Pharmacology & Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"The Influences of Concentrate Extract Properties and Ethanol Addition Amount on the Ethanol Precipitation Process of Salvia Miltiorrhiza","authors":"Chenhao Wang, Xiangning Liu, Xingchu Gong","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1210017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1210017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"65 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91451078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of Circadian Clock Gene BMAL1 in Doxorubicin-Induced Inflammation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells","authors":"A. Takaguri, Makina Moriwaki, R. Tatsunami, Keisuke Sato, K. Satoh","doi":"10.4236/pp.2021.1211022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2021.1211022","url":null,"abstract":"The molecular clock component Brain and Muscle Arnt-Like protein-1 (BMAL-1) affects various biologic processes, including cell survival, in numerous cell types. We previously demonstrated that BMAL1 positively regulates cell proliferation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs). However, its role in VSMC inflammation remains unelucidated. Because doxorubicin causes phlebitis associated with vascular inflammation, the present study used cultured VSMCs to investigate whether BMAL1 affected doxorubicin-induced vascular inflammation. Doxorubicin treatment led to Increased Interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression with an increase in BMAL1 expression in VSMCs. BMAL1 knockdown significantly increased IL-6 mRNA and further enhanced doxorubicin-induced IL-6 mRNA expression in VSMCs. BMAL1 knockdown also significantly decreased cell viability and affected the expression of other clock genes, including Per1 and Clock. Furthermore, the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which has anti-inflammatory effects, increased in VSMCs with BMAL1 knockdown. Finally, BMAL1 knockdown increased NADPH oxidase 4 mRNA, p38α mRNA, and p38β mRNA levels, leading to increased total p38 Mito-gen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and phosphorylated p38 MAPK. IL-6 mRNA induction caused by BMAL1 knockdown was significantly inhibited in VSMCs following pretreatment with SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Our findings demonstrated that decreased BMAL1 expression caused VSMC inflammation via p38 MAPK activation. Moreover, doxorubicin-induced inflammation in VSMCs was further enhanced when BMAL1 expression levels were low. Thus, BMAL1 may be a novel therapeutic target to treat inflammatory disease, including doxorubicin-induced phlebitis.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82662282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Perivascular Adipose Tissue on Vascular Function in a Rabbit Model","authors":"Abdulqader Abdulrazzaq, S. Kennedy","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1112027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1112027","url":null,"abstract":"The recent acknowledgment of the paracrine role of perivascular adipose \u0000tissue (PVAT) in vascular modulation has been supported by many studies \u0000investigating major arteries in several animal models and humans. The influence \u0000of PVAT on the functional activity of the vascular bed has been a matter of \u0000debate, whether it is an anticontractile effect with protective roles or a pro-contractile effect, investigations are \u0000underway to address this obscurity. \u0000In this investigation, we have studied the effects of vasoconstrictors, phenylephrine and noradrenaline, and vasorelaxants, carbachol and s-nitroso-n- acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), \u0000on subclavian and iliac rings with and without PVAT attached; and \u0000concentration-response curves were constructed accordingly. Levels of nitric \u0000oxide (NO) generated due to activation of the enzyme adenosine \u0000monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by 5-Aminoimi- dazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) were measured \u0000in sub- clavian and iliac PVAT conditioned media. Additionally, Haematoxylin and \u0000Eosin staining was performed to analyze and compare the histological \u0000characteristics of both arteries. Subclavian and iliac rings with PVAT attached \u0000showed stronger contraction to phenylephrine and noradrenaline than that of rings without PVAT attached. At the same time, \u0000relaxation tests reported lower \u0000relaxation percentages in subclavian and iliac rings with PVAT attached compared to rings without PVAT attached in response \u0000to carbachol and SNAP. PVAT treated with AICAR generated higher levels \u0000of NO compared to levels of untreated PVAT. Conclusions drawn were the \u0000pro-contractile effects demonstrated by the PVAT especially in high \u0000concentrations of drugs used. In addition, histology analysis revealed \u0000characteristics of white adipose tissue in both PVATs.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"82 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88055256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Household Disposal and Recycling of Medication in Saudi Arabia: A Call for Introducing Drug Take-Back Programs","authors":"Abdulmalik A Alqurshi","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1111026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1111026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Inappropriate disposal practices of medicinal \u0000products by households can harm nature. Alternatively, passing unused \u0000medications to friends and family members can have undesirable consequences as \u0000the quality of the product is in question. Objective: To investigate the disposal and recycling practices \u0000of medicinal products by households in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional \u0000questionnaire designed to investigate disposal and recycling practices aimed at \u0000households in Saudi Arabia. Phone interviews were conducted with healthcare \u0000providers from hospitals and community pharmacies as well as medical charity \u0000representatives. A thorough search (Jun-September 2020) for disposal and \u0000recycling policies was performed on the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) and \u0000the Ministry of Health websites. Results: More than 900 participants were included in this study. Approximately \u000040% of respondents claimed to follow the SFDA recommendations for the disposal of unwanted \u0000medications in the wastebasket, whilst ≥6% preferred disposal via the toilet. On the other hand, 10% and 5% of \u0000households donated their unwanted over-the-counter and prescription-only medication products, \u0000respectively, to a person in need, without referring to healthcare \u0000professionals. Interviews with healthcare providers and medical charities \u0000revealed no drug take-back programs were currently available for households. \u0000The SFDA website provides a brief guide on the disposal of unwanted or expired medication. Conclusions: The absence of a clear drug disposal policy for households has created a \u0000gap allowing incorrect disposal practices that may lead to harming patients \u0000and/or the environment. The launching of drug take-back programs may lead to \u0000the provision of a clear consensus of governing bodies and healthcare providers \u0000on patient guidance for a safe drug disposal policy.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"1991 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82348905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Students Regarding Zika Infection: Is the Next Generation Aware of the Dangers?","authors":"J. Pergolizzi, J. L. Quang, Robert W. Taylor, P. Magnusson, Megan Nalamachu, Claudio Pergolizzi, Virginia Bingol, D. Foti, Charles Wollmuth, Sumiyo Umeda-Raffa, R. Raffa","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1111025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1111025","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016 and 2017 an outbreak of the Zika virus in new locales shocked \u0000populations into \u0000awareness of the disease and of its imputed ability to cause serious fetal \u0000abnormalities, particularly microcephaly. There was a major reduction in travel \u0000by people of child-bearing age. But the temporary regression in the spread, and preoccupation \u0000with COVID-19, seem to have overshadowed concern about Zika virus. In order to \u0000investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an online survey of 157 high-school \u0000students from four schools in different parts of the United States regarding \u0000their knowledge, practices, and attitudes about Zika virus. The mean age of the \u0000respondents was 16.4 ± 1.1 years, 55% were girls, and 60% attended \u0000public (rather than private) schools. Most students (70%) had taken no steps to \u0000prevent Zika, but said they would tell their parents or a physician if they \u0000were exposed. They relied primarily on school and the internet (76% and 72%, \u0000respectively) as trusted sources of information about the virus. The majority \u0000(73%) said they would spend some time to learn more about Zika; girls exhibited \u0000more concern than did boys. Half (50%) of respondents knew the signs and \u0000symptoms of Zika, but only 20% knew all the ways Zika could be transmitted and \u000031% why Zika prevention was crucial for pregnant women and their partners. The \u0000results of this study suggest that comprehensive national preventive healthcare \u0000educational programs are needed.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75721620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between a Change of Drug Resistance of Klebsiella pneumonia and Defined Daily Doses of Antimicrobial Agents from 2014 to 2018","authors":"Jiuli Hu, Xun Xiao, Chanchan Hu, Rui Wang, Yanwu Zhao, Xiaoqin Zhu","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1111024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1111024","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The prevalence of Klebsiella \u0000pneumoniae has rapidly increased in recent years and the distribution \u0000differed greatly by region, We aimed to study the relationship between \u0000antibiotic resistance and K. pneumoniae, especially carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in our tertiary hospitals from 2014 to \u00002018. Methodology: \u0000The antibiotic consumption data of K. pneumoniae were expressed as the \u0000defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 inpatient days (DDDs). K. pneumoniae which isolated from \u0000clinical samples in hospital between January \u00002014 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and the correlation \u0000between antibiotic resistance rate and antibiotic frequency was analyzed. Results: From 2014 to 2018, a total of 2295 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated, with the detection rates of 8.2%, 9.2%, 11.9%, 13.4% and 14.0%. \u0000There were 423 strains of CRKP, with the detection rates of 7.5%, 5.8%, 17.8% 24.2% and 25.2% respectively. K. \u0000pneumoniae showed different degrees of resistance to antibiotics and \u0000showed an increasing trend year by year to carbapenems. The resistance rate of \u0000imipenem was 2.5%, 2.8%, 9.9%, 12.3%, 13.4%, and the resistance rate of meropenem was 2.0%, 3.0%, 8.8%, 12.6%, 12.7%, respectively. The \u0000resistance rate of most other drugs decreased. The DDDs values of \u0000cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin showed a strong \u0000positive correlation with K. pneumoniae drug resistance rate (r > 0.8, P 0.05). Conclusions: The detection \u0000rate of K. pneumoniae and CRKP \u0000increased year by year, which was closely related to the dose of antibiotics. Strengthening \u0000the management of antimicrobial drugs and standardising the use of \u0000antimicrobial prescriptions were of great significance for delaying the \u0000emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84038842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Synthetic Impurities and Metabolic Products of F-ADAM, a Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent for Serotonin Transporter (SERT) Using HPLC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","authors":"Wei‐Hsi Chen, C. Shiue","doi":"10.4236/pp.2020.1110023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1110023","url":null,"abstract":"A high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass \u0000spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analytical method was developed to determine the \u0000identity of impurities resulting from the synthesis of N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-fluorophenylthio)benzyl-amine \u0000(F-ADAM), as well as its metabolic products by rat liver microsomes. 18F-ADAM \u0000is an important positive electron emission ligand commonly employed as a \u0000radio-imaging agent for serotonin transporter (SERT) in the brain. F-ADAM and \u0000its derivatives were separated using HPLC on a C4-phenyl column with an \u0000ammonium formate aqueous buffer/acetonitrile programmed mobile phase. Synthetic \u0000contaminants and metabolic products were identified using fragmentation spectra \u0000obtained by tandem mass spectrometry. We show that F-ADAM is unstable in \u0000methanol, and propose the use of acetonitrile to generate optimal chromatogram. \u0000A Cl-substituted species was found to be the major impurity resulting from the \u0000F-ADAM synthetic process. The metabolic products \u0000of F-ADAM by rat liver microsomes were characterized by oxidization of the \u0000sulfur moiety to sulfoxide, demethylation of the dimethylamine moiety, \u0000and oxidative defluorination/deamination. These results elucidate the \u0000by-products of F-ADAM synthetic and metabolic processes, and provide direction \u0000for the application of this imaging agent to biosystems properly.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78940208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immobility Responses Affected by Potassium in Old Rats","authors":"L. Garcés-Ramírez, Oscar Morales-Dionisio, G. Flores, J. Luna-Muñoz, F. Cruz","doi":"10.4236/PP.2020.119021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2020.119021","url":null,"abstract":"Four immobility responses (IR): elicited by clamping, \u0000bandaging, grasping and inversion, and their modification by potassium and \u0000spironolactone was studied in old Wistar rats (body weight, 500 g). When undrugged, only \u0000clamping and grasping, but not bandaging and inversion induced an IR in rats. \u0000Potassium and spironolactone significantly enhanced the duration of IR induced \u0000by clamping but not by grasping. They also induced an immobility response by \u0000bandaging, but not by inversion. The data suggest that IR induced by clamping \u0000and bandaging are somehow related to changes in the potassium serum levels. Consequently, such a relationship \u0000may be a suitable model to study some forms of paralysis in human beings which \u0000are related to changes in the potassium serum levels.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76190042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pandemic COVID-19 and the Auspicious Role of Frontier Pharmacists against This Global Threat","authors":"J. Hasan, Jaime Nead","doi":"10.4236/PP.2020.119019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/PP.2020.119019","url":null,"abstract":"The frontline pharmacists during this pandemic COVID-19 \u0000(coronavirus disease 2019) situation are potentially contributing to saving human lives worldwide. \u0000The objective of this study was to demonstrate the current contributions of pharmacists \u0000among the frontline healthcare professionals in the management of the COVID-19 \u0000crisis across the world. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic \u0000Reviews, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for this study from \u0000March 20, 2020 to May 20, 2020. The basic keyword “pharmacist and COVID-19” was \u0000used to select studies. Relevant English-language studies, guidelines, \u0000articles, relevant published reports in different online news portals and \u0000official web pages of different organizations were searched. Pharmacists in the \u0000United States and United Kingdom are testing patients for COVID-19 and \u0000providing medical advice to patients. Community pharmacists in European \u0000countries are focused on the smooth supply of essential medicines, and working \u0000to build awareness regarding the community transmission of COVID-19. Hospital \u0000and clinical pharmacists are working to facilitate the effective medication \u0000therapy management for improving the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. \u0000Pharmacists in low-and middle-income countries around the world have focused \u0000their efforts mainly on awareness-building activities regarding the community \u0000transmission of COVID-19, and the mass production of alcohol-based \u0000hand-sanitizer. Several resources are globally available for pharmacists to \u0000improve their competency and self-protection from COVID-19. Frontline \u0000pharmacists are enthusiastically contributing in the prevention and treatment \u0000of COVID-19 from a community-to-clinical level worldwide. Their active \u0000participation as a member of the frontline healthcare team is crucial in order \u0000to address and overcome the challenges that this pandemic has created, \u0000and to tackle this global healthcare crisis efficiently.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75684331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wide applications of Chloroquine other than antimalarial","authors":"B. Alani, A. Alwash, I. T. Ibrahim","doi":"10.22541/au.159819254.47000476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22541/au.159819254.47000476","url":null,"abstract":"Chloroquine (CQ) was and still considered as the most \u0000common agent in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, it also possesses many different \u0000pharmacological and biological activities that make it able to be used as a \u0000therapy or adjuvant therapy for many types of diseases. CQ exhibits anticancer \u0000activity alone or as adjuvants with other agents against many kinds of tumors. \u0000Its activities also were approved as an anti-inflammatory agent in rheumatoid and other autoimmune diseases like \u0000systemic lupus and rheumatic arthritis. Its’ important role in the improvement of many metabolic disorders like \u0000hypertension, hyperglycemia, and lipid profile disturbances was also \u0000established. CQ can act against different microbial infections such as many \u0000types of viruses, bacteria and fungus by different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, its \u0000dermatological role in the treatment of many skin diseases was demonstrated. Recently, CQ showed a very \u0000responsive role in curing and prevention of the covoid-19 virus. This review summarizes intensively the multiple \u0000therapeutic applications of CQ and discusses the possible mechanisms of action \u0000for these applications.","PeriodicalId":20031,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacology & Pharmacy","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76725993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}