Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal最新文献_第10页

On the Role of Health in Climbing the Income Ladder: Evidence from China 健康在收入阶梯攀升中的作用:来自中国的证据

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3576250

Gordon Liu, Franklin Qian, Xiang Zhang

引用次数: 1

Optimal Vaccine Subsidies for Endemic and Epidemic Diseases 地方病和流行病最佳疫苗补贴

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3731611

Matthew Goodkin-Gold, M. Kremer, Christopher M. Snyder, Heidi L. Williams

{"title":"Optimal Vaccine Subsidies for Endemic and Epidemic Diseases","authors":"Matthew Goodkin-Gold, M. Kremer, Christopher M. Snyder, Heidi L. Williams","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3731611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3731611","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccines exert a positive externality, reducing spread of disease from the consumer to others, providing a rationale for subsidies. We study how optimal subsidies vary with disease characteristics by integrating a standard epidemiological model into a vaccine market with rational economic agents. In the steady-state equilibrium for an endemic disease, across market structures ranging from competition to monopoly, the marginal externality and optimal subsidy are non-monotonic in disease infectiousness, peaking for diseases that spread quickly but not so quickly as to drive all consumers to become vaccinated. Motivated by the Covid-19 pandemic, we adapt the analysis to study a vaccine campaign introduced at a point in time against an emerging epidemic. While the nonmonotonic pattern of the optimal subsidy persists, new findings emerge. Universal vaccination with a perfectly effective vaccine becomes a viable firm strategy: the marginal consumer is still willing to pay since those infected before vaccine rollout remain a source of transmission. We derive a simple condition under which vaccination exhibits increasing social returns, providing an argument for concentrating a capacity-constrained campaign in few regions. We discuss a variety of extensions and calibrations of the results to vaccines and other mitigation measures targeting existing diseases.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79091228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

COVID-19: The Future of African Development Systems 2019冠状病毒病:非洲发展系统的未来

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3892465

The Frederick S. Pardee Center for International F University of Denver

{"title":"COVID-19: The Future of African Development Systems","authors":"The Frederick S. Pardee Center for International F University of Denver","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3892465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3892465","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has changed how humans live, produce, interact, and communicate. It has reached into all aspects of life and created great uncertainty, intensifying the vulnerability of struggling populations, and challenging the legitimacy of governments, creating a shared human experience that stretches around the world. Before economic shutdowns and social distancing measures, Africa was on a steady economic growth and development trajectory. In particular, economic shutdowns greatly impacted livelihoods, and altered development patterns forcing policymakers to reimagine development systems. This report introduces a framework to assist decision-makers in thinking about the long-term effects of COVID-19 on development and pursuit of Agenda 2063 in Africa. The report uses a systems framework to understand the effects of COVID-19 on interconnected aspects of government and development. Using the International Futures forecasting model we create two alternative scenarios to assess long-term effects on human development. The results indicate that COVID-19 has specific effects on vulnerable populations, and that policy needs to be directed to such disproportionate impacts. Further, the pandemic will have significant long-term economic impacts that will contribute to indirect mortality rates, increase in extreme poverty and general impact on human development. Overall, the report highlights the interrelatedness between saving lives and saving livelihoods. It also emphasizes the need to re-imagine development by integrating sustainability, inclusive policies, and economic development.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85673085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Domestic Violence in Los Angeles 新冠肺炎疫情对洛杉矶家庭暴力的影响

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.3386/w28068

Amalia R. Miller, C. Segal, M. Spencer

引用次数: 22

Global Evidence on Early Effects of COVID-19 on Stock Markets 关于COVID-19对股市早期影响的全球证据

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-10-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3727790

Burcu Kapar, Steven Buigut, Faisal Rana

引用次数: 3

How “Monetization” Really Works—Examples from Nations’ Policy Responses to COVID-19 “货币化”如何真正起作用——来自各国应对COVID-19政策的例子

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-10-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3785100

J. Felipe, Scott T. Fullwiler, Gemma Estrada, M. Jaber, Maria Ann Magadia, Remrick Patagan

引用次数: 3

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Federal Budget Outlook COVID-19大流行对联邦预算前景的影响

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-10-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3728247

A. Auerbach, William G. Gale

{"title":"The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Federal Budget Outlook","authors":"A. Auerbach, William G. Gale","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3728247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3728247","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the impact of COVID-19 on the federal budget outlook. We find substantial but temporary effects on spending and revenues, with more moderate but permanent effects on the long-term projections. We project that the debt-to-GDP ratio, currently 98%, will rise to 190% in 2050 under current law, compared to a CBO pre-COVID projection of 180%. Sharply lower interest rates projected for the next dozen years help moderate future debt accumulation. Under a “current policy” projection that allows temporary tax provisions—such as those in the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017—to be made permanent, the debt-to-GDP ratio would rise to 222% by 2050 and would continuing rising thereafter. The long-term projections are sensitive to interest rates. We discuss several aspects of these results, including how the current episode compares to past debt changes, the role of historically low interest rates, and the role of recent Federal Reserve Board policies and actions. Because of the macro-stabilization effects of fiscal tightening, and because low interest rates create “breathing room” for fiscal policy, we do not see the large, short-run debt accumulation resulting from the current pandemic as necessitating any immediate offsetting response. But the long-term projections show that significant fiscal imbalances remain and will eventually require attention.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79630649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Heterogeneity in the Marginal Propensity to Consume: Evidence from COVID-19 Stimulus Payments 边际消费倾向的异质性:来自COVID-19刺激支出的证据

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-10-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3612828

Ezra Karger, Aastha Rajan

{"title":"Heterogeneity in the Marginal Propensity to Consume: Evidence from COVID-19 Stimulus Payments","authors":"Ezra Karger, Aastha Rajan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3612828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3612828","url":null,"abstract":"We identify 22,461 recipients of COVID-19 Economic Impact Payments in anonymized transaction-level bank account data from Facteus. We use an event study framework to show that in the two weeks following a $1,200 stimulus payment in April 2020, consumers increased spending by $546, implying a marginal propensity to consume of 46%. Consumers used an additional 10% of the stimulus payment to pay off debt. Consumer spending fell to normal levels after two weeks. Stimulus recipients who live paycheck-to-paycheck spent 60% of the stimulus payment within two weeks, while recipients who save much of their monthly income spent only 24% of the stimulus payment within two weeks. Spending patterns are quite similar for the second round of stimulus payments in January, 2021, with consumers spending 39% of their stimulus payments within two weeks and using an additional 14% of their payment to pay off debt. Reweighting our data to match the U.S. population, ignoring equilibrium effects, and assuming a constant MPC for each person, we estimate that the CARES Act’s $296 billion of stimulus payments increased consumer spending by $130 billion (44% of total outlays) within two weeks of stimulus receipt. A stimulus bill targeted at individuals with the highest MPCs could have increased consumer spending and debt payments by the same amount at a cost of only $246 billion.","PeriodicalId":20373,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83753196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 54

Export Restrictions During Global Health Crises: The International Community Can and Must do Better 全球卫生危机期间的出口限制:国际社会能够而且必须做得更好

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3711484

Laura Puccio, A. Sapir

引用次数: 0

Is Zero a Special Price? Evidence from Child Healthcare 零是特价吗?来自儿童保健的证据

Political Economy - Development: Health eJournal Pub Date : 2020-09-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3287571

Toshiaki Iizuka, H. Shigeoka

引用次数: 7