage of those urban substrates that resemble their own colours. This selective movement actively improves crypsis. Colour divergence between grasshoppers on different substrates is not or hardly owing to present-day natural selection, because observed mortality rates are too low to counteract random substrate use. Additional experiments also show negligible contributions from plasticity in colour. Our results confirm that matching habitat choice can be an important driver of adaptation to urban environments. In general, studies should more fully incorporate that individuals are not only selective targets (i.e. selected on by the environment), but also selective agents (i.e. selecting their own environments).","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"21 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86756067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

Highly heritable and functionally relevant breed differences in dog behaviour 犬类行为的高度遗传和功能相关的品种差异

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0716

E. MacLean, Noah Snyder‐Mackler, B. Vonholdt, J. Serpell

引用次数: 64

Immune stability predicts tuberculosis infection risk in a wild mammal 免疫稳定性预测野生哺乳动物感染结核病的风险

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1401

M. Seguel, B. Beechler, Courtney A. C. Coon, P. Snyder, Johannie M. Spaan, A. Jolles, V. Ezenwa

{"title":"Immune stability predicts tuberculosis infection risk in a wild mammal","authors":"M. Seguel, B. Beechler, Courtney A. C. Coon, P. Snyder, Johannie M. Spaan, A. Jolles, V. Ezenwa","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1401","url":null,"abstract":"Immunity is one of the most variable phenotypic traits in animals; however, some individuals may show less fluctuation in immune traits, resulting in stable patterns of immune variation over time. It is currently unknown whether immune variation has consequences for infectious disease risk. In this study, we identified moderately stable immune traits in wild African buffalo and asked whether the stability of these traits affected bovine tuberculosis (TB) infection risk. We found that adaptive immune traits such as the level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) released after white blood cell stimulation, the number of circulating lymphocytes and the level of antibodies against bovine adenovirus-3 were moderately repeatable (i.e. stable) over time, whereas parameters related to innate immunity either had low repeatability (circulating eosinophil numbers) or were not repeatable (e.g. neutrophil numbers, plasma bacteria killing capacity). Intriguingly, individuals with more repeatable IFN-γ and lymphocyte levels were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring TB infection. In stark contrast, average IFN-γ and lymphocyte levels were poor predictors of TB risk, indicating that immune variability rather than absolute response level better captured variation in disease susceptibility. This work highlights the important and under-appreciated role of immune variability as a predictor of infection risk.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76353422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Theory predicts plants grow roots to compete with only their closest neighbours 理论预测，植物长出根来，只是为了与它们最近的邻居竞争

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1129

C. Farrior

{"title":"Theory predicts plants grow roots to compete with only their closest neighbours","authors":"C. Farrior","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1129","url":null,"abstract":"The combination of individual-based selection with shared access to resources drives individuals to invest more than necessary in taking up their share of resources due to the threat of other individuals doing the same (competitive overinvestments). This evolutionary escalation of investment is common, from deer antlers and peacock feathers to tree height and plant roots. Because plant roots seem to be well intermingled belowground, the simplifying assumption that belowground resources are perfectly well mixed is often made in models—a condition that favours maximal fine-root overinvestments. Here, I develop simple models to investigate the role of space in determining the overlap among individuals belowground and resulting fine-root biomass. Without costs of growing roots through space, evolutionary optimization leads individuals to intermingle their fine roots perfectly and to invest just as much in these roots, whether there are two individuals competing or many. However, if there are any costs of sending roots through soil, investment in fine roots is constrained in amount and spatial extent. Dominant individuals are those that keep their roots in the soil closest to their own stem and the stems of their closest neighbours. These results highlight the importance of space in determining individual strategies as well as competitive networks.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"41 7‐8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91433492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

No evidence of positive assortative mating for genetic quality in fruit flies 没有证据表明果蝇的遗传质量有正向的分类交配

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1474

N. Sharp, M. Whitlock

{"title":"No evidence of positive assortative mating for genetic quality in fruit flies","authors":"N. Sharp, M. Whitlock","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1474","url":null,"abstract":"In sexual populations, the effectiveness of selection will depend on how gametes combine with respect to genetic quality. If gametes with deleterious alleles are likely to combine with one another, deleterious genetic variation can be more easily purged by selection. Assortative mating, where there is a positive correlation between parents in a phenotype of interest such as body size, is often observed in nature, but does not necessarily reveal how gametes ultimately combine with respect to genetic quality itself. We manipulated genetic quality in fruit fly populations using an inbreeding scheme designed to provide an unbiased measure of mating patterns. While inbred flies had substantially reduced reproductive success, their gametes did not combine with those of other inbred flies more often than expected by chance, indicating a lack of positive assortative mating. Instead, we detected a negative correlation in genetic quality between parents, i.e. disassortative mating, which diminished with age. This pattern is expected to reduce the genetic variance for fitness, diminishing the effectiveness of selection. We discuss how mechanisms of sexual selection could produce a pattern of disassortative mating. Our study highlights that sexual selection has the potential to either increase or decrease genetic load.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77667721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early evolution of the ossicular chain in Cetacea: into the middle ear gears of a semi-aquatic protocetid whale 鲸目动物听骨链的早期进化:半水生原鲸类鲸鱼的中耳

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1417

Mickaël J. Mourlam, M. Orliac

{"title":"Early evolution of the ossicular chain in Cetacea: into the middle ear gears of a semi-aquatic protocetid whale","authors":"Mickaël J. Mourlam, M. Orliac","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2019.1417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1417","url":null,"abstract":"Modifications of the morphology and acoustic properties of the ossicular chain are among the major changes that accompanied the adaptation of Cetacea to the aquatic environment. Thus, data on the middle ear ossicles of early whales are crucial clues to understand the first steps of the emblematic terrestrial/aquatic transition that occurred in that group. Yet, the delicate nature and very small size of these bones make their preservation in the fossil record extremely rare. Due to the scarcity of available data, major questions remain concerning the sound transmission pathways in early non-fully aquatic whales. Virtual reconstruction of a partially complete ossicular chain of an Eocene protocetid whale documents for the first time the three ossicles of a semi-aquatic archaeocete. Contrary to previous hypotheses, these ossicles present different evolutionary patterns, showing that the ossicular chain does not act as a single morphological module. Functional analyses of the different middle ear units highlight a mosaic pattern of terrestrial and aquatic signatures. This integrative anatomical and functional study brings strong evidence that protocetids were adapted to their dual acoustic environment with efficient hearing in both air and water.","PeriodicalId":20609,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74330674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2