Presse Medicale最新文献

{"title":"The Spanish flu","authors":"Patrick Berche","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Spanish flu occurred at the end of the First world war, in disastrous epidemiological conditions on populations exhausted by four years of war. At that time, there were no vaccines, no antibiotics, no oxygen and no resuscitation. It was even thought that the infectious agent was a bacterium. Humanity was poorly equipped to fight against a pandemic that caused 50–100 million deaths. The first palpable signs of the outbreak were the rapidly spreading multiple epidemics among young recruits in the American military training camps in March 1918. The flu then spread to the civilian populations and circled the globe twice, sparing no country, even the most remote islands, in tropical as well as polar climates, evolving in successive waves up until April 1919. The first was mild (lethality 0.21%), the second was lethal (lethality 2–4%), and during the third wave, lethality declined (1%), after which the flu became seasonal, with low lethality (0.1%). Between 20 and 40 years of age, patients often died within a few days of pneumonia, with respiratory distress leading to cyanosis, frequently associated with bacterial superinfection. The influenza virus, <em>Myxovirus influenzae</em>, was first discovered in 1931 by Richard Shope in pigs, and then in 1933 by Wilson Smith, Patrick Laidlaw and Christopher Andrews in humans during a seasonal influenza epidemic in London. In 1943, it was first observed under the electron microscope. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, the two main virulence factors, were discovered in the 1940s by George Hirst and Alfred Gottschalk. An RNA virus composed of 13,500 nucleotides in eight segments, it was initially sequenced in the 1980s, when Jeffrey Taubenberger determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 1918 virus from lung tissue samples from patients who died of influenza. The 1918 H1N1 virus was found to have originated in birds. In 2005, it was successfully resuscitated in cell culture. It is 40,000 times more virulent in primates than the seasonal H1N1 virus. The lethality of the second wave could have been due to mutations in the hemagglutinin H1 gene, which would have resulted in a stronger affinity for α,2–6 galactose sialic acids, the virus' receptors on human epithelial cells. That said, the origin of the Spanish flu virus remains controversial. It probably emerged and circulated in the population before March 1918 in America, although European origin has also been evoked. The high mortality in the 20–40 age group remains an enigma. Some experts point to reduced immune response in patients previously exposed to related viral hemagglutinins during the 1889 pandemic. In any event, even though it concerns a markedly different virus, the history of the Spanish flu sheds light on the difficulties of management during today's pandemic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000203/pdfft?md5=4ff1f7a00e23f1e95f7ba5b3283622a3&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000203-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10715046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of pulmonary sequelae of tuberculosis","authors":"Giovanni Battista Migliori ,&nbsp;Jose’ Caminero Luna ,&nbsp;Xhevat Kurhasani ,&nbsp;Martin van den Boom ,&nbsp;Dina Visca ,&nbsp;Lia D'Ambrosio ,&nbsp;Rosella Centis ,&nbsp;Simon Tiberi","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tuberculosis (TB), known as the White Plague’ is of great significance to humanity for the magnitude of morbidity and mortality it has generated over centuries from the very start of human civilization. In this Review, we will describe the history of prevention (vaccination and management of TB infection), diagnosis, treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation of post-treatment sequelae. The article leads the reader through the main discoveries which paved the way to the modern approach to TB prevention and care. The history of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and of the diagnosis and treatment of TB infection are presented, together with that of diagnosis and treatment of TB disease. Pivotal was in 1882 the discovery by Robert Koch of the aetiological agent of TB, and his pioneering work in culturing the bacillus and developing tuberculin. Also of enormous importance was, in 1895, the discovery of the X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, discovery which paved the way to the development of the modern imaging technologies.</p><p>To complement this, the more recent history of rehabilitation of post-treatment sequelae is summarized, given the importance this issue has on patients’ wellbeing and Quality of Life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000057/pdfft?md5=ab17639060cdd7bced214871709fa416&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000057-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10714375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of measles","authors":"Patrick Berche","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Measles is a highly contagious viral disease transmitted by aerosols through human-to-human contact. It is often considered as a benign disease, although mortality remains high in developing countries (&gt;5%). Frequent complications (diarrhea, otitis, pneumonia, encephalitis) can be observed. The disease mainly affects young children from 5 to 6 months of age with a mortality peak in the first three years of life. The Persian physician Rhazes gave the first clinical description of the disease in the 10th century, clearly differentiating it from smallpox. Measles spread worldwide from the Renaissance. Its epidemiology was remarkably studied in 1846 by a Danish physician, Peter Panum, during an epidemic in the Faroe Islands. The viral nature of this disease was demonstrated in 1911 and the virus was identified in 1954 by Thomas Peebles and John Enders. It is a morbillivirus (family <em>Paramyxoviridae</em>), also responsible for rinderpest (ovine, bovine), distemper (canine, feline), and epidemic diseases of dolphins, porpoises and seals. The current measles virus appeared recently from the rinderpest virus around the 6th century BCE. It has adapted perfectly to the human species, becoming strictly human, without animal reservoirs. A live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1958 by Enders' team after numerous passages in cell cultures. The vaccine was licensed in the United States in 1963 and is used on a large scale by the WHO throughout the world. This highly effective and well-tolerated vaccine has greatly reduced the number of measles cases and saved millions of lives. Measles remains a major public health concern, causing over 100,000 deaths per year worldwide. Today, the most affected continents remain Africa, South America and Asia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000422/pdfft?md5=a01bdd30ec430de62de4f0824d067749&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000422-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10351247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A brief history of malaria","authors":"François Nosten ,&nbsp;Dominique Richard-Lenoble ,&nbsp;Martin Danis","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For millions of years, invertebrates and malaria parasites have coexisted and to date, malaria remains the most important human parasitic disease. This co-evolution had profound impacts on the movements of early hominids and on the genome of modern humans. Over the past two centuries, progress has been made with the discovery of the parasite, its transmission, and medicines, paving the way to the control of the disease and its elimination in some countries. However, the <em>Plasmodium</em> parasite is a formidable foe capable of developing resistance to drugs, and the mosquito vector has adapted to insecticides, foiling all attempts to eradicate the disease. Over recent years the economic and social costs of malaria have been recognized and more funds have been mobilized than ever before, however further efforts are needed. National programs, international institutions and researchers will need to do better if the preventable deaths of hundreds of thousands of mostly African children are to be averted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000239/pdfft?md5=622323416effe5db438a1583e1f0ec4e&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000239-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10408785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of the plague of 1720-1722, in Marseille","authors":"Michel Signoli","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The plague epidemic of 1720-1722 had a profound effect on the history of the city of Marseille. A subject of numerous scientific studies and a source of inspiration for novels, one of the last great European epidemics is well-documented. In this article, we have sought to draw on the numerous documents left by the administrative services of the time or by the writings of survivors recounting their vision of the situation. We have completed this historical approach by referring to the study of mass graves of plague victims and will show how the simultaneous reading of two types of archives (historical and biological) can provide better anthropological knowledge of epidemic phenomena. The perspectives of interdisciplinary approaches to past infectious diseases are numerous, notably with the contributions of paleomicrobiology and genomics, and are particularly relevant today's health context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000318/pdfft?md5=c61a0490951223d3716d2dd55fb8f512&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000318-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10870107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV / AIDS as a model for emerging infectious disease: Origin, dating and circumstances of an emblematic epidemiological success","authors":"Francis Barin","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In June 1981, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) \"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\" described the first cases of what was to be known as the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Two years later, the agent responsible for the disease, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was identified. Since then, according to the World Health Organization an estimated 40 million people have died from the disease. Where does this virus come from, and why such an emergence in the late 20th century? These are the questions that it is now possible to answer in large part thanks to the numerous studies published over a little more than three decades. As with other emerging infectious diseases, initial cross-species transmission from an animal reservoir and subsequent favorable sociological factors associated with the evolution of human societies have led to the spread of a dramatic disease, for which no vaccine is presently available.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000215/pdfft?md5=aacf1d4b815a02d4b22bb5131417a910&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000215-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10346000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life and death of smallpox","authors":"Patrick Berche","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Smallpox is an ancient scourge known since the Antiquity. It is caused by a highly contagious airborne poxvirus. This strictly human disease exists in two forms: <em>variola major</em> (Asian smallpox) with mortality of 20–45%, and an attenuated form called <em>variola minor</em> or alatrim with mortality of 1–2%, which only recently appeared in Europe and America towards the end of the 19th century. The first smallpox pandemic was the \"Antonine plague\", which swept through the Roman Empire in the 2nd century AD, after which smallpox became endemic in the Old World, causing seasonal and regional epidemics in Europe, affecting mostly young children until the 19th century. The discovery of the New World in 1492 and the opening of the African slave trade favored in 1518 the contamination by smallpox of the native Amerindian populations, who were massively decimated during the following centuries. In the absence of any effective treatment, preventive methods were developed from the 18th century. First, variolation was used, a dangerous procedure that consists in inoculating intradermally a small quantity of virus from convalescent patients. In the early 19th century, Edward Jenner popularized the practice of inoculating cowpox, a mild cow disease. This procedure proved to be very effective and relatively safe, leading to the decline of smallpox during the 19th century. In the 20th century, a ten-year WHO vaccination campaign led to the total eradication of smallpox in 1977. During that century, smallpox caused an estimated 300–500 million deaths worldwide. Using molecular approach, it has been discovered that the smallpox virus emerged 3000–4000 years ago in East Africa and is closely related to the taterapox virus from African gerbils and to the camelpox virus, which causes variola in camelids. Today, smallpox virus strains are stored in freezers at the CDC in Atlanta and at the Vector Center in Koltsovo, Siberia. That is why smallpox remains a potential threat to the highly susceptible human species, as a result of an accident or malicious use of the virus as a biological weapon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 104117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0755498222000100/pdfft?md5=88b7ec71ef3423cc5895ad56bdfca1a9&pid=1-s2.0-S0755498222000100-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10408251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adrenal functional imaging","authors":"Rudolf A. Werner ,&nbsp;Andreas Schirbel ,&nbsp;Andreas K. Buck ,&nbsp;Martin Fassnacht ,&nbsp;Stefanie Hahner","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Given the more widespread use of conventional imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging or </span>computed tomography, recent years have witnessed an increased rate of </span>incidental findings<span> in the adrenal gland and those adrenal masses can be either of benign or malignant origin. In this regard, routinely conducted morphological imaging cannot always reliably distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous lesions. As such, those incidental adrenal masses trigger further diagnostic work-up, including molecular functional imaging providing a non-invasive read-out on a sub-cellular level. For instance, [</span></span>¹⁸<span>F]FDG positron emission tomography<span><span><span> (PET) as a marker of glucose consumption has been widely utilized to distinguish between malignant vs benign adrenal lesions. In addition, more adrenal cortex-targeted </span>radiotracers for PET or </span>single photon emission computed tomography<span><span><span><span> have entered the clinical arena, e.g., Iodometomidate or IMAZA, which are targeting CYP11B enzymes, or Pentixafor identifying CXCR4 in adrenal tissue. All these tracers are used for diagnosing tumors deriving from the </span>adrenal cortex. Furthermore, radiolabeled </span>MIBG, </span>DOPA<span>, and DOTATOC/-TATE are radiotracers that are quite helpful in detecting pheochromocytomas<span> originating from the adrenal medulla. Of note, after having quantified the retention capacities of the target </span></span></span></span></span><em>in-vivo</em><span><span>, such radiotracers have the potential to be used as anti-cancer therapeutics by using their therapeutic equivalents in a theranostic setting. The present review will summarize the current advent of established and recently introduced molecular image biomarkers for investigating adrenal masses and highlight its transformation beyond providing functional status towards image-guided therapeutic approaches, in particular in patients afflicted with </span>adrenocortical carcinoma.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 2","pages":"Article 104114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10340255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter on the article “Long-COVID: Cognitive deficits (brain fog) and brain lesions in nonhospitalized patients”","authors":"Rujittika Mungmunpuntipantip ,&nbsp;Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104122","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 2","pages":"Article 104122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9046099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10394592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional imaging for evaluation of cancers and biologically conformal radiotherapy: Past-history and present-day perspectives.","authors":"Jean LUMBROSO","doi":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Over the past twenty years, nuclear medicine has enhanced the role of functional imaging in cancerology. A major milestone was achieved in the early 2000s with widespread availability of the positron emitter tracer 18F- </span>deoxyglucose<span> (FDG) and the introduction of hybrid imagers, i.e. positron imagers coupled with an X CT, providing anatomical landmarks and potently contributing to attenuation and scatter correction of the images. Other technical advances have progressively increased the quality of positron images. To date, the most widely used tracer remains FDG, which is highly beneficial in terms of sensitivity and specificity in detection of tumor sites, also providing biological information on tumors and early evaluation of treatment response for most cancers. Other highly specific tracers have been developed and are now routinely used for </span></span>pheochromocytoma<span> and paraganglioma<span>, neuroendocrine tumors, and </span></span></span>prostate cancer.</p><p><span>Biological Radiotherapy has two aspects: Internal radiotherapy consisting in administration of a tumor-specific molecule radiolabeled with an isotope delivering an adequate radiation dose to the targeted tumor sites (on the model of thyroid cancer treated with radioiodine) and </span>external radiotherapy designed to determine tumor volume, assess response and to dose radiation according to the tumor characteristics shown by functional imaging.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20530,"journal":{"name":"Presse Medicale","volume":"51 2","pages":"Article 104124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10707218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}