Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-07-08DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3706889
Francesco De Paulis;Richard Mellitz;Brandon T. Gore;Kemal Aygün;Ajay Balankutty;Luis Boluña;John Calvin;Mike Resso
{"title":"Breaking the Barrier of 200 Gb/s and Beyond for Electrical Transmission Systems: Channel Design, Optimization, and Verification","authors":"Francesco De Paulis;Richard Mellitz;Brandon T. Gore;Kemal Aygün;Ajay Balankutty;Luis Boluña;John Calvin;Mike Resso","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3706889","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3706889","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid expansion of AI-driven internet and data center infrastructure is placing unprecedented demands on the physical layer of next-generation communication systems. Increasing bandwidth requirements, higher interconnect densities, and growing complexity in system architectures are driving the need for signaling technologies operating beyond 200 Gb/s per lane. As data rates continue to scale, maintaining signal integrity becomes increasingly challenging due to reduced system margins, increasing channel loss, package and interconnect effects, and the growing influence of noise and jitter mechanisms. These challenges require new approaches for channel design, performance prediction, optimization, and experimental validation to ensure robust system operation. This work presents a comprehensive analysis of innovative solutions for the design, optimization, performance prediction, and verification of channels operating beyond 200 Gb/s. An evolution of the channel operating margin (COM) methodology is proposed to overcome existing limitations in accuracy and applicability at higher signaling rates. Key aspects of next-generation channel design are examined, including printed circuit board (PCB) materials and loss budgets, package interconnect structures and topologies, and serializer/deserializer (SERDES) architectures, providing a broad overview of technological approaches that may enable future high-speed artificial intelligence (AI) and data communication systems. In addition, critical challenges associated with experimental verification of signaling beyond 200 Gb/s are investigated, particularly in relation to noise and jitter characterization, and the corresponding solutions for establishing reliable measurement methodologies are proposed. Several practical test cases are presented to validate the proposed analysis and verification techniques.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 3","pages":"461-483"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11599451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148415096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-08-28DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3723748
{"title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3723748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2026.3723748","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 5","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11672235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-07-02DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3705899
Mohamed Seliem;Utz Roedig;Mahin Ahmed;Raheeb Muzaffar;Damir Hamidovic;Armin Hadziaganovic;Cormac J. Sreenan;Dirk Pesch
{"title":"Wireless Clock Synchronization: A Comprehensive Survey and Taxonomy","authors":"Mohamed Seliem;Utz Roedig;Mahin Ahmed;Raheeb Muzaffar;Damir Hamidovic;Armin Hadziaganovic;Cormac J. Sreenan;Dirk Pesch","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3705899","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3705899","url":null,"abstract":"Precise clock synchronization underpins deterministic operation in wireless systems spanning industrial automation, vehicular networks, distributed extended reality (XR), smart infrastructure, and wide-area precision agriculture. Wireless links introduce variable propagation delays, channel asymmetry, interference, clock drift, and scalability constraints that make sub-microsecond alignment difficult. This article provides a comprehensive survey and tutorial on wireless clock synchronization. We introduce a five-dimension taxonomy covering: system architecture, synchronization mechanism, correction strategy, delay and uncertainty modeling, and resource and deployment class, and apply it to eight canonical protocol families and to synchronization as realized across IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee, Bluetooth low energy (BLE), LoRa, Wi-Fi, Ultrawide band (UWB), and 4G/5G/6G systems. We examine solutions across five application domains: industrial automation and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), vehicular V2X, distributed XR and metaverse, infrastructure monitoring, and wide-area Internet of Things (IoT) and precision agriculture; alongside tools, testbeds, and datasets supporting evaluation. Open challenges addressed include scalability and mobility, ultralow-jitter determinism, robust clock parameter estimation under non-Gaussian delay distributions, distributed and consensus-based synchronization for infrastructure-free networks, secure and resilient synchronization against wireless-specific threats, and cross-domain convergence encompassing time-sensitive networking (TSN)–5G/6G interoperability and joint communication, sensing, and timing as an emerging 6G design paradigm. Together, these contributions provide the first unified cross-technology framework connecting fundamentals, protocol families, application domains, and open research challenges in wireless clock synchronization.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 3","pages":"425-460"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11593973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148372260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-08-03DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3713201
Zihong He;Weizhe Lin;Hao Zheng;Fan Zhang;Matt W. Jones;Laurence Aitchison;Xuhai Xu;Miao Liu;Hai-Ning Liang;Per Ola Kristensson;Junxiao Shen
{"title":"Human-Inspired Perspectives: A Survey on AI Long-Term Memory","authors":"Zihong He;Weizhe Lin;Hao Zheng;Fan Zhang;Matt W. Jones;Laurence Aitchison;Xuhai Xu;Miao Liu;Hai-Ning Liang;Per Ola Kristensson;Junxiao Shen","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3713201","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3713201","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid advancement of AI systems, their abilities to store, retrieve, and utilize information over the long term—referred to as long-term memory—have become increasingly significant. These capabilities are crucial for enhancing the performance of AI systems across a wide range of tasks. However, there is currently no comprehensive survey that systematically investigates AI’s long-term memory capabilities, formulates a theoretical framework, and inspires the development of next-generation AI long-term memory systems. This article begins by introducing the mechanisms of human long-term memory, then explores AI long-term memory mechanisms, establishing a mapping between the two. Based on the mapping relationships identified, we extend the current cognitive architectures and propose the cognitive architecture of self-adaptive long-term memory (SALM). SALM provides a theoretical framework for the practice of AI long-term memory and holds potential for guiding the creation of next-generation long-term memory-driven AI systems. Finally, we delve into the future directions and application prospects of AI long-term memory.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 3","pages":"484-515"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148682385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-08-28DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3723754
{"title":"IEEE Membership","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3723754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2026.3723754","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 5","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11671554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-07-29DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3711369
Liang Yu;Haoyu Fang;Goran Strbac;Dawei Qiu;Dong Yue;Xiaohong Guan;Gerhard P. Hancke
{"title":"A Review of Hydrogen-Enabled Resilience Enhancement for Multienergy Systems","authors":"Liang Yu;Haoyu Fang;Goran Strbac;Dawei Qiu;Dong Yue;Xiaohong Guan;Gerhard P. Hancke","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3711369","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3711369","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring resilience in multienergy systems (MESs) has become increasingly urgent and challenging due to the growing frequency and severity of extreme events, such as natural disasters, extreme weather, and cyber–physical attacks. Among the various approaches to enhancing MES resilience, hydrogen integration offers significant potential in cross-temporal, cross-spatial, and cross-sector flexibility, as well as black-start capability. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to this area, a systematic review of resilience enhancement in hydrogen-enabled MESs (HMESs) is still lacking. To address this gap, this article presents a comprehensive review of HMES resilience enhancement. First, advantages, vulnerabilities, and challenges related to HMES resilience enhancement are summarized. Next, a resilience enhancement framework for HMESs is proposed, based on which existing resilience metrics and event-oriented contingency models are reviewed and discussed. Planning measures are then classified according to the types of hydrogen-related facilities, together with uncertainty handling methods, scenario generation methods, and planning problem formulation frameworks. In addition, operational enhancement measures are categorized into three response stages: prevention, emergency response, and restoration. Finally, research gaps are identified, and future directions are discussed, including comprehensive resilience metric design, advanced extreme-event scenario generation, spatiotemporal cyber–physical contingency modeling under compound extreme events, coordinated planning and operation across multiple networks and timescales, low-carbon resilient planning and operation, and large language model (LLM)-assisted whole-process resilience enhancement.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 5","pages":"773-802"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148623930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-08-13DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3719796
Masoud Dorvash;Mohammad Alaee-Kerahroodi;Bhavani Shankar Mysore;Björn Ottersten;Christian Waldschmidt;A. Lee Swindlehurst;Reinhard Feger
{"title":"Recent Advances in Millimeter-Wave 4-D Imaging Radars: A Leap Toward Massive MIMO in Sensing","authors":"Masoud Dorvash;Mohammad Alaee-Kerahroodi;Bhavani Shankar Mysore;Björn Ottersten;Christian Waldschmidt;A. Lee Swindlehurst;Reinhard Feger","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3719796","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3719796","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in millimeter-wave (mmWave) radar technology have made it possible for radars to generate image-like observations, a capability that was previously challenging to achieve. These radar-generated images can be 4-D (azimuth and elevation angles + range + Doppler) if the sensor offers sufficiently fine spatial resolution. Angular resolution is the system’s ability to distinguish between objects that are in close angular proximity, while range discrimination is achieved through the large bandwidth supported by mmWave frequencies. By employing a substantial number of antenna elements, mmWave radars can perform beamforming in both transmit and receive directions, reducing interference and significantly improving spatial resolution. This allows the sensor to capture detailed information about an object’s distance, velocity, and 2-D angular position. Such capabilities are critical for applications like autonomous driving (AD), in-car monitoring, industrial automation, medical imaging, and security surveillance. This article explores emerging 4-D multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) imaging radar technology, highlighting its potential for cost-efficient, high-resolution image-like radar observations. It examines available sensors, their design methodologies, sensing robustness, and gaps in the current application of MIMO radar. In addition, the realization of massive MIMO radars through sparse and virtual array configurations is explored in this work. This study also considers potential new features and advancements in the field. Key topics include signal processing and array configuration design, both essential for optimizing radar performance. In addition, this article addresses various challenges and showcases ongoing industry efforts driving innovation in 4-D MIMO imaging radar systems.","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 5","pages":"740-772"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11654526","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148728589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-08-28DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3724311
{"title":"IEEE Foundation","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3724311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2026.3724311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 5","pages":"804-804"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11671555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2026-08-12DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3712624
{"title":"Proceedings of the IEEE: Stay Informed. Become Inspired.","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3712624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2026.3712624","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 3","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11653043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proceedings of the IEEEPub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-07-17DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2026.3700754
{"title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3700754","DOIUrl":"10.1109/JPROC.2026.3700754","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20556,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","volume":"114 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":30.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11613555","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148476031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}