Photonics & Lasers in Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of enamel surface damage after selective laser ablation of composite from tooth surfaces.","authors":"Kenneth H Chan,&nbsp;Krista Hirasuna,&nbsp;Daniel Fried","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Resin-based composites are used for many applications in dentistry. They are difficult to remove without damage to the underlying enamel since they adhere strongly and are color matched to the tooth. The objective of this study was to determine if an automated laser scanning system with spectral feedback could be used for selective removal of residual orthodontic composite from tooth surfaces with minimal damage to the underlying enamel.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A CO₂ laser operating at a wavelength of 9.3 μm with a pulse duration of 10-15 μs and a pulse repetition rate of ~200 Hz was used to selectively remove composite from the buccal surfaces of extracted teeth. A spectral feedback system utilizing a miniature spectrometer was used to control the laser scanning system. Pulpal temperature measurements were performed during composite removal to determine if there was excessive heat accumulation. Conventional and digital microscopes were used to assess the amount of enamel lost during removal.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The amount of enamel lost averaged between 20 and 25 μm for irradiation intensities from 3.8 to 4.2 J/cm², respectively. An average maximum temperature rise of 1.9±1.5°C was recorded, with no teeth approaching the critical value of 5.5°C. The average time for composite removal from an area of 5 mm² was 19.3±4.1 s, fast enough for clinical feasibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Residual composite can be rapidly removed from tooth surfaces using a CO₂ laser with spectral feedback, with minimal temperature rise within the pulp and with minimal loss of sound enamel.</p>","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/plm-2013-0052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32242193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical impact of laser-assisted treatment modalities","authors":"L. Lilge, R. Sroka","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"49 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88341182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Replacing the scalpel with the laser reduces expenses in surgery – Taking the history of prostate therapy as an example","authors":"H. Hainz","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ageing populations worldwide requires more affordable minimally invasive therapy procedures. German data show an increase in both benign prostate enlargement (BPE) and carcinoma of the prostate. In 1901 the introduction of anesthesia made the Freyer operation possible, and using electricity enabled transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) in the 1920s. In 1991 Hofstetter was the first physician to laser prostate tissue by means of interstitial laser coagulation. Twenty years later 80% of the BPE operations in the USA were carried out by mostly outpatient photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). In France, this method was declared a standard in December 2012. Our experience with Medilas100 and re-sterilized quartz fibers dates back to 1988 and includes the laser treatment of 4000 urothelial tumors and 2000 BPEs (as presented at nearly 60 congresses). In 1996 the 50 W, 980 nm diode laser replaced the scalpel and reduced costs to 45% of the pre-laser era. Today portable laser devices with over 100 W and using an extremely wide variety of wavelengths operate for 100,000 maintenance-free hours and facilitate cutting, sawing and drilling in tissue, teeth and bones with bare fibers. Currently a method using beam reflection indicates when the beam is entering or leaving the tumor and Raman spectroscopy is being introduced as new diagnostic method for tissue differentiation. The proton laser DRACO has been tested at the Dresden Center OncoRay. It destroys only tumor tissue without damaging the surrounding healthy tissue. It is possible to use a laser anywhere where there is an electric source – in high-tech mega-clinics as well as in Red-Cross/Half Moon disaster relief tents. All laser physicians should publish their results, so that others can follow and prove the method. Zusammenfassung Die weltweite Überalterung erfordert erschwinglichere minimal-invasive Therapieverfahren. Daten aus Deutschland zeigen eine Zunahme von sowohl gutartigen Prostatavergrößerungen (benigne Prostatahyperplasie, BPH) als auch von Prostatakarzinomen. Im Jahr 1901 machte die Einführung der Anästhesie die Freyer-Operation möglich, und mit dem Einzug der Elektrizität wurde seit den 1920er Jahren die transurethrale Resektion der Prostata (TURP) möglich. 1991 war Hofstetter der erste Arzt, der die interstitielle Thermokoagulation von Prostatagewebe durchführte. Zwanzig Jahre später werden 80% der BPH-Operationen in den USA meist ambulant mittels photoselektiver Verdampfung der Prostata (PVP) durchgeführt. Zudem wurde diese Methode im Dezember 2012 in Frankreich zum Standard erklärt. Unsere Erfahrungen mit dem Medilas100 und resterilisierten Quarzfasern reicht bis in das Jahr 1988 zurück und umfasst die Laserbehandlung von 4000 Urotheltumoren und 2000 BPHs – präsentiert auf mehr als 60 Kongressen. 1996 ersetzte der 50 W, 980 nm-Diodenlaser das Skalpell, wodurch die Kosten auf 45% der Vor-Laserära reduziert werden konnten. Heute arbeiten tragbare Lasergerte mit m","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"51 1","pages":"57 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75952125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of low intensity laser irradiation during healing of infected skin wounds in the rat.","authors":"Ethne L Nussbaum,&nbsp;Facundo Las Heras,&nbsp;Kenneth P H Pritzker,&nbsp;Tony Mazzulli,&nbsp;Lothar Lilge","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Low intensity laser irradiation remains a controversial treatment for non-healing wounds. This study examines the effect of low intensity light on healing of infected skin wounds in the rat.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Wounds on the rat dorsum were inoculated with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. Wounds were irradiated or sham-irradiated three times weekly from day 1 to 19 using 635-nm or 808-nm diode lasers delivering continuous wave (CW) or intensity modulated (3800 Hz) laser radiation, all at radiant exposures of 1 and 20 J/cm². Wound area and bacterial growth on the wound surface were evaluated three times a week. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed at day 8 and 19.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Wounds that were irradiated using a wavelength of 635 nm (1 and 20 J/cm²) or intensity modulated 808-nm laser light at 20 J/cm² were smaller in area at day 19 than the sham-irradiated controls (achieved significance level=0.0105-0.0208) and were similar to controls in respect of bacterial growth. The remaining light protocols had no effect on wound area at day 19 although they increased <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> growth across the time line compared with controls (<i>p</i><0.0001 to <i>p</i><0.004). CW 808-nm light at 20 J/cm² significantly delayed half-heal time. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses supported wound closure findings: improved healing was associated with faster resolution of inflammation during the acute phase and increased signs of late repair at day 19. Significant inflammation was seen at day 19 in all irradiated groups regardless of radiant exposure, except when using 635 nm at 1 J/cm².</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Red light improved healing of wounds. Only one 808-nm light protocol enhanced healing; lack of benefit using the remaining 808-nm light protocols may have been due to stimulatory effects of the light on <i>S. aureus</i> growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":"23-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/plm-2013-0049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33948134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser photobiomodulation influences the expression of genes related to the inflammatory process and muscle cell differentiation during the process of muscle healing","authors":"N. Rodrigues, R. Brunelli, H. S. D. de Araújo, N. Parizotto, A. Renno","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 780-nm laser therapy on the expression of genes related to muscle healing. Materials and methods: Sixty-three rats were distributed into three groups: 1) injured control group (CG), 2) injured treatment group at 10 J/cm2 (G10), and 3) injured treatment group at 50 J/cm2 (G50). Histopathological analysis and mRNA genes expression were evaluated after 7, 14 and 21 days post-injury. Results: At day 7, G10 presented a smaller necrosis area compared to CG and G50. Fourteen days post-surgery, G10 and G50 presented a smaller amount of inflammatory cells and a better tissue organization compared to CG. On day 21, G10 and G50 showed better muscle structure than the control. A significantly decreased COX-2 expression was observed in groups G10 and G50 at day 7 compared to the control animals. No difference was found among the experimental groups after 14 days, but G50 presented statistically higher COX-2 down-regulation at day 21. VEGF expression decreased in the first period analyzed in both treatment groups, increased after 14 days in G10, and increased after 21 days in G50. Both irradiated groups had a higher MyoD expression in all the evaluated periods and myogenin levels increased after 14 days in both treatment groups and in G10 after 21 days. Conclusion: 780-nm laser therapy had positive effects during muscle regeneration through the gene expression modulation related to the inflammatory process and the new muscle fibers formation, in both fluencies used in the present study, but the fluence of 10 J/cm2 was more efficient. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Zielsetzung: Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der 780 nm-Laserherapie auf die im Zusammenhang mit der Muskelheilung stehende Genexpression zu bewerten. Materialien und Methoden: Für die Studie wurden 63 Ratten in drei Gruppen aufgeteilt: 1) verletzte Kontrollgruppe ohne Therapie (CG), 2) verletzte Behandlungsgruppe mit 10 J/cm2 (G10) und 3) verletzte Behandlungsgruppe mit 50 J/cm2 (G50). Die histopathologische Analyse sowie die Bestimmung der Genexpression (mRNA-Expression) erfolgte jeweils 7, 14 und 21 Tage nach der Verletzung. Ergebnisse: Am Tag 7 wurde in der G10-Gruppe im Vergleich zu den beiden anderen Untersuchungsgruppen CG und G50 ein kleinerer Nekrosebereich festgestellt. Vierzehn Tage nach der Operation zeigten sich in den beiden Behandlungsgruppen G10 und G50 eine kleinere Menge von Entzündungszellen und eine bessere Gewebeorganisation als in der Kontrollgruppe CG. Am Tag 21 erwies sich die Muskelstruktur in den beiden behandelten Gruppen G10 und G50 besser als in der Kontrollgruppe. Nach 7 Tagen wurde im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren eine verminderte COX2-Expression in den Gruppen G10 und G50 beobachtet. Es wurde aber kein Unterschied zwischen den experimentellen Gruppen nach 14 Tagen gefunden. Hingegen war die Down-Regulierung der COX2-Expression am Tag 21 in der G50-Gruppe statistis","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"13 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83099078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LASER World of PHOTONICS – DGLM Application Panel: Laser-advanced new methods for diagnostics and therapeutics","authors":"C. Philipp, R. Sroka","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0040","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the LASER World of PHOTONICS Congress and Exhibition, which will be held from 22 to 25 June 2015 at the International Congress Centre Munich, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Lasermedizin (DGLM) e.V. is organizing an application panel on the topic “Laser-advanced new methods for diagnostics and therapeutics”. Medical laser applications represent a constantly growing part of the photonic market, more recently driven by diagnostics than therapy. And the story carries on and the wheel continues to turn. Compact lasers with high effectiveness and reliability at comparably low costs have become available and new wavelengths are being added “daily” which are opening up new future perspectives. To transform a laser into a successful medical device requires intense and careful cooperation between industry and research coupled with commitment and a feeling for the right moment. Evaluation of medical and social benefits, the power of competing techniques, rules and regulations, financing and reimbursement issues all play their role in the development and placement of a medically approved device or procedure. Furthermore all medical procedures need continuous reevaluation with respect to competing techniques and to their usefulness and clinical outcome. This panel will focus on how cooperation can ensure the success of biophotonic innovations from bench to bedside with the help of clinicians, researchers, engineers and innovators from industry. Medical, scientific and industrial representatives will provide information about their specific tasks and their efforts to launch a specific device or procedure.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"103 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87962806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel methods for elasticity characterization using optical coherence tomography: Brief review and future prospects","authors":"L. Matveev, V. Zaitsev, A. L. Matveev, G. Gelikonov, V. Gelikonov, A. Vitkin","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, a brief overview of several recently proposed approaches to elastographic characterization of biological tissues using optical coherence tomography is presented. A common feature of these “unconventional” approaches is that unlike most others, they do not rely on a two-step process of first reconstructing the particle displacements and then performing its error-prone differentiation in order to determine the local strains. Further, several variants of these new approaches were proposed and demonstrated essentially independently and are based on significantly different principles. Despite the seeming differences, these techniques open up interesting prospects not only for independent usage, but also for combined implementation to provide a multifunctional investigation of elasticity of biological tissues and their rheological properties in a wider sense.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"295 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75216407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical compression in cross-polarization OCT imaging of skin: In vivo study and Monte Carlo simulation","authors":"M. Kirillin, P. Agrba, V. Kamensky","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is rapidly advancing into clinical practice beyond the area of ophthalmology. Many applications of OCT in areas such as dermatology, endoscopy and others require contact OCT probes which transfer compression to the studied tissues. This effect should be taken into account when developing methods for OCT diagnostics. On the other hand, controlled compression can provide additional diagnostic information and can serve as a diagnostic procedure. This paper discusses the effect of controlled mechanical compression induced by an OCT probe coupled with dynamometer on cross-polarization OCT images of skin. Registration of OCT images in two polarizations (parallel and orthogonal) allows additional information to be obtained about structural features of the studied tissue. An increase in contrast of epidermis/dermis junction and a decrease in contrast of stratum corneum/epidermis junction in OCT images are shown to originate from mechanical compression of human skin in vivo which could be associated with structural and functional changes induced by compression. In order to confirm the origin of the contrast in OCT images induced by mechanical compression, Monte Carlo simulations were performed; the results of which are in qualitative agreement with experimental results.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"363 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88771812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) of the brain – Experiences and new indications","authors":"W. von Tempelhoff, F. Ulrich","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"134 1","pages":"67 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89234418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of repulsion effects during lithotripsy","authors":"A. Rühm, M. Baumgartl, D. Steigenhöfer, T. Pongratz, M. Bader, W. Khoder, R. Sroka","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: Stone therapy has been developing towards minimally invasive endourological techniques. This includes endoscopic lithotripsy techniques to reduce the urolith size prior to removal. In this context, stone repulsion constitutes an undesired effect of the mechanical impact on the stones and should therefore be minimized to facilitate the intervention and to improve its outcome. Objectives: To compare the repulsion characteristics of two stand-alone, handheld lithotripsy devices (LithoBreaker® and StoneBreaker™) and one Ho:YAG laser using dedicated test models. Materials and methods: Tests with single-use mechanical probes (1 and 2 mm in diameter) as well as Ho:YAG laser pulses delivered by optical fibers with core diameters of 230, 365 and 600 μm were conducted in underwater set-ups by measuring displacements of non-breakable spherical test masses (steel balls having diameters of 3–5 mm and masses of 0.12, 0.27 and 0.52 g respectively; and a lead ball with a diameter of 5 mm and a mass of 0.72 g). The tests were carried out in an acrylic glass tube with an inner diameter of 12 mm used as an ureter model and on a pendulum set-up. Additionally, hard and soft dampers were compared in case of the LithoBreaker®. Mean and standard deviations of the displacements and related quantities were evaluated for all sets of experiments and statistical analyses were performed (Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Shapiro-Wilk test) to test the influence of device type and device parameters. Results: The repulsion distance in the ureter model using the 1-mm probes was 19.4±1.9 cm with hard and 21.5±2.7 cm with soft damper for the LithoBreaker® device and 20.3±3.0 cm for the StoneBreaker™ device (with standard damper). The repulsion distance using the 2-mm probes was 14.8±1.3 cm with hard and 20.5±2.5 cm with soft damper for the LithoBreaker® and 17.1±2.0 cm for the StoneBreaker™. In pendulum tests, the 2-mm probes again resulted in smaller displacements than the 1-mm probes, except for the LithoBreaker® with soft damper. For a fixed probe diameter, no statistically significant influence of the damper was observed in case of the LithoBreaker® (p>0.05). However, the StoneBreaker™ with 2-mm probes produced smaller repulsions than the LithoBreaker® with 2-mm probes and hard damper. The pendulum tests with Ho:YAG laser pulses showed that the repulsion is proportional to the fiber core diameter and the laser pulse energy. The laser-induced momentum is about a factor 100 lower than the one generated with the mechanical lithotripsy devices. Conclusions: The electromechanical LithoBreaker® and the pneumatic StoneBreaker™ produced significantly different repulsions (p<0.05). The laser-induced momentum transfer is significantly lower compared to the mechanical lithotripsy devices (p<0.05). Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die Steintherapie hat sich zunehmend hin zu minimal-invasiven endourologischen Techniken entwickelt. Dies schließt endoskopische Steinzert","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":"75 1","pages":"47 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86369542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}