Biased movement drives local cryptic coloration on distinct urban pavements

P. Edelaar, Adrián Baños-Villalba, David P. Quevedo, Graciela Escudero, D. Bolnick, Aída Jordán-Andrade
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引用次数: 22

Abstract

Explanations of how organisms might adapt to urban environments have mostly focused on divergent natural selection and adaptive plasticity. However, differential habitat choice has been suggested as an alternative. Here, we test for habitat choice in enhancing crypsis in ground-perching grasshoppers colonizing an urbanized environment, composed of a mosaic of four distinctly coloured substrates (asphalt roads and adjacent pavements). Additionally, we determine its relative importance compared to present-day natural selection and phenotypic plasticity. We found that grasshoppers are very mobile, but nevertheless approximately match the colour of their local substrate. By manipulating grasshopper colour, we confirm that grasshoppers increase the usage of those urban substrates that resemble their own colours. This selective movement actively improves crypsis. Colour divergence between grasshoppers on different substrates is not or hardly owing to present-day natural selection, because observed mortality rates are too low to counteract random substrate use. Additional experiments also show negligible contributions from plasticity in colour. Our results confirm that matching habitat choice can be an important driver of adaptation to urban environments. In general, studies should more fully incorporate that individuals are not only selective targets (i.e. selected on by the environment), but also selective agents (i.e. selecting their own environments).
有偏差的运动在不同的城市人行道上驱动着当地的隐色
关于生物如何适应城市环境的解释主要集中在不同的自然选择和适应可塑性上。然而,不同的生境选择已被建议作为一种选择。在这里,我们测试了栖息地选择,以增强居住在城市化环境中的地面栖息蚱蜢的隐密性,该环境由四种不同颜色的基材(沥青道路和相邻的人行道)组成。此外,我们确定其相对重要性与当今的自然选择和表型可塑性。我们发现蚱蜢是非常灵活的,但尽管如此,它们的颜色与当地基质的颜色大致相符。通过操纵蚱蜢的颜色,我们确认蚱蜢增加了那些与它们自己颜色相似的城市基质的使用。这种选择性运动积极地改善了隐蔽性。蚱蜢在不同底物上的颜色差异不是或几乎不是由于当今的自然选择,因为观察到的死亡率太低,无法抵消随机底物的使用。另外的实验也表明,颜色的可塑性所起的作用可以忽略不计。我们的研究结果证实,匹配的栖息地选择可以成为适应城市环境的重要驱动力。总的来说,研究应该更充分地考虑到个体不仅是选择性的目标(即被环境选择),而且是选择性的动因(即选择自己的环境)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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