Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal最新文献_第9页

Toward a More Strategic National Stockpile 建立更具战略性的国家储备

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3662799

Troy A. Rule

{"title":"Toward a More Strategic National Stockpile","authors":"Troy A. Rule","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3662799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3662799","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered major deficiencies in the United States’ approach to stockpiling for emergencies. States, cities and hospitals across the country had inadequate stores of critical medical items on hand when the pandemic reached US soil, and the federal government’s Strategic National Stockpile proved far too small to fill this inventory gap. As nationwide shortages worsened, many state governments began bidding against each other to procure scarce medical supplies — a distribution approach that inherently disadvantaged low-income and minority communities and left countless health care professionals and staff ill-equipped to protect themselves against a potentially deadly virus. These failings have generated an unprecedented push to reform the nation’s stockpiling policy structure. This Article uses a simple stockpiling cost-benefit model to highlight shortcomings in the existing US stockpiling policy regime and to identify specific new policy strategies capable of addressing them. Among other things, US stockpiling policies need to better account for important differences in the rotatability of supplies and should more aggressively incentivize private stockpiling of the most rotatable emergency items. Reshaping commandeering laws and price-gouging restrictions could also do much to strengthen private incentives to stockpile and could even help to clarify how states and the federal government share responsibilities in the nation’s stockpiling effort. Additional federal support is likewise needed to incentivize the build-out and maintenance of domestic supply chains for the least-rotatable emergency goods. These reforms and certain related policy changes could help to ensure that the nation is far better equipped to respond the next time disaster strikes.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75051768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing and Addressing the Coronavirus-Induced Economic Crisis: Evidence From 1.5 Billion Sales Invoices 评估和应对冠状病毒引发的经济危机:来自15亿销售发票的证据

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3661014

Zhuo Chen, Pengfei Li, Li Liao, Zhengwei Wang

引用次数: 3

Were Stay-at-Home Orders During Covid-19 Harmful for Business? The Market’s View Covid-19期间的居家令对企业有害吗?市场观点

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3660246

Chen Chen, S. Dasgupta, Thanh D. Huynh, Ying Xia

引用次数: 5

The Geography of the Effectiveness and Consequences of COVID-19 Measures: Global Evidence COVID-19措施有效性和后果的地理分布:全球证据

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3657628

S. Asongu, S. Diop, J. Nnanna

{"title":"The Geography of the Effectiveness and Consequences of COVID-19 Measures: Global Evidence","authors":"S. Asongu, S. Diop, J. Nnanna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3657628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3657628","url":null,"abstract":"This study has: (i) analysed the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, (ii) evaluated the effectiveness and relevance of different measures against the pandemic and (iii) examined nexuses between the corresponding measures and economic outcomes. The study uses a sample of 186 countries divided into four main regions, notably: Asia-Pacific and the Middle East, Europe, Africa and America. 34 preventing and mitigating measures against the Covid-19 pandemic are classified into five main categories: lockdown, movement restrictions, governance and economic, social distancing, and public health measures. The empirical evidence is based on comparative difference in means tests and correlation analyses. The findings show how the effectiveness and consequences of the Covid-19 measures are different across regions. In adopting the relevant policies to fight the ongoing pandemic, the comparative insights from the findings in the study are worthwhile. Inter alia: (i) from a holistic perspective, only European countries have favourably benefited from the Covid-19 measures; (ii) lockdown measures at the global level have not been significant in reducing the pandemic; (iii) the restriction of movement measure has been relevant in curbing the spread in the American continent; (iv) social distancing has been productive in Europe and counter-productive in Africa; (v) governance and economic measures have exclusively been relevant in Europe and (vi) overall public health measures have not had the desired outcomes in flattening the infection curve probably because most of the underlying measures are awareness decisions or oriented toward people already infected.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83459707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Governments' Responses to COVID-19 and the Implications of the Governance and Control of the Pandemic 政府对COVID-19的应对措施以及大流行治理和控制的影响

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3707251

J. Sobieraj, D. Metelski

引用次数: 1

Projecting Unemployment Durations: A Factor-Flows Simulation Approach with Application to the Covid-19 Recession 预测失业持续时间:一种适用于新冠肺炎经济衰退的要素流动模拟方法

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27566

Gabriel Chodorow-reich, J. Coglianese

{"title":"Projecting Unemployment Durations: A Factor-Flows Simulation Approach with Application to the Covid-19 Recession","authors":"Gabriel Chodorow-reich, J. Coglianese","doi":"10.3386/w27566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27566","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We propose a three-step factor-flows simulation-based approach to forecast the duration distribution of unemployment. Step 1: estimate individual transition hazards across employment, temporary layoff, permanent layoff, quitter, entrant, and out of the labor force, with each hazard depending on an aggregate component as well as an individual’s labor force history. Step 2: relate the aggregate components to the overall unemployment rate using a factor model. Step 3: combine the individual duration dependence, factor structure, and an auxiliary forecast of the unemployment rate to simulate a panel of individual labor force histories. Applying our approach to the November Blue Chip forecast of the COVID-19 recession, we project that 750,000 workers laid off in April 2020 remain unemployed eight months later. Total long-term unemployment rises thereafter and eventually reaches 4.2 million individuals unemployed for more than 26 weeks and 1.4 million individuals unemployed for more than 46 weeks. Long-term unemployment rises even more in a more pessimistic recovery scenario, but remains below the level in the Great Recession due to a high amount of labor market churn.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75507118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

The Effect of Containment Measures on the Covid-19 Pandemic 防控措施对新冠肺炎疫情的影响

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.5089/9781513550268.001.A001

Pragyan Deb, D. Furceri, J. Ostry, Nour Tawk

引用次数: 91

Effects of State Covid-19 Closure Policy on Non-Covid-19 Health Care Utilization 国家Covid-19关闭政策对非Covid-19医疗保健利用的影响

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27621

Engy Ziedan, K. Simon, Coady Wing

{"title":"Effects of State Covid-19 Closure Policy on Non-Covid-19 Health Care Utilization","authors":"Engy Ziedan, K. Simon, Coady Wing","doi":"10.3386/w27621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27621","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. health care system has experienced great pressure since early March 2020 as it pivoted to providing necessary care for COVID-19 patients. But there are signs that non-COVID-19 care use declined during this time period. We examine near real time data from a nationwide electronic healthcare records system that covers over 35 million patients to provide new evidence of how non-COVID-19 acute care and preventive/primary care have been affected during the epidemic. Using event study and difference-in-difference models we find that state closure policies (stay-at-home or non-essential business closures) are associated with large declines in ambulatory visits, with effects differing by type of care. State closure policies reduced overall outpatient visits by about 15-16 percent within two weeks. Outpatient visits for health check-ups and well care experience very large declines during the epidemic, with substantial effects from state closure policies. In contrast, mental health outpatient visits declined less than other care, and appear less affected by state closure policies. We find substitution to telehealth modalities may have played an important role in mitigating the decline in mental health care utilization. Aggregate trends in outpatient visits show a 40% decline after the first week of March 2020, only a portion of which is attributed to state policy. A rebound starts around mid April that does not appear to be explained by state reopening policy. Despite this rebound, care visits still remain below the pre-epidemic levels in most cases.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76115596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 95

The Dynamics of the Smoking Wage Penalty 吸烟工资处罚的动态

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27567

Michael E Darden, J. Hotchkiss, M. Pitts

{"title":"The Dynamics of the Smoking Wage Penalty","authors":"Michael E Darden, J. Hotchkiss, M. Pitts","doi":"10.3386/w27567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w27567","url":null,"abstract":"Cigarette smokers earn significantly less than nonsmokers, but the magnitude of the smoking wage gap and the pathways by which it originates are unclear. Proposed mechanisms often focus on spot differences in employee productivity or employer preferences, neglecting the dynamic nature of human capital development and addiction. In this paper, we formulate a dynamic model of young workers as they transition from schooling to the labor market, a period in which the lifetime trajectory of wages is being developed. We estimate the model with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort, and we simulate the model under counterfactual scenarios that isolate the contemporaneous effects of smoking from dynamic differences in human capital accumulation and occupational selection. Results from our preferred model, which accounts for unobserved heterogeneity in the joint determination of smoking, human capital, labor supply, and wages, suggest that continued heavy smoking in young adulthood results in a wage penalty at age 30 of 15.9% and 15.2% for women and men, respectively. These differences are much smaller than the raw difference in means in wages at age 30. We show that the contemporaneous effect of heavy smoking net of any life-cycle effects explains 62.9% of the female smoking wage gap but only 20.4% of the male smoking wage gap.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87080551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The Targeting and Impact of Paycheck Protection Program Loans to Small Businesses 小企业工资保障计划贷款的目标和影响

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/w27623

Alexander W. Bartik, Zoë B. Cullen, E. Glaeser, Michael Luca, Christopher Stanton, Adi Sunderam

引用次数: 110