{"title":"Modular Structures in Film Music: The Answer to Synchronization Problems?","authors":"Bartlomiej P. Walus","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V4I2.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V4I2.125","url":null,"abstract":"Over the course of film music history film composers have been forced to seek and create ways of tackling the issue of mapping the musical score to the film structure and adjustments to the music as a consequence of editing. A number of solutions to this problem have been proposed, ranging from simple ones such as opting for less precise synchronization, to more sophisticated methods based on new musical resources and technology. One such solution has been the application of modular components for the construction of flexible musical structures. The present paper is an overview of selected modular approaches used by composers and indicates potential benefits of modularity that are not limited to the synchronization process.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129222371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Motion in Music—Motion in Painting: The Use of Music in the Films of Oskar Fischinger*","authors":"Jörg Jewanski","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V4I2.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V4I2.155","url":null,"abstract":"Although the life of German abstract filmmaker Oskar Fischinger (1900–1967) has been reconstructed and his films analyzed, little interest has been given to the relationship between his films and the music. This study asks several questions: What kind of music did Fischinger use? How did he use music? What were his principles in synchronizing music with forms and colors? How did he work with the score? What other ways of visualizing music did he think about? What conclusions can we draw from answering these questions? His films Komposition in Blau (1935), An Optical Poem (1937) and Motion Painting No. 1 (1947) are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124542887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Knowledge Organization in Film Music and its Theatrical Origins: Recapitulation and Coda","authors":"William H. Rosar","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.207","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge organization of film scores composed today reflects the history of repertoire practice systematized by the Kinothek (Cinema Library) of the silent era, which was based upon the melos of theatrical stage melodrama in the nineteenth century. Musicology can only benefit from understanding that system of knowledge organization and applying it to studying the practice of film scoring, past and present.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122404021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theory and Practice in Erdmann/Becce/Brav’s Allgemeines Handbuch der Film-Musik (1927)","authors":"Irene Comisso","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.93","url":null,"abstract":"The Allgemeines Handbuch der Film-Musik (1927) undeniably constitutes an epoch-making landmark in film scoring. Besides representing a chronologically specific stage in the evolution of musical theory as applied to silent film, it displays a number of groundbreaking features, which set it largely apart from the coeval musical production both under theoretical and practical respects. Starting from an analysis of the illustrative table contained in the Handbuch, the present article aims at reconstructing the development of the theoretical foundations on the basis of which its authors elaborated a complete methodology, which could be applied to the creation of stylistically elaborated accompanying music.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123756134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Continuity of Melos: Beginnings to the Present Day","authors":"Anne Dhu McLucas","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.15","url":null,"abstract":"The “hurry” is one type of melo found in music for pantomime of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century in melodrama, after which it was adopted for silent film accompaniment, and then in scoring sound films. The use of “hurries” shows the persistence of this type of melo for action scenes, or to convey a hurried state of mind, in four different theatrical genres, and can still be found in contemporary film scores, if no longer identified by that name. An examination of Thomas Holcroft’s A Tale of Mystery (1802, music by Thomas Busby), an 1880s’ theatrical adaptation of Alexandre Dumas’s Le comte de Monte Cristo (The Count of Monte Cristo), and excerpts from J.S. Zamecnik’s Sam Fox Moving Picture Music (1913) illustrate the continuity of hurry use across two centuries of theatrical melos practice.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"300 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114048476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mysteriosos Demystified: Topical Strategies Within and Beyond the Silent Cinema","authors":"Tobias Plebuch","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.77","url":null,"abstract":"Musical topoi, such as religioso, battle, oriental etc., abound in generic silent film compositions (“photoplay music”) and catalogs of pieces for cinema musicians in the 1920s. As topoi are indeed useful to evoke meanings and to quickly produce a musical accompaniment for actions, they had been established in dramatic genres and program music long before film music became a profession after World War I. Misteriosos are a case in point to illustrate the formation and longevity of a musical topos from stage melodramas to sound films. When long feature films became mass entertainment and montage techniques advanced, cinema musicians had to develop new cataloging systems in order to gain control over a vast and rapidly growing repertoire of music suitable to accompany complex screen dramas at short notice. Accordingly, the catalogs grew increasingly complex and provided multidimensional taxonomies of nested categories by the end of the silent period.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133272229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Composing with Types and Flexible Modules: John Williams’ Two-Note Ostinato for Jaws and its Use in Film-Music History","authors":"P. Moormann","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.165","url":null,"abstract":"Creator of more than one hundred film scores, John Williams is one of the world’s most successful film composers. In his long career, Williams (b. 1932) has written music for practically every genre from science fiction to comedy. The question arises: how does he create his highly differentiated scores so quickly? One answer lies in his componential system of riffs and motifs he develops like building blocks—basic patterns that are varied and adapted from film to film, depending upon the specific situation at hand. These building blocks can be traced back to musical idioms originally formed in the nineteenth century, subsequently adapted for silent films and then for talkies.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121475524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Music Theory Through the Lens of Film","authors":"Frank Lehman","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.179","url":null,"abstract":"The encounter of a musical repertoire with a theoretical system benefits the latter even as it serves the former. A robustly applied theoretic apparatus hones our appreciation of a given corpus, especially one such as film music, for which comparatively little analytical attention has been devoted. Just as true, if less frequently offered as an motivator for analysis, is the way in which the chosen music theoretical system stands to see its underlying assumptions clarified and its practical resources enhanced by such contact. The innate programmaticism and aesthetic immediacy of film music makes it especially suited to enrich a number of theoretical practices. A habit particularly ripe for this exposure is tonal hermeneutics: the process of interpreting music through its harmonic relationships. Interpreting cinema through harmony not only sharpens our understanding of various film music idioms, but considerably refines the critical machinery behind its analysis. \u0000 The theoretical approach focused on here is transformation theory, a system devised for analysis of art music (particularly from the 19th Century) but nevertheless eminently suited for film music. By attending to the perceptually salient changes, rather than static objects, of musical discourse, transformation theory avoids some of the bugbears of conventional tonal hermeneutics for film (such as the tyranny of the “15 second rule”) while remaining exceptionally well-calibrated towards musical structure and detail. By examining a handful of passages from films with chromatically convoluted scores—Raiders of the Lost Ark, King Kong, and A Beautiful Mind—I reveal some of the conceptual assumptions of transformational theory while simultaneously interpreting the scenes and films that these cues occupy. Ultimately, it is the notion of “transformation” itself—as a theoretical keystone, an analytical stance, and an immanent quality of music—that is most elucidated through this approach.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115869749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"'Leitmotif': On the Application of a Word to Film Music\"","authors":"S. Meyer","doi":"10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JFM.V5I1-2.101","url":null,"abstract":"The idea that the film scoring procedures of classic Hollywood composers descends from the leitmotif technique of Wagner (and other composers such as Richard Strauss) is so firmly embedded in narrative histories of film music that it hardly needs to be rearticulated. It stretches back beyond Max Steiner’s frequently-quoted comments about his own indebtedness to Wagner into the very earliest years of sound film. The first section of this paper offers a critique of this interpretative tradition, by placing it in the context of Wagner's own discussion of the term \"leitmotif\" (in his essay \"On the Application of Music to Drama\") and its use in subsequent analytical works. Classical Hollywood film music scoring, I will maintain, fits very uncomfortably with this analytical tradition. In many ways, the invocation of the leitmotif in film music discourse during the 1930s and 40s was driven by a desire to establish the cultural legitimacy of sound film: to establish (we might say) Hollywood as the logical successor to Bayreuth. \u0000 \u0000In the second part of this essay, I use Miklos Rozsa's score to Ben-Hur as a kind of limiting case for the application of the leitmotif principle to film music. The highly transformative network of motives that Rozsa uses in this score is similar—in terms of its structure if not its specific melodic/harmonic content—to those through which Wagner organized his music dramas. The drafts and revisions to the \"Aftermath\" cue, however, suggest that Rozsa's early intentions in this regard were far more thoroughgoing than the final cut of the film would suggest. In this final cut, Rozsa's original concepts were simplified: the network of motives through which the scene was organized was—so to speak—partially unraveled. In this sense, the evolution of Rozsa's \"Aftermath\" cue illustrates the tension between cultural pretensions and cinematic practice: between film music as \"high art\" and film music as functional entertainment.","PeriodicalId":201559,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Film Music","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126912658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}