SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"PACE in Texas: The Future of Contractual Assessment Financing for Conservation Improvements","authors":"Jeremy Brown","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2315337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2315337","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty-eight states have passed Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) enabling legislation but most – including Texas – do not have fully operational PACE programs. In some instances, this failure of PACE law to translate into concrete action may be due to drafting defects or to evolving PACE best practices that have rendered early-adopted laws obsolescent. In other instances, it may stem from the chilling effect of actions by mortgage regulators.In March 2013, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals resolved the last of a series of legal challenges against mortgage regulators, establishing a period of at least temporary regulatory stability. Meanwhile, PACE supporters have continued to trumpet the investment and environmental opportunities in commercial, industrial and multifamily real estate retrofits. Several states have tried to capture these tailwinds by adopting or amending PACE statutes in ways that facilitate non-residential PACE and incorporate lessons learned from pilot programs and recent policy debates.Texas is such a state. Bills introduced this legislative session – S.B. 385 and H.B. 1094 – would reconfigure PACE statutes first enacted in 2009 by expanding PACE to encompass water conservation and steering financing toward commercial, industrial and multifamily properties. If they pass, the bills could serve as a blueprint for other states that either have not passed PACE legislation or have PACE laws on the books that have yet to spawn actual PACE programs.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124731636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capital Rigidities, Latent Externalities","authors":"Shi-Ling Hsu","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2223790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2223790","url":null,"abstract":"Capital, one of two fundamental inputs to production, is critical to economic growth. As such, legal rules and institutions generally seek to create more of it, and also seek to protect existing capital. However, capital is often durable, and during the natural life of capital, information may emerge that point to negative externalities, or to superior alternatives. A problem arises because legal rules and institutions tend to over-promote the formation of capital (mostly by subsidizing it), and over-protect existing capital. This has the effect of both creating too much capital and too large capital. Consequently, new regulation or policy change becomes more difficult, as capital owners will have a larger stake to defend, and will expend more resources to resist regulation or policy reform. By enacting legal rules to promote and protect capital, developed societies have unwittingly erected barriers to policy reform. Over time, economies have become less efficient, less nimble, and the source of more litigation. This argument has special application to energy industries and to environmental problems.This article examines rules surrounding the formation and protection of three forms of capital: physical, human, and social. All of these three forms of capital have the potential to be durable, generate a long-lived stream of benefits, and block policy reform. This article sets out a simple model illustrating how legal rules and institutions over-promote and over-protect these forms of capital, and how and when they block policy reform.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115367457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poder De Mercado En Mercados Spot De Generación Eléctrica: Metodología Para Su Análisis (Market Power in Electric Energy Generation Spot Markets: Analysis Methodology)","authors":"John García, Santiago Bohórquez, Gustavo Adolfo López, F. Marín","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2393226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2393226","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Despues de analizar las experiencias internacionales relacionadas con el monitoreo y control de poder de mercado, se establece una metodologia acorde a las caracteristicas del pool electrico en Colombia, la cual permite hacer seguimiento sobre comportamientos estrategicos respecto al precio en bolsa en este mercado. Se propone un modelo exponencial para la funcion de oferta en el pool basado en un modelo de precios spot, explicado por los costos, las condiciones climaticas, las intervenciones de la Comision de Regulacion de Energia y Gas, la demanda diaria, las cantidades generadas y el precio historico. Por medio de una convolucion (tecnica similar a la de un Filtro de Kalman) sobre los precios historicos se estiman los parametros y elasticidades dinamicas asociadas a las cantidades que determinan el comportamiento del precio en bolsa. A su vez, estas estimaciones son utilizadas en la estructura de beneficios en un modelo de Cournot, de competencia en cantidades, que evidencia el efecto positivo, via disminucion del precio de bolsa, de mayores niveles de contratos a futuros en el pool electrico colombiano.English Abstract: After analyzing international experiences related with power market monitoring and controlling, a methodology based on Colombia´s electric pool characteristics is presented. This method allows following strategic behavior about stock price in this market. An exponential model is proposed for the pool supply function based on a spot prices model, explained by costs, weather conditions, Commission of Gas and Energy Regulation interventions, daily demand, generated quantities and historical price. Through a convolution (similar to Kalman´s filter technique) about historical prices, parameters and associated dynamic elasticity related with quantities that specify the stock price behavior are estimated. These estimations are also used for structuring profits of a Cournot model, quantities competition, that evidence the positive effect, by stock price diminishing, of higher future contracting levels in the Colombia´s electric pool.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"3 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120850984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CAREC (Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation) 의 현황과 한국의 협력 방안 (Development of CAREC and Implications for Korea )","authors":"Young Kwan Jo, Jinhong Joo, Sang-Jun Lee, Weon-Yong Sung","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2337371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2337371","url":null,"abstract":"중앙아시아 국가들은 해양에 접하지 않은 내륙에 위치한 국가라는 공통의 특징을 가지고 있다. 내륙국이라는 특징으로 인해 중앙아시아 국가들은 무엇보다 대외적인 정치, 경제, 사회 활동에서 어려움을 겪는다. 특히, 경제적인 측면에서의 문제는 국가 경제 발전과 국민들의 경제활동에 큰 장애가 되고 있다. 도로나 철도를 이용한 육상 상품 교역을 위해서는 이웃 국가를 통해야 한다. 또한 국민들의 생존과 국가 경제 발전에 필수적인 석유나 가스 등의 에너지 자원을 공급받는 것에도 어려움에 직면한다. 안정적인 석유와 가스의 공급을 위해서는 막대한 투자 비용과 장기간의 건설 과정이 필요한 송유관, 가스관이 건설되어야 하기 때문이다. 따라서 신흥공업국가들로서 경제가 크게 발전하지 못한 이 국가들은 독자적으로 인프라 시설이나 에너지 수송로에 투자할 여력을 갖지 못한 경우가 많으며, 내륙국의 지리경제적 문제점들을 극복하지 못하고 있다. 또한 이러한 특징으로 인해 내륙국들은 이웃에 위치한 강대국들에 대해 정치, 경제적으로 예속당할 가능성을 가진다. 인접한 강대국을 통해 대부분의 대외교역이 이루어질 수 있으며, 이에 따라 인접한 강대국이 내륙국의 경제에 크게 영향을 줄 가능성이 높기 때문이다. 실제로 중앙아시아 국가들은 소련 시기에는 러시아, 최근에는 중국이라는 강대국에 크게 의존하는 경제관계를 형성해 왔으며 향후에도 당분간 이러한 점은 크게 변동되지 않을 것으로 전망된다. 이처럼 내륙국들인 중앙아시아 국가들이 외부의 강력한 세력에 의해 크게 영향을 받는 것은 한편으로 중앙아시아 국가들간의 협력이 매우 필요하다는 것을 의미하기도 한다. 서로간의 정치적, 경제적 협력 없이는 내륙국가라는 단점을 극복하기 어렵기 때문이다. 이에 따라 지역내 협력을 위해 실제로 중앙아시아 국가들이 포함된 다양한 형태의 지역 경제, 정치 협력체가 설립되고 있다. 이러한 지역협력체에는 상하이 협력기구(SCO, Shanghai Cooperation Organization), 중앙아시아 협력기구(CACO, the Central Asian Cooperation Organization), 유라시아 경제공동체(EurAsEC, Eurasian Economic Community), 중앙아시아 지역협력체(CAREC, Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation) 등이 있다. 이 협력체들은 다양한 형태와 목적을 가지고 있으나 지역내의 협력을 통해 당면한 문제점을 해결하고, 극복하기 위한 공통의 목표를 가진다는 점에서 공통점이 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 중앙아시아 협력체 가운데 중앙아시아 지역경제협력체(CAREC, Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation)를 연구하였다. CAREC은 최근 중앙아시아 지역경제협력 기구들 가운데 활발한 활동을 통해 영향력을 확대하고 있다. 1997년에 설립된 CAREC은 10개 가입국과 6개 다자기구로 구성된 광범위한 조직으로 아제르바이잔, 카자흐스탄, 키르기스스탄, 타지키스탄, 우즈베키스탄, 투르크메니스탄 등의 중앙아시아 국가들과 중국, 몽골, 아프가니스탄, 파키스탄 등 10개국이 가입하고 있다. 6개 국제기구로는 ADB, 유럽부흥개발은행(EBRD), 국제통화기금(IMF), 이슬람개발은행(IDB), 유엔개발계획(UNDP), 세계은행(WB) 등이 참여하고 있으며, 이 기구들 가운데 ADB가 CAREC 사무국 역할을 하고 있다. CAREC이 추진하고 있는 사업 규모는 2001년 6개의 프로젝트 약 2억 5000만 달러에서 2011년에는 누적 규모로 100여개 프로젝트의 170억 달러에 달할 정도로 크게 발전하여 왔다. All Central Asian countries have the distinction of being landlocked. This twist of geographical fate, unfortunately, has become the source of the many regional political, social, and economic problems facing the region. In particular, the economic problems have become significant obstacles to the development of Central Asian countries and the economic activities of their populations. For example, land transportation must be made via roads and rails through the territory of neighboring countries. The stable supply of energy, which is essential for economic development and people’s survival, often depends on the good will and cooperation of adjacent countries through which pipelines that supply the oil and natural gas pass through. Generally, construction of these pipelines require much investment and long-term planning. However, these underdeveloped economies often do not have enough money to invest in infrastructures and energy transportation routes. In this respect, they are suffering from geoeconomic problems as a result of being landlocked. In addition, being landlocked makes these inland countries dependent on adjacent major powers economically and politically, as they can co","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122236926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Projection of the World Energy Consumption - In Comparison with the 2010 International Energy Outlook","authors":"Yu Sang Chang, Jinsoo Lee, Hyerim Yoon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1761094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1761094","url":null,"abstract":"A projection of future energy consumption is a vital input to many analyses of economic, energy, and environmental policies. We provide a benchmark projection which can be used to evaluate any other projection. Specifically, we base our projection of future energy consumption on its historical trend, which can be identified by an experience model. We compare our projection with forecasts by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) for eight countries—U.S., China, India, Brazil, Japan, South Korea, Canada, and Mexico. We find that the EIA's projections are lower than ours in the case of China, the U.S., India, Japan, and Mexico. This indicates that for these five countries, the EIA uses assumptions which cannot be rationalized by historical data.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126226381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the Future of Green Powered Economies","authors":"Juan Bernardo Moreno Cruz, M. S. Taylor","doi":"10.3386/W18236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W18236","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of power density [Watts/m²] into economics. By introducing an explicit spatial structure into a simple general equilibrium model we are able to show how the power density of available energy resources determines the extent of energy exploitation, the density of urban agglomerations, and the peak level of income per capita. Using a simple Malthusian model to sort population across geographic space we demonstrate how the density of available energy supplies creates density in energy demands by agglomerating economic activity. We label this result the density-creates-density hypothesis and evaluate it using data from pre and post fossil-fuel England from 1086 to 1801.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121661965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aftermath of the VAT Fraud on Carbon Emissions Markets","authors":"Marius-Christian Frunza","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2070927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2070927","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to recognize the effect of the VAT fraud upon the market prices and to assess the occurrence of money laundering on the carbon emissions market. We present an analytic breakdown of the MTIC pocketed funds and estimate the bearish impact of the VAT trade on the carbon prices. The VAT carousel could be also used for all the steps of money laundering given the lack of control and surveillance of various trading firms.In a previous work (Frunza and Guegan, 2010), we showed that the European carbon market is strongly influenced by fundamentals factors as oil, energy, gas, coal and equities. Using public market prices and volumes for both futures and spot exchanges the model allows us to assess and quantify the spread between the observed carbon prices and the theoretical fundamental prices. The dataset analysis reveals that the spot volumes remained abnormally high compared to an empirical economic level even after the end of the VAT fraud on the organised exchange. These abnormal volumes could be explained by the occurrence of speculative trading linked to the money laundering. Findings present an analytic breakdown of the MTIC pocketed funds and a bearish impact of 2-3 euros upon the carbon prices. We explain also the origin of a relative persistence of high volumes on the spot market, by proposing a model of placement, layering and integration steps on the carbon emissions market, similar with the VAT carousel.This paper is the first study that quantifies the market manipulation effect due to VAT fraud. The work is also unique as it provides with the first estimation of money laundered on the carbon emission market.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122645625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Policy with Externalities and Internalities","authors":"Hunt Allcott, S. Mullainathan, Dmitry Taubinsky","doi":"10.1016/J.JPUBECO.2014.01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPUBECO.2014.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119170170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Unified Analysis of Emissions and Energy Market Interactions Across the EU","authors":"M. Cummins, Patrick o'Shea, K. Lyons","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2008972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2008972","url":null,"abstract":"Insights are offered into the interactions of EUA and CER emissions prices with key energy markets across the EU. A wide range of regional gas and power markets, in addition to global oil markets, are considered. Power prices are broken down by base, peak and off-peak to account for regional differences in generation. Significant interactions are shown to exist in Phase II of the EU ETS. NBP and Zeebrugge gas markets are shown to Granger cause both EUA and CER prices. Furthermore, it is shown that the Polish, German, Italian, Dutch and Austrian power markets exert a causal effect on EUA and CER markets through base and peak prices in particular. Rationalising these observations, Poland and Germany are shown to be heavily dependent on coal for power generation, whereas Italy, the Netherlands and Austria are significantly dependent on a mix of coal, oil and gas.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121849372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Emission Policies in Key Economies","authors":"Productivity Commission","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2006078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2006078","url":null,"abstract":"The Australian Government asked the Productivity Commission to undertake a study on the ‘effective’ carbon prices that result from emissions and energy reduction policies in Australia and other key economies (the UK, USA, Germany, New Zealand, China, India, Japan and South Korea). The Commissions research report, released 9 June 2011, provides a stocktake of the large number of policy measures in the electricity generation and road transport sectors of the countries studied. And it provides estimates of the burdens associated with these policies in each country and the abatement achieved. While the results are based on a robust methodology, data limitations have meant that some estimates could only be indicative. More than 1000 carbon policy measures were identified in the nine countries studied, ranging from (limited) emissions trading schemes to policies that support particular types of abatement technology. While these disparate measures cannot be expressed as an equivalent single price on greenhouse gas emissions, all policies impose costs that someone must pay. The Commission has interpreted ‘effective’ carbon prices broadly to mean the cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions — the ‘price’ of abatement achieved by particular policies. The estimated cost per unit of abatement achieved varied widely, both across programs within each country and in aggregate across countries. The relative cost effectiveness of price-based approaches is illustrated for Australia by stylized modelling that suggests that the abatement from existing policies for electricity could have been achieved at a fraction of the cost. The estimated price effects of supply-side policies have generally been modest, other than for electricity in Germany and the UK. Such price uplifts are of some relevance to assessing carbon leakage and competitiveness impacts, but are very preliminary and substantially more information would be required.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"32 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114100398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}