A. Tsepurov, Valentin Tihhomirov, M. Jenihhin, J. Raik, Gunter Bartsch, Jorge Hernán Meza Escobar, H. Wuttke
{"title":"Localization of Bugs in Processor Designs Using zamiaCAD Framework","authors":"A. Tsepurov, Valentin Tihhomirov, M. Jenihhin, J. Raik, Gunter Bartsch, Jorge Hernán Meza Escobar, H. Wuttke","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.20","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an approach to automatic localization of design errors (bugs) in processor designs based on combining statistical analysis of dynamically covered VHDL code items and static slicing. The approach considers coverage of different VHDL code items including statements, branches and conditions during processor simulation which together contribute to accurate localization of bugs. The accuracy of analysis is further improved by applying a static slicing based filter calculated by means of reference graph generation using a through-signal-assignment search from the semantically resolved elaborated models of processor designs. The localization approach has been integrated to highly scalable zamiaCAD RTL design framework. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated by applying it to debugging of an industrial processor ROBSY designed for FPGA-based test systems. The experimental results evaluate the approach for a set of real documented bug cases and the original functional test.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125342613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Process to Simultaneously Measure, Quantify, and Model Energy Efficient Performance","authors":"M. Mattwandel","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.13","url":null,"abstract":"The term Energy Efficient Performance has been used for over a decade to describe high performance at optimized power levels. While power characterization methods and formal performance assessment techniques are well established and utilized, no standard exists to quantify both metrics simultaneously as a means to establish energy efficient performance. As energy budgets continue to shrink and the expectation for increased performance remains, the need for a process that simultaneously models power versus performance tradeoffs becomes ever more critical. This paper describes a new process developed, prototyped, and implemented in Intel's client post-Si validation labs that is actively being used to measure, process, and model energy efficient performance. The paper will describe methods that simultaneously acquire power and performance measurements, post-process that power data into energy measurements, and model multi-dimensional energy vs. performance tradeoffs. It will also demonstrate how the process is actively being applied to isolate negative energy efficient performance outliers for debug and to tune for best energy efficient performance across multiple product segments.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"245 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114218012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Youngchul Cho, Seonghun Jeong, J. Jeong, H. Shim, Yenjo Han, Soojung Ryu, Jay Kim
{"title":"Case Study: Verification Framework of Samsung Reconfigurable Processor","authors":"Youngchul Cho, Seonghun Jeong, J. Jeong, H. Shim, Yenjo Han, Soojung Ryu, Jay Kim","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.11","url":null,"abstract":"The SRP (Samsung Reconfigurable Processor) is a high-performance, low-power digital signal processor that supports two different operating modes: the VLIW (very long instruction word) mode for running control-intensive code and the CGA (coarse-grained reconfigurable array) mode for running computation-intensive code. In the SRP, an application starts in the VLIW mode, and then may switch back and forth many times between the CGA mode and the VLIW mode throughout its lifetime. In order to support this switching back and forth seamlessly, our C compiler for SRP is capable of generating an executable binary that contain codes for both VLIW and CGA modes. The unusual complexity of SRP verification originates from the unconventional processor architecture/micro-architecture and the complexity of our compiler. In order to manage the unconventional burden that confronts SRP verification engineers, we have aimed to build a scalable verification framework that is both flexible and efficient. In this paper, we report our experience so far, including our effort to be systematic and thorough in our approach.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125613246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guaranteeing Termination of Fully Symbolic Timed Forward Model Checking","authors":"Georges Morbé, Christoph Scholl","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.22","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a normalization technique to guarantee termination of fully symbolic forward model checking for timed automata. Whereas for semi-symbolic model checkers based on convex clock zones there exist methods in the literature to solve this problem, our normalization algorithm can be applied to fully symbolic model checkers representing arbitrary symbolic (convex and non-convex) state sets. Our method is based on a projection of region-equivalent clock valuations to the same area within their equivalence class. In a first approach we present a normalization algorithm for diagonal-free timed automata. Then we generalize the approach to timed automata with diagonal constraints. We show that our normalization technique enables termination of the fixed point iteration in a prototype forward model checker using fully symbolic state set representations.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131365694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deterministic ATPG for Low Capture Power Testing","authors":"Lung-Jen Lee, Chia-Cheng He, W. Tseng","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.14","url":null,"abstract":"The excessive power consumption during testing has been a critical issue for scan-based designs. It gets even worst in the capture mode. This method combines testability-aware test pattern generation with the scan chain disabling technique for low capture power scan testing. The observability cost in the SCOAP algorithm is purposely skewed to guide most fault effects to a limited number of scan cells. Combined with the subsequent scan chain clustering and scan chain disabling techniques, as many non-used scan chains can be disabled during capture cycles. The required hardware overhead for clock gating is limited. Experimental results for the larger ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits have demonstrated that 75.96% of capture power reduction can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131679943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Bombieri, F. Fummi, V. Guarnieri, G. Pravadelli, S. Vinco
{"title":"Redesign and Verification of RTL IPs through RTL-to-TLM Abstraction and TLM Synthesis","authors":"N. Bombieri, F. Fummi, V. Guarnieri, G. Pravadelli, S. Vinco","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.21","url":null,"abstract":"The arising complexity of modern system-on-chips (SoCs) makes the reuse of existent IP cores a key strategy to explore these systems design space in a reasonable amount of time and to reduce the error risk during the design flow. On the other hand, although several RTL IPs are available to designers, their reuse throughout the design space exploration involves time consuming and error prone redesign steps (i.e., RTL redesign), which often eludes the IP reuse advantages. In this context, this paper proposes a methodology to automatically redesign RTL IPs when a system level description of such IPs (i.e., C/C++ model) is not available. The redesign methodology relies on an RTL-to-TLM abstraction step to abstract all the low level details related to the starting RTL model, and on a TLM synthesis step to generate the new RTL description. The methodology includes a verification phase to verify, by means of model checking, the correctness of each step of the redesign flow.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126847413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Reuse of RTL IPs for SysML Model Generation","authors":"N. Bombieri, E. Ebeid, F. Fummi, M. Lora","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.10","url":null,"abstract":"Model-based design is getting more and more consensus in the today embedded system design flows. In this context, SysML is becoming the de-facto reference modeling language as it allows designers to model a whole system, both HW and SW, at high levels of abstraction. The SysML description can be defined with different levels of detail, each one suitable to the design and functional verification requirements. In this paper, we propose a methodology for abstracting existing RTL IPs into SysML components. During the abstraction flow, it is possible to set the level of detail to be maintained in SysML, such as, hierarchical structure and data types of the IPs. However, the generated SysML models are complete of both structural and behavioral descriptions and, thus, they can be synthesized into C++, SystemC, or Java executable code for simulation by any commercial tool. As a consequence, the methodology relieves designers from the modeling time and error risks especially for those design and functional verification phases in which the SysML model of the HW architecture is particularly structured and detailed.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128682449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Shim, Minwook Ahn, Jinsae Jung, Yenjo Han, Soojung Ryu
{"title":"Verification of CGRA Executable Code and Debugging of Memory Dependence Violation","authors":"H. Shim, Minwook Ahn, Jinsae Jung, Yenjo Han, Soojung Ryu","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.18","url":null,"abstract":"We present verification and debugging of highly optimized executable code that is generated from C source code to run on CGRA (Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Array). To generate the executable code, the CGRA compiler uses software pipelining technique that maps instructions in a loop body to multiple FUs (functional units) of CGRA for concurrent execution. Often, the programmer chooses to use aggressive optimization as a way to obtain highly performing executable code. For example, the programmer may turn off memory dependence check in order to suppress false dependence that would otherwise result in overly conservative, therefore poorly performing, executable code. A trouble is that it is not easy to verify correctness of the resulting executable code. In this paper, we propose a method to verify CGRA executable code and to detect memory dependence violation if there occurs such violation and to provide source code position where the violation occurs. We use the behavior of VLIW code as a reference and compare it with the behavior of CGRA code. In order to guide the comparison, compiler-generated mapping table information is used.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132559344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Two-Way Multicasting for Test Data Compression","authors":"Lung-Jen Lee, W. Tseng, Wei-Shun Chen","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.16","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a two-way multicasting scan (TMS) architecture for test data compression. TMS records the difference address between neighboring broadcasts using less control bits to achieve two-directional cascaded broadcastings. Analyses on test pattern compatibility are made to determine the scan chain order so as to minimize the total number of broadcasts. In addition, the volume of sub-pattern data which is sent into scan chains in a broadcast is largely reduced by the partial data reuse method. Experimental results show that with smaller hardware overhead TMS achieves a better compression effect than similar work conducting multicast scan.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127887267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progressive-BackSpace: Efficient Predecessor Computation for Post-Silicon Debug","authors":"Johnny J. W. Kuan, Tor M. Aamodt","doi":"10.1109/MTV.2012.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTV.2012.23","url":null,"abstract":"As microprocessors become more complex, finding errors in their design becomes more difficult. Most design errors are caught before the chip is fabricated, however, some make it into the fabricated design. One challenge in determining what is wrong with a new design after fabrication is the lack of observability into the state of the fabricated chip. To address this challenge, BackSpace proposes generating a trace of the states that lead up to an erroneous state. To add one state to the trace, BackSpace first generates a set of possible predecessor states (the pre-image), then tests them one at a time to find one that is reached during execution. In this paper, we propose an improved algorithm called Progressive-BackSpace. It does not enumerate every state in the pre-image. Instead, it first finds a reachable candidate state, and then determines if it is a predecessor state. This results in a practical implementation of BackSpace by greatly reducing the time needed to find prede- cessor states. The hardware overhead is also reduced by 94.4% relative to a recently proposed implementation of BackSpace. These algorithms were implemented and evaluated on a RTL model of an out-of-order processor, that models non-deterministic effects.","PeriodicalId":201401,"journal":{"name":"2012 13th International Workshop on Microprocessor Test and Verification (MTV)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134392537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}