SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Climate Change Awareness: Empirical Evidence for the European Union","authors":"D. Baiardi, C. Morana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3513061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3513061","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we assess public attitudes on climate change in Europe over the last decade. Using aggregate figures from the Special Eurobarometer surveys on Climate Change, we find that climate change attitudes have evolved according to the “S-shaped” information dissemination model, conditional to various socioeconomic and climatological factors. In particular, we find that environmental awareness is directly related to per capita income, social trust, secondary education, the physical distress associated with hot weather and loss caused by extreme weather episodes. It is also inversely related to greenhouse gas emissions and tertiary education. Moreover, consistent with our epidemics-like narrative, we find a negative impact for Donald Trump's denial campaigns and a larger positive effect for Greta Thunberg's environmental activism. In terms of policy implications, this paper calls on the EU to take up leadership in the fight against climate change and declare a climate emergency. It also calls on teachers to introduce their students to climate change, science journals to allow wide access to any climate change article they publish and public institutions to protect climate change evidence from politicization. This paper finally calls for the close coordination of monetary and fiscal policies, to allow the green bonds market to reach rapidly the size required for the implementation of effective climate change mitigation policies.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131558109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Feasibility of Semi-Underground Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants in Open Pit Mines","authors":"Michael Wessel, R. Madlener, C. Hilgers","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3700795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3700795","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims at the economic evaluation of a semi-underground pumped hydro storage power plant erected in an abandoned open-pit mine. For the exploratory model-based analysis, we develop and apply both a simple deterministic and a stochastic net present value (NPV) approach, the latter of which uses a Monte Carlo simulation to account for revenue uncertainty from electricity price fluctuations. The analytical framework developed is applied to two promising sites in the Rheinland region in Germany, Hambach and Inden, making reasonable parameter value assumptions and considering and ignoring the lengthy duration of lower reservoir flooding. The investor’s value-at-risk is computed for alternative performance indicators (NPV, net cash recovery, profit-to-investment ratio, and specific production costs) to compare the different outcomes in terms of the project’s financial risk distribution. Calculations show that a semi-underground pumped hydro storage power plant in an abandoned open-pit mine can be constructed at reasonably low investment costs and operated at low specific production costs. However, because the investment has to be made long before the pit lake is (naturally) flooded—a process that for realistic flow rates may take up to 20 years—the project is highly uneconomical and would require substantial subsidies, as compared to a situation where flooding happens immediately.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129648287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The EU Electricity Network Codes (2020ed.)","authors":"Tim Schittekatte, Valerie Reif, L. Meeus","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3692987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3692987","url":null,"abstract":"The EU network codes and guidelines are a detailed set of rules pushing for the harmonisation of national electricity markets and regulations. The areas for the development of network codes and guidelines were set out in the Third Energy Package. By the end of 2017, a total of eight network codes and guidelines entered into force: three grid connection codes (RfG NC, DC NC and HVDC NC), three market codes (FCA GL, CACM GL and EB GL), and two operation codes (SO GL and ER NC). The major part of this text covers the market codes. The reader is guided through the sequence of electricity markets in place in the EU: forward markets, the day-ahead market, the intraday market and finally the balancing markets. The establishment of these different markets in a national context and their integration is discussed. Links with the operation codes are made where relevant as electricity markets cannot be decoupled from system operation. Additionally, two connection codes (RfG NC and DC NC) are covered; the scope of these codes is described and technical requirements are clarified. In the last chapter, network, market and consumer data is addressed. More specifically, the level of harmonisation in data exchange processes and access to these different types of data is discussed. In each section, basic concepts are explained, we highlight what is set out by the codes, and we also refer to some of the relevant academic literature. Finally, the report also points out where provisions in the Recast of the Electricity Regulation, which is part of the Clean Energy Package, impact the existing network codes and guidelines.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127400371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Related Environmental Policy and its Impacts on Energy Use in Asia","authors":"Toshi H. Arimura, M. Sugino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3572788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572788","url":null,"abstract":"Economic growth in Asia has increased in the past three decades and has heightened energy demand, resulting in rising greenhouse gas emissions and severe air pollution. To tackle these issues, fuel switching and the deployment of renewables are essential. In this paper, we discuss the environmental regulations, mainly carbon pricing, implemented in Asia and discuss their achievements. Empirical studies using micro-data found that carbon pricing in Asia reduced carbon emissions by promoting energy efficiency. At the macro level, we observe some evidence of fuel switching from coal to natural gas among major emitters. However, more carbon pricing is necessary in Asia if we aim for the decarbonization of the economy.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126755715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Consequences of Treating Electricity as a Right","authors":"R. Burgess, M. Greenstone, Nicholas Ryan, Anant Sudarshan","doi":"10.1257/jep.34.1.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.1.145","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to explain why billions of people in developing countries either have no access to electricity or lack a reliable supply. We present evidence that these shortfalls are a consequence of electricity being treated as a right and that this sets off a vicious four-step circle. In step 1, because a social norm has developed that all deserve power independent of payment, subsidies, theft, and nonpayment are widely tolerated. In step 2, electricity distribution companies lose money with each unit of electricity sold and in total lose large sums of money. In step 3, government-owned distribution companies ration supply to limit losses by restricting access and hours of supply. In step 4, power supply is no longer governed by market forces and the link between payment and supply is severed, thus reducing customers’ incentives to pay. The equilibrium outcome is uneven and sporadic access that undermines growth.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122976997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of a Whole-Building Energy Baseline Model for the Measurement & Verification of a Commercial Building","authors":"Mr W. P. Robbertse, Mr W. H. Kaiser, W. D. Heijer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3658993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3658993","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focusses on a whole-building energy baseline model that was developed for an office building in South Africa. The research was driven by the 12L Tax Incentive which was promulgated in December 2013 and will be operational until 1 January 2022. Currently, the 12L Tax incentive awards energyefficient users with a 95 cents tax incentive per kWh of measured and verified savings achieved. These savings are however directly influenced by the level of uncertainty of the baseline model which is governed by the SANS 50010:2011.<br><br>The SANS 50010:2011 standard states that uncertainty shall be managed to deliver conservative results in order to guarantee the credibility of the reported energy performance. The uncertainty should be applied to the savings and not the overall energy use. Thus it has a direct effect on the quantity of the savings determined. The aim of the conducted research was to develop a baseline that would report the maximum savings that fall within acceptable uncertainty and confidence levels as required by the standard. A total of six models were developed and evaluated during this research. The results found that the Day-Time-Temperature 24 x 7 x 12 model delivered optimal results with a precision of 8.9% at a 80% confidence level. Compared against the worst performing model, the savings increased by 59,493 kWh and the associated tax incentive more than tripled with an increase of R 67104. <br>","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121759849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing Firm Behaviour in Restructured Electricity Markets: Empirical Challenges with a Residual Demand Analysis","authors":"David P. Brown, Andrew Eckert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3477249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3477249","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from Alberta's wholesale electricity market, we demonstrate the empirical challenges that can arise when employing empirical methodologies to characterize a firms unilateral profit-maximizing offer curve. We illustrate that such residual demand analyses can result in non-monotonic, downward sloping, optimal best-response offer curves violating restrictions imposed on bidding behaviour. We show that this arises because of the highly non-linear nature of residual demand functions firms can face in practice. We find that forms could have achieved the vast majority of expected profits by employing an offer curve that represents a monotonically smoothed version of the often non-monotonic optimal offer curves. Our findings shine light onto empirical challenges associated with commonly employed equilibrium models to analyze firm behaviour in restructured electricity markets. Further, our analysis illustrates that the failure to account for these empirical challenges may lead researchers to incorrect conclusions regarding observed firm behaviour. These findings stress the importance of accounting for regulatory and practical constraints firms face when modeling bidding behaviour in these multi-unit, uniform-priced, procurement auctions.<br>","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117165723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory Stability and Renewable Energy Investment: The Case of Kazakhstan","authors":"Anatole Boute","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459865","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To protect end-consumers from the financial impact of renewable energy subsidies, it is common for governments to radically change the level of support initially promised to investors. In reaction, investors can sue states before international arbitration tribunals. Based on a detailed analysis of recent (2017–2018) arbitration decisions in the renewable energy sector, this article identifies criteria of regulatory stability that states have to respect when reforming support schemes. The “regulatory stability model” developed in this article is then applied to the specific case of Kazakhstan – a country characterized with high regulatory risk and policy instability. The analysis highlights how a country with a risky investment environment can make stability commitments to mitigate investors’ concern of regulatory change. Paradoxically, too much regulatory stability can prevent the government from controlling the volume of subsidized renewable energy, which in turn can trigger radical policy change. This article concludes that, to limit regulatory risk for investors, it is insufficient to focus only on the protection of existing projects against regulatory change. A certain degree of regulatory flexibility must be integrated in support schemes to help governments limit the number of renewable energy projects eligible for support, and so limit the impact of subsidies on consumers.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116099363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Economy in the Era of 'New Globalization': The Case of the Balkans and Greece","authors":"Nikolaos Deniozos, Charis Vlados, Dimos Chatzinikolaou","doi":"10.14445/23939125/ijems-v6i9p102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939125/ijems-v6i9p102","url":null,"abstract":"A geo-economic development analysis in the Balkans under the perspective of the interests of Greece is useful to conceive better the ever-increasing tense framework of globalization's restructuring. Both the study of the different sources of energy (petroleum and, increasingly, natural gas) and the numerous new geopolitical changes demonstrate the existing tensions within the contemporary international strategic relations. The energy security of the Balkans region presents an excellent case to study and realize the contradicted interests in national, regional and supranational level.","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116823001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Against the Wind—Sustainability, Migration, Presidential Discretion","authors":"S. Ferrey","doi":"10.7916/CJEL.V44I2.1860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/CJEL.V44I2.1860","url":null,"abstract":"The weekend before Christmas 2018, the United States government began its longest shutdown in history, which extended well into the new year. The crisis was the result of the ongoing legal controversies surrounding migratory rights and U.S. immigration policy, and following the shutdown, President Trump declared a national emergency at the southern border. The executive branch has a constitutional responsibility to enforce all U.S. laws. However, while the Trump administration has focused pointedly on executive branch enforcement of immigration and migratory laws at the southern border, it has made no effort to enforce an international treaty and three long-standing U.S. statutes protecting migratory birds. \u0000More than one thousand species of birds are legally protected by U.S. law, making it a criminal felony, punishable by up to two years jail time and fines of up to one-quarter million dollars, for killing even a single migratory bird. Despite these harsh penalties, hundreds of thousands of these statutorily protected birds are killed by wind power turbines in the U.S. each year. \u0000Wind power, however, is an indispensable tool to address global climate change for a multitude of reasons. For instance, wind power is an essential technology to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and to meet the goals the U.S. previously pledged as part of the international Paris Agreement of 2016. Wind power does not emit either carbon-dioxide (“CO2”) or methane into the atmosphere, nor does it contribute to climate change. Further, wind power has been the leading source among all new electric power technologies installed in the U.S. for the past decade, and wind power is now cost-competitive with most other means of power generation. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has also identified sixteen critical infrastructure sectors in the United States, each of which depends fundamentally on a stable power supply, a requirement that can be bolstered, if not achieved, by wind. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Creating legal and economic implications for the power sector, the Trump administration announced its unilateral executive policy not to enforce the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (“MBTA”), a century-old statute that implements an eponymous treaty protecting migratory birds. The cessation of legal enforcement of the MBTA will decrease the costs of wind facilities, as the MBTA makes the killing of a single bird on any day a felony crime. \u0000There is now a yin and yang for wind power. Civil law is populated with important state and federal economic and legal incentives for wind power generation and infrastructure transition. Yet, federal investment tax incentives are currently being phased out and the newest tax regime is not nearly as supportive. In a parallel legal realm, criminal law creates an elevated risk for the decidedly modest number of wind turbines that kill an estimated one-quarter million protected birds annually in the U.S. There is a temporal mismatch between these federal crim","PeriodicalId":204209,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Energy Politics (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123470238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}