{"title":"Functional Electronic Model of the Frog Retina","authors":"M. Herscher, T. Kelley","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323057","url":null,"abstract":"Based on some earlier concepts, a functional electronic model of the frog retina has been designed and constructed. This system duplicates functionally the four image-feature-abstraction process found by Lettvin and co-workers in the frog retina. From the input image, the model abstracts 1) edges, 2) moving convexities, 3) contrast changes, and 4) net dimming. Information presented to the receptors flows in a parallel mode through successive separate processing layers of the model; this information is preserved as it flows as a transformed \"map\" of the input image. Finally, the processed information is displayed as a spatial map of the four abstracted features of the input image, similar to the \"mapping\" performed in the brain of the frog. The model was constructed using neon-lamp/photoconductive (Ne-Pc) circuits on separate processing layers. These two elements serve the dual purpose of being principal circuit components as well as providing the interconnections between processing planes. In this manner, the inputs to a processing plane are photoconductive cells and and the outputs are neon lamps. This fabrication technique provides the advantages of easy access to individual components, rapid visual inspection of the operation of individual layers, and the simplicity of modifying the system by inserting or removing a particular layer.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124428832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiments in Adaptive Pattern Recognition","authors":"J. Bryan","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323068","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper and the experiments which it describes has been to supply data concerning the power of some Perceptron-like adaptive pattern recognition systems using linear discriminate functions. Three problems have been presented to such a machine: hand-print classification, blood-cell sorting and target identification in gray-scale aerial photographs. Performance of decision functions utilizing corrective training were compared with that obtained by a simple form of Bayes' weighting. In general, the technique of corrective training was found to yield markedly superior results over the training sequence, but the ability to generalize or recognize samples not included in the training sequence was found to be about the same for the two techniques. Analysis of the experimental data permitted a quantitative evaluation of the effects of statistical dependence in the system together with a prediction of terminal error rates for the condition in which the number of A units is made infinitely large.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127073597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constraint Algebra-A Supervisory Programming Technique and a Cognitive Process","authors":"G. Friedman","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323066","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematical models of complex physical or bionic systems involve many simultaneous nonlinear equations. These groups of relationships are difficult to manipulate and even simulalation on a computer is unwieldy because most computational paths are multidirectional and are either over-or under-constrained. The foundation and purposes for an algebra of contraints are outlined in this paper. A typical application of constraint algebra would be as a supervisory routine for a digital program that operates on the topological properties of the set of the equations and determines the allowable computational paths. At the conclusion of these logical operations, which are performed with the aid of a constraint matrix, normal programming can be employed for the quantitative operations on the allowable paths. Thus, one more rational function in the man/computer relationship-that of the generation of perfectly constrained relationships-can now be taken over by the computer. The inclusion of a theorem from thermodynamics allows quite a different application: new variables may be deduced from the constraints which, together with their corresponding equations, simplify the model. This ability to synthesize new concepts (variables) and relationships (equations) which tend to simplify models can be considered as an analog for the cognitive process of abstraction.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"14 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121016662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bionics-Status and Plans","authors":"L. Butsch, C. Gwinn","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323081","url":null,"abstract":"A brief discussion of the past and present progress in bionics is presented. Directions for future research are indicated. Emphasis is placed on some of the United States Air Force bionics programs, both present and planned. Short descriptions are given of each area of endeavor.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114739067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Flexible Neural Logic Network","authors":"G. J. Dusheck, T. C. Hilinski, F. Putzrath","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323075","url":null,"abstract":"The process of learning is manifested by the modification of an organism's response to a given set of input stimuli. This altered response to brought about by a gradual change in the neural logic of the animal's nervous system. The authors show that gradual changes in logic can be achieved by the use of digital and analog properties of the natural prototype. A two-input, one-output neural network is described which gives a continuum of logic functions, including the analog equivalent for each of the sixteen binary functions. This multifunction response is accomplished by varying four interconnecting weighting elements which control the excitatory and inhibitory signals to the three neurons of the network. The logic capabilities of the basic network can be increased by replacing some of its fixed weights with variable ones and expanding the network to accommodate additional input signals. A simple procedure has been developed which automatically sets the weighting elements in a reinforcement learning process. Rapid convergence to the desired logic function is achieved. It is shown that human learning and behavior can be approximated by expanding the flexible neural logic technique to functional networks.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130972190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glial Control of Neuronal Activity","authors":"L. E. Lipetz","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323063","url":null,"abstract":"The concept that the activity of neurons is both passively and actively modified by the surrounding glial and other non-neuronal cells is found in this review to be supported, but not conclusively demonstrated, by recent and previously unreported experiments. The evidence makes such non-neuronal control seem highly likely in the vertebrate retina. In particular, the non-neuronal horizontal cells of the retina were found to sunumate, and apparently to transmit, changes in their membrane potentials (the L-response type of S-potential) over distances many times the span of a single such cell. Available evidence is consistent with the idea that these potential changes can affect the neuronal transmission of excitation from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. This is proposed as the basis for a mechanism accounting for the low-luminance portion of light adaptation and for certain retinal functions of spatial summation and movement detection.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127739170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHILD and SPOCK","authors":"P. Greene, T. Ruggles","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323064","url":null,"abstract":"In order to study the structure and acquisition of perception and motor skills, we are simulating on a digital computer some features of a baby's sensorimotor development. The baby comes to be able to recognize and manipulate objects, taking into account their movements and other spatial relationships. He performs purposeful actions naturally described in terms of their effects on his environment rather than in terms of particular muscle movements. For instance, we say that he picks up his rattle rather than saying that he moves certain muscles because from our usual point of view, we care about the act as related to other acts. The movements could have been any of a large number of movements performed by different sets of muscles so long as they combined to produce the desired effect of picking up the rattle. We are trying to learn more about the sequence of development which brings about this purposive regulation of movements. There have been a number of different approaches to problems like these. One is to deal with elements at the neural network level adjusting connection strengths of thresholds, while another is to write computer programs in which symbols may designate complex behavioral acts. We are working somewhere between these levels.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"MIL-7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130961706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relational Biology and Bionics","authors":"R. Rosen","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323065","url":null,"abstract":"\"Relational Biology\" is the name given by N. Rashevsky to an approach to biological systems in which, roughly speaking, one seeks to understand the properties of these systems in terms of a decomposition into functional components, rather than into structural components as is commonly done in (metric) biology. An approach of this type seems a most natural way of comprehending the types of organization manifested by biological systems. A number of preliminary results, typical of those obtained by relational techniques, are cited to indicate the scope and potential fruitfulness of this type of approach. The emphasis on a functional rather than a structural orientation, characteristic of Relational Biology, naturally opens the possibility for the realization of systems of biological significance at the engineering level, rather than exclusively at the molecular or biochemical level, as is the case in actual biological systems. The possibility thus arises that close analogs of real biological systems may be constructed and studied, with a resulting enrichment both of our understanding of biological systems in themselves, and of our techniques for the simulation of important biological processes in engineering applications. Some theoretical problems connected with the realizability of abstract functional organizations, which are connected with the above possibilities, are here briefly outlined and discussed.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132284473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Signals Assimilable by Living Organisms and by Machines","authors":"O. H. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323055","url":null,"abstract":"Man-machine systems may be highly unified and tightly coupled so that they operate practically as a single entity or they may be loosely coupled so that the interfaces are easily discernible and the interaction easily understood whether the interface be close to the biological organism, as in the case of bio-transducers or close to the machine as in conventional digital computers. In most existing cases, however, there is an unnecessary degree of formalization of the intercommunication in terms of an over-simplified clumsy physical or mathematical model or code. It appears possible to develop communication codes based on mathematical models more closely in conformity with indwelling biological codes and thus to facilitate man-machine and other bio-engineering interactions with expected simplification and performance improvement of machine systems and subsequent development of much more tightly knit, effectively functional man-machine systems.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132314013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Model of the Plastic Neuron","authors":"V. Griffith","doi":"10.1109/TME.1963.4323079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TME.1963.4323079","url":null,"abstract":"Substantial physiological evidence indicates that neuron thresholds and synaptic weights in living creatures are adjusted by mechanisms quite different from those that have ordinarily been proposed in neural net investigations. This paper presents a theoretical model of the plastic neuron in which threshold and synaptic weights are adjusted solely on the basis of the time history of afferent and efferent activity of the neuron. Physiological, psychological and mathematical evidence is presented which supports the postulate that each neuron in living creatures is an autonomous, dynamically self-adjusting unit which is advised (not directed) by higher centers during the adjustnent process. The model duplicates much of the behavior of neurons in experimental preparations, and simulations of small nets have yielded learning behavior apparently similar in some respects to that of living creatures.","PeriodicalId":199455,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Military Electronics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124800069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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