Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Time is Gut. Approaching Intestinal Leiomyositis: Case Presentation and Literature Review.","authors":"Michail Aftzoglou, Christina Heinrich, Till Sebastian Clauditz, Thomas Menter, Deborah Dorth, Konrad Reinshagen, Ingo Königs","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.197","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>T-lymphocytic intestinal leiomyositis is a rare cause of \"pediatric intestinal pseudo-obstructions.\" Diagnosis may be difficult and requires full-thickness bowel biopsies during laparotomy or laparoscopy with possible enterostomy. Currently, immunosuppressive therapy is the only available treatment. A delay in diagnosis and therapy may negatively affect the prognosis because of ongoing fibrotic alterations; therefore, early diagnosis and consequent treatment are crucial. This review summarizes the available information on the nosology, diagnostic steps, and treatment modalities. Here, we report the youngest case of enteric leiomyositis reported in the last two decades and analyze its management by reviewing previous cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11254653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Pediatric Endoscopy Training Situation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Collaborative Survey by the Asian Pan-Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Endoscopy Scientific Subcommittee.","authors":"Nuthapong Ukarapol, Narumon Tanatip, Ajay Sharma, Maribel Vitug-Sales, Robert Nicholas Lopez, Rohan Malik, Ruey Terng Ng, Shuichiro Umetsu, Songpon Getsuwan, Tak Yau Stephen Lui, Yao-Jong Yang, Yeoun Joo Lee, Katsuhiro Arai, Kyung Mo Kim","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.258","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.258","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To date, there is no region-specific guideline for pediatric endoscopy training. This study aimed to illustrate the current status of pediatric endoscopy training in Asia-Pacific region and identify opportunities for improvement.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey, using a standardized electronic questionnaire, was conducted among medical schools in the Asia-Pacific region in January 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 57 medical centers in 12 countries offering formal Pediatric Gastroenterology training programs participated in this regional survey. More than 75% of the centers had an average case load of <10 cases per week for both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopies. Only 36% of the study programs employed competency-based outcomes for program development, whereas nearly half (48%) used volume-based curricula. Foreign body retrieval, polypectomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and esophageal variceal hemostasis, that is, sclerotherapy or band ligation (endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal ligation), comprised the top four priorities that the trainees should acquire in the autonomous stage (unconscious) of competence. Regarding the learning environment, only 31.5% provided formal hands-on workshops/simulation training. The direct observation of procedural skills was the most commonly used assessment method. The application of a quality assurance (QA) system in both educational and patient care (Pediatric Endoscopy Quality Improvement Network) aspects was present in only 28% and 17% of the centers, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compared with Western academic societies, the limited availability of cases remains a major concern. To close this gap, simulation and adult endoscopy training are essential. The implementation of reliable and valid assessment tools and QA systems can lead to significant development in future programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11254652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes of Kasai Surgery in Infants with Biliary Atresia.","authors":"Anna Degtyareva, Medan Isaeva, Elena Tumanova, Elena Filippova, Anna Sugak, Alexander Razumovsky, Nadezhda Kulikova, Marina Albegova, Denis Rebrikov","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.224","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.4.224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Biliary atresia (BA) is the leading cause of neonatal cholestasis (25-45%). The primary treatment is hepatic portoenterostomy (Kasai procedure), but only 20-40% provide long-term benefits. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for surgical efficacy by comparing preoperative and early postoperative indicators in infants with different outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 166 infants with BA (93 girls, 73 boys) who underwent the Kasai procedure between September 2002 and December 2021, dividing them into favorable or adverse outcome groups. Over 40 parameters were measured, and the diagnostic significance of the prognostic model was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Kasai surgery was efficacious in 69 patients (42%) and non-efficacious in 97 (58%). Our model assesses efficacy by day 14 after surgery, improving on the <34 µmol/L direct bilirubin threshold established for 3-6 months after the procedure. Including the Desmet fibrosis score refined the model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Blood cholesterol below 5.41 mmol/L, direct bilirubin below 56.3 µmol/L on postoperative days 14±3, and a low Desmet score indicate a high probability of efficacious Kasai surgery in infants with BA.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11254651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lived Experiences of Parents of Children with Celiac Disease: A Descriptive Qualitative Study.","authors":"Nesibe S Kutahyalioglu, Gamze Kaş Alay","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.146","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most prevalent food-related illnesses in children, with a global prevalence of approximately 1.4%. CD can create an emotional burden, particularly on mothers, who are mainly responsible for managing challenges related to adherence to a gluten-free diet, high food costs, and food problems in schools and social areas. There is a gap in the literature, and parental experiences of raising children with CD should be explicitly examined. This qualitative study sought to provide insights into the experiences of parents raising a child with CD in the Turkish context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used a descriptive qualitative research methodology and conducted individual semi-structured video-based dyadic interviews with 19 parents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants experienced both challenges and motivators through management of their children's CD. Analyses of the interview transcripts through the data uncovered three main themes focusing primarily on parental concerns: (1) parental challenges in child's disease management, (2) supportive care needs, and (3) parental expectations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A multidisciplinary team should approach the child and family immediately after diagnosis, and facilities should support parents with continuing education and psychological, financial, and social assistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Vertebral Fractures in Children with Chronic Liver Disease with and without Liver Transplantation.","authors":"Wittayathorn Pornsiripratharn, Suporn Treepongkaruna, Phatthawit Tangkittithaworn, Niyata Chitrapaz, Chatmanee Lertudomphonwanit, Songpon Getsuwan, Pornthep Tanpowpong, Pat Mahachoklertwattana","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.158","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the prevalence of vertebral fracture (VF) in children with chronic liver disease (CLD) with and without liver transplantation (LT) and to determine the associated factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients aged 3-21 years with CLD both before and after LT were enrolled in the study. Lateral thoracolumbar spine radiographs were obtained and assessed for VF using Mäkitie's method. Clinical and biochemical data were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We enrolled 147 patients (80 females; median age 8.8 years [interquartile range 6.0-11.8]; 110 [74.8%] in the LT group and 37 [25.2%] in the non-LT group). VF was identified in 21 patients (14.3%): 17/110 (15.5%) in the LT group and 4/37 (10.8%) in the non-LT group (<i>p</i>=0.54). Back pain was noted in only three patients with VF. In the univariate analysis, a height z-score below -2.0 (<i>p</i>=0.010), pre-LT hepatopulmonary syndrome (<i>p</i>=0.014), elevated serum direct and total bilirubin levels (<i>p</i>=0.037 and <i>p</i>=0.049, respectively), and vitamin D deficiency at 1-year post-LT (<i>p</i>=0.048) were associated with VF in the LT group. In multivariate analysis, height z-score below -2.0 was the only significant associated factor (odds ratio, 5.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-23.76; <i>p</i>=0.012) for VF. All VFs in the non-LT group were reported in males.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In children with CLD, VF is common before and after LT. Most patients with VF are asymptomatic. Screening for VF should be considered in patients with a height z-score below -2.0 after LT.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multicenter Pilot Study of Biliary Atresia Screening Using Digital Stool Color Imaging.","authors":"Kannamon Waitayagitgumjon, Wannisa Poocharoen, Suchin Trirongjitmoah, Kriengsak Treeprapin, Arada Suttiwongsing, Thetiya Wirifai, Chira Trirongchitmoh, Pitiporn Tangkabuanbutr","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.168","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The presence of alcoholic stool in biliary atresia (BA) patients is the basis of a stool color card (SCC), a screening tool that has led to more patients receiving Kasai portoenterostomy earlier. This study aimed to evaluate the color image processing of stool images captured using smartphones. We propose that measuring digital color parameters is a more objective method for identifying BA stools and may improve the sensitivity of BA screening.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study was conducted in five hospitals in Thailand between October 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. Stools from infants presenting with jaundice, acholic stool, or dark-colored urine were photographed. Digital image color analysis was performed, and software was developed based on the color on the original SCC. Sensitivity and specificity for predicting BA stools were compared between the SCC and the software.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 33 infants eligible for data collection, 19 were diagnosed with BA. Saturation and blue were two potential digital color parameters used to differentiate BA stools. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimum cutoff point of both values, and when saturation ≤56 or blue ≥61 was set as a threshold for detecting BA stool, high accuracy was achieved at 81.8% and 78.8%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Digital image processing is a promising technology. With appropriate cutoff values of saturation in hue, saturation, value and blue in red, green, blue color models, BA stools can be identified, and equivocal-colored stools of non-BA patients can be differentiated with acceptable accuracy in infants presenting with jaundice.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computed Tomography Assessment of Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in Bangladeshi Children.","authors":"Kaniz Fathema, Bazlul Karim, Salahuddin Al-Azad, Md Rukunuzzaman, Mizu Ahmed, Tasfia Jannat Rifah, Dipanwita Saha, Md Benzamin","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.176","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is common among children in Bangladesh. Its management depends mainly on risk stratification. This study aimed to assess the severity of pediatric AP using computed tomography (CT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in pediatric patients with AP at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Altogether, 25 patients with AP were included, of whom 18 (mean age, 10.27±4.0 years) were diagnosed with mild AP, and 7 (mean age, 10.54±4.0 years) with severe AP. Abdominal pain was present in all the patients, and vomiting was present in 88% of the patients. Etiology was not determined. No significant differences in serum lipase, serum amylase, BUN, and CRP levels were observed between the mild and severe AP groups. Total and platelet counts as well as hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum creatinine, random blood sugar, and serum alanine aminotransferase levels (<i>p</i>>0.05) were significantly higher in the mild AP group than in the severe AP group (<i>p</i>=0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CT severity index (CTSI) were 71.4%, 72.2%, 50%, and 86.7%, respectively. In addition, significant differences in pancreatic appearance and necrosis were observed between the two groups on CT.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CT can be used to assess the severity of AP. In the present study, the CTSI effectively assessed the severity of AP in pediatric patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infantile Colic: A Survey of Physicians in Pakistan.","authors":"Muhammad Saif Jalal, Syed Zafar Mehdi, Jalal Uddin Akber, Murtaza Ali Gowa, Carlos Lifschitz","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.186","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Infantile colic diagnostic criteria were established by Rome IV. A universally accepted management remains to be established. We aimed to evaluate diagnostic criteria, management strategies, and perceived regional prevalence of infantile colic in Pakistan, as well as its effect on physicians and parents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire was distributed amongst 1,256 physicians.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We received 800 replies. Wessel and Rome IV criteria were used by most physicians for diagnosis; however, the response \"any infant who cries a lot\" was selected by older physicians (48% of those over 60 years), physicians in rural areas (32%), physicians practicing in private clinics (27%), and general physicians (30%). Estimated prevalence of infantile colic ranges from 21-40%. Reassurance was the most widely recommended management strategy followed by herbal teas (51%), switching to a different formula (49%), probiotics (28%) and antibiotics (26%), discontinuation of breastfeeding (14%), elimination of dairy products from the breastfeeding mothers' diet (6%), and the administration of colic drops (1%). Most physicians considered the negative impact of colic on their personal lives and the parents as mild-to-moderate. Notably, 38% of percent of physicians routinely screened for maternal depression, and 45% of physicians were aware of the association between infantile colic and shaken baby syndrome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most physicians in Pakistan diagnose and manage infantile colic according to the established guidelines. However, the guidelines pertaining to treatment planning are not followed. Educational efforts directed toward general physicians and doctors practicing in rural areas and clinics must be implemented to avoid unnecessary testing and treatment burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stunting and Gut Microbiota: A Literature Review.","authors":"Jessy Hardjo, Nathasha Brigitta Selene","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.137","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.3.137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stunting, a condition characterized by impaired growth and development in children, remains a major public health concern worldwide. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has shed light on the potential role of gut microbiota modulation in stunting. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been linked to impaired nutrient absorption, chronic inflammation, altered short-chain fatty acid production, and perturbed hormonal and signaling pathways, all of which may hinder optimal growth in children. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing research exploring the bidirectional relationship between stunting and the gut microbiota. Although stunting can alter the gut microbial community, microbiota dysbiosis may exacerbate it, forming a vicious cycle that sustains the condition. The need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota to combat stunting is also discussed. Nutritional interventions, probiotics, and prebiotics are among the most promising approaches to modulate the gut microbiota and potentially ameliorate stunting outcomes. Ultimately, a better understanding of the gut microbiota-stunting nexus is vital for guiding evidence-based interventions that can improve the growth and development trajectory of children worldwide, making substantial strides toward reducing the burden of stunting in vulnerable populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11134181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Enteropathogens in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children with Acute Diarrhea in an Indonesian Tertiary Hospital Using Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction.","authors":"Dewi Wulandari, Rivaldi Febrian, Pramita Gayatri Dwipoerwantoro, Nia Kurniati","doi":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.2.95","DOIUrl":"10.5223/pghn.2024.27.2.95","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of mortality in children living in developing countries. The etiology of acute diarrhea in each healthcare center varies depending on place, time, and population. This study aimed to identify pathogen patterns in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV children suffering from acute diarrhea, using multiplex real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in an Indonesian tertiary hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital from March 2019 to April 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study showed that multiplex RT-PCR results were positive in 58.9% of the specimens, with more positive results in HIV-infected children than in non-HIV-infected children (70% vs. 54.7%). Altogether 72 enteropathogens were detected from all specimens. Enteropathogens in non-HIV children with acute diarrhea consisted of bacteria (70.6%) and viruses (29.4%) with a predominance of enteroaggregative <i>Escherichia coli</i> (25.4%), followed by <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. (11.8%), enteropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> (9.8%), Norovirus GII (7.8%), and <i>Clostridium difficile</i> (7.8%). Enteropathogens in HIV-infected children consisted of viruses (57.1%), bacteria (28.6%), and parasites (14.3%) comprising Norovirus GII (24%), <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. (14.3%), <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. (14.3%), Norovirus GI (14.3%), and Astrovirus (14.3%). <i>Cryptosporidium</i> spp. was the only parasite found in this study and was found only in HIV-infected children. In non-HIV children with acute diarrhea, most pathogens were invasive bacteria, while in HIV-infected children, more viral and parasite infections occurred, primarily caused by opportunistic pathogens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pattern of enteropathogens can help clinicians determine further examinations and appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":19989,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10948966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140175948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}