Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Outcomes of Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty.","authors":"Murtaza Sameen, Rebecca","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.10950","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.10950","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To observe effect of surgery on upper eyelid blepharoplasty in an Asian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology from May 2023 to July 2023. This study included patients from 30 to 70 years of age. Patients with upper double eye lid (dermatochalasis) and xanthelasma were included in this study. Patients were counseled about the risk of surgery. Subcutaneous 0.5% lignocaine, approximately 0.6 ml was given after skin marking in each eye. Distance between eyelid margin and inferior margin eyebrow was marked 21mm, to avoid lagophthalmos. Wound approximation was done with 7-0 vicryl interrupted sutures. Follow up was done at day one and two weeks after upper lid blepharoplasty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After a follow up of 02 weeks of 35 subjects who underwent upper eyelid blepharoplasty, 24(68.4%) were females while 11(31.4%) were males. The mean average age + SD in years was 53.45± 1.06. All subjects underwent bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty in one sitting. Redo surgery was done in one (2.84%) subject after six months. Eyelid oedema was Grade-II on day one postoperatively and was absent after two weeks of follow up in all subjects. However, no lagophthalmos was seen in any of the subject.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Upper Eyelid blepharoplasty is the procedure of choice of correcting double eyelid and xanthelasma. It not only improves periorbital cosmesis but also plays an important part in improving patient vision and contrast.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1318-1321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of platelet-rich plasma combined with simvastatin in the treatment of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head.","authors":"Yanchen Chu, Chun Rong, Huili Qu, Haining Zhang, Yuan Fang","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11518","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) is a serious complication of the overuse of glucocorticoids. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a regenerative technique that has shown to effectively repair damaged blood vessels, promote angiogenesis, restore normal blood supply, and promote osteogenesis of the femoral head. This study aimed to analyze the effect of PRP combined with a commonly used simvastatin in treating SANFH.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective single-center study clinical data of all SANFH patients who received simvastatin or PRP combined with simvastatin in The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from June 2022 to April 2024 were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline characteristics, recovery of joint function, treatment effect, and incidence of adverse reactions (ARs) were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical data of 146 patients who received simvastatin alone (n=75) or PRP combined with simvastatin (n=71) under the guidance of the treating physician were included in the analysis. After the treatment, the recovery of joint function and the rate of excellent and good therapeutic effect in patients who received PRP combined with simvastatin were significantly higher than in patients who received simvastatin treatment alone (<i>P</i><0.05). Combined treatment was associated with significantly lower levels of total procollagen Type-I N-terminal propeptide (T-PINP), N-terminal molecular fragment (N-MID), and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide of Type-I collagen (β-CTX), and higher post-treatment levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)-D) compared to simvastatin alone (<i>P</i><0.05). No significant difference was found in the incidence of ARs between the two groups (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PRP combined with simvastatin can more effectively restore joint function, regulate bone metabolism state, and improve treatment efficiency in patients with SANFH.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1280-1284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ending nuclear weapons, before they end us.","authors":"Kamran Abbasi, Parveen Ali, Virginia Barbour, Marion Birch, Inga Blum, Peter Doherty, Andy Haines, Ira Helfand, Richard Horton, Kati Juva, Jose F Lapena, Robert Mash, Olga Mironova, Arun Mitra, Carlos Monteiro, Elena N Naumova, David Onazi, Peush Sahni, James Tumwine, Carlos Umaña, Paul Yonga, Chris Zielinski","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.12255","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.12255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1264-1266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130919/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic landscape of pathogenic mutations in Pakistani population with late-stage colorectal cancer.","authors":"Zeeshan Ansar, Asghar Nasir, Tariq Moatter, Uzma Shamsi","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.10265","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.10265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the frequencies of pathogenic mutations in Pakistani population with late-stage Colorectal cancer (CRC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a descriptive analysis of CRC patients who got their next-generation sequencing (NGS) tests (targeted panel) done at AKUH, Karachi between January 2021 and December 2021. Pathogenic variants were identified using American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 35 CRC patients analyzed, 31.4% were < 50 years old and 60% were males. Mutation analysis showed a high prevalence of TP53 mutations in 23 patients (65.7%). KRAS mutations were detected in 19 patients (54.3%) Other mutations included PIK3CA in 3(8.6%), NRAS in 3(8.6%), EGFR in 3(8.6%), and MET in 1(2.9%). Double gene mutation (KRAS and TP53) were observed in 13 (37.1%) and (PIK3CA and KRAS) in 2 (5.71%) samples. A triple gene mutations (KRAS, TP53, and PIK3CA) were found in 1 (3%) of CRC tumors. The remaining samples were wild type for genes analyzed. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was assessed, revealing 2.9% MSI-high tumors, 37.1% MSI-stable tumors, and a concerningly high proportion (60.0%) of samples where MSI testing was not performed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights distinct a genetic profile of CRC in the Pakistani population, characterized by a significant prevalence of TP53 and KRAS mutations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1475-1481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immediate effects of muscle energy technique on pain and range of motion in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Ghulam Hussain, Aatik Arsh, Fazal Rehman, Shumaila Khan","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.9601","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.9601","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the immediate effects of muscle energy technique and conventional physical therapy compared to conventional physical therapy alone on pain and range of motion (ROM) in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at Physical Therapy Department Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from March 2022 to August 2022. A total of 50 subjects, aged 18 to 50 years with non-specific neck pain for ≥ 3 months were included. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups through lottery approach. Participants in experimental group (n=25) received muscle energy technique along with conventional physical therapy while participants in control group (n=25) received conventional physical therapy. Baseline and post-intervention (immediately after the session) neck pain intensity and neck ranges were measured by Numeric Pain Rating Scale and goniometer respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of participants was 32.30 ± 7.75. Of the 50 participants, 36 (72%) were male while the remaining 14 (28%) participants were female. At baseline, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between experimental and control groups. However, at post-intervention, there were significant differences in pain intensity (p=0.024), cervical flexion (p<0.001), extension (p=0.003), left rotation (p<0.001), right rotation (p<0.001), left lateral flexion (p=0.027) and right lateral flexion (p<0.001) ROMs between experimental and control groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Muscle energy technique along with conventional physical therapy is more effective in decreasing neck pain and improving cervical ROM compared to conventional physical therapy alone in individuals with chronic mechanical neck pain. <b><i>Trial Registration:</i></b> Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Reference No.: IRCT20220209053976N1).</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1365-1369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound characteristics of primary fallopian tube carcinoma and the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.","authors":"Dan Yan, Chunfang Shen, Rongrong Ru, Huijing Xu","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.10600","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.10600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study retrospectively analyzed the ultrasound characteristics of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) and the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data of 15 PFTC patients undergoing surgical treatment in Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University from August 2013 to September 2022 were collected. The clinical features, ultrasound characteristics, pathological diagnosis results and misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis by ultrasound were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 15 patients, there were 8 (53.33%) cases with vaginal bleeding, 6 (40.00%) cases with abdominal pain, five (33.33%) cases with pelvic mass, and two (13.33%) cases with vaginal discharge. There were 11 (73.33%) cases with CA125 level ≥ 35 U/ml. In 15 patients, 10 cases presented a sausage-shaped mass in adnexal region (type I PFTC) (two cases of cystic mass with papillary nodules, three cases of cystic-solid mass, five cases of hypoechoic or heterogeneous hypoechoic solid mass), four cases presented irregular hypoechoic mass in adnexal region (type II PFTC), and one case did not present the mass (type III PFTC). In 15 patients, three cases were accompanied by hydrosalpinx, two cases were accompanied by uterine fluid accumulation, and five cases were accompanied by abdominal or pelvic fluid accumulation. There were totally seven (46.66%) cases misdiagnosed or missed of diagnosis by ultrasound.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The clinical manifestations of PFTC are diverse and lack of specificity. The ultrasound examination may have the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. PFTC should be highly suspected when there are characteristic ultrasound images including sausage-shaped mass companied by hydrosalpinx, uterine fluid accumulation, or abdominal or pelvic fluid accumulation. If the mass is small, it is prone to missed diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1511-1516"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of assisted reproductive technology on the risk of cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Xinyu Chen, Peihong Zhou","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11961","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of assisted reproductive technology (ART) on the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in offspring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases for observational studies that investigated the link between ART and CP as a pregnancy outcome that were published until 15th January, 2024. Only studies that provided adjusted effect sizes for the outcome of interest were included. Pooled odds ratio (OR) was reported along with 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen studies were included. Pregnancy that was achieved with the help of ART correlated with significantly higher risk of CP in offspring (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.94) compared to natural conception. The risk of CP in singleton pregnancies achieved through ART was elevated (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.58). while no such increase in the risk was detected in cases of multiple pregnancies (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.20) and preterm births (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.28). Studies published prior to the year 2010 showed an association of ART with elevated rates of CP (OR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.44). No difference was detected in studies published after the year 2010 (OR 1.40, 95% CI: 0.97, 2.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest a modest increase in the risk of CP that is linked to ART. However, the analysis is hindered by a small number of studies and notable heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses did not show significant associations for multiple or preterm pregnancies, suggesting that other factors beyond ART may be responsible. Factors such as maternal age, underlying infertility, and pregnancy complications might contribute to the observed risk of CP rather than ART itself. Higher-quality studies are required to validate our conclusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1526-1535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive factors of stigma in stroke patients based on logistic regression and decision tree mode.","authors":"Wenwen Ma, Kunjuan Jing, Ruotong Zhang, Xuefei Li, Zheng Li","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.9946","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.9946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Logistic regression and decision tree model were used to analyze the predictive factors of stigma in stroke patients, and to explore the application value of the two models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study. The data of 342 stroke patients were collected from Baoding No.1 Central Hospital from December 2023 to March 2024. Data were retrospectively retrieved from the hospital information and management system. The regression model and decision tree model of influencing factors of stroke patients' sense of stigma were established, to analyze the influencing factors of the sense of stigma, and to compare the predictive effects, advantages and disadvantages of the two models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Logistic regression analysis showed that threat assessment (OR=2.7761) was a risk factor for stigma, while irrelevant cognitive appraisal (OR=0.321), social support (OR=0.098) and resilience (OR=0.438) were protective factors. The results of the decision tree model showed that the patients' psychological resilience was the most important factor affecting the sense of stigma, followed by social support and threat assessment. The AUC of the decision tree model and Logistic regression model were 0.854 and 0.880, respectively, and the accuracy were 78.7% and 79.6%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Threat, irrelevant cognitive appraisal, social support and resilience might be the predictive factors of stigma in stroke patients. The AUC and accuracy of the decision tree model were slightly lower than that of the Logistic regression model.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1482-1487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the clinical characteristics of five patients with Kawasaki disease complicated with macrophage activation syndrome in Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University.","authors":"Wenjing Zhang, Huiqing Feng, Jing Zhao, Man Li, Yanping Liu","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11538","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease (KD) complicated with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and to identify possible indicators for early diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Clinical data, laboratory indexes, treatment, and prognosis of five patients with KD complicated with MAS admitted to Department of Cardiology, Baoding Children's Hospital from April 2020 to April 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five pediatric patients aged between three months and five years were included in the study. The enrolled patients were non-reactive to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and presented with mental impairment, abdominal distension, skin rash, and scleroderma of the hands and feet. Four patients had hepatomegaly and two patients had splenomegaly. There were four patients with coronary artery diseases. Triglyceride (TG) levels were increased or showed an upward trend in four patients. Two patients had positive bone marrow hemophagocytosis. All patients had decreased fibrinogen, increased ferritin levels, a decrease or a downward trend in the natural killer (NK) lymphocytes counts, and significantly increased sCD25. Four patients presented with decreased activity of NK cells. All pediatric patients enrolled were treated with two doses of high-dose IVIG +methylprednisolone. One patient died as a result of stopping the treatment, while four remaining patients had a good prognosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MAS complication should be suspected in pediatric patients with KD who are non-responsive to IVIG and show signs of mental impairment, abdominal distension, scleroderma of hands and feet, or hepatosplenomegaly. We should monitor trends in blood routine, ferritin, triglyceride, fibrinogen and NK lymphocytes counts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1299-1304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the role of skin complexion in determining tooth shade, and gingival pigmentation in dental aesthetics.","authors":"Rizwan Jouhar","doi":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11824","DOIUrl":"10.12669/pjms.41.5.11824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background & objective: </strong>Skin complexion and oral aesthetics significantly influence facial harmony and smile attractiveness. This study aimed to explore the relationship between skin tone, gingival pigmentation, and tooth shade to achieve natural and aesthetically pleasing dental outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Dental Clinic Complex of King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa from September 2024 to January 2025. A total of 261 participants of both genders, with good oral health and healthy central incisors for shade selection, were included. Skin complexion was assessed using the Revlon (Revlon Foundation Makeup Shade Guide, USA), while gingival pigmentation with the Dummett-Gupta Oral Pigmentation Index, and tooth shade using the Vita Easyshade^® V (Bad Säckingen, Germany). Data analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 20.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago), with chi-square, Spearman's correlation, and linear regression tests. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants were male (65.5%). Shade A was the most common tooth shade (62.1%), followed by shade B (30.3%). Medium skin tone (51.0%) was predominant, with dark (28.0%) and fair (21.0%) tones following. The majority had no gingival pigmentation (66.7%). A significant association was found between skin complexion and tooth shade (p = 0.018), with a weak positive correlation (ρ = 0.146, p = 0.019). No significant associations were observed with gingival pigmentation or smile satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Fair-skinned participants tended to have lighter tooth shades, whereas those with medium and dark skin tones had relatively darker shades. However, gingival pigmentation and smile satisfaction showed no significant correlation with skin complexion.</p>","PeriodicalId":19958,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"41 5","pages":"1292-1298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12130958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144226129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}