Parkinson's Disease最新文献

{"title":"Inflammatory Markers and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Population-Based Analysis.","authors":"Hongping Wang, Wenqiang Li, Qun Lai, Qian Huang, Hao Ding, Zhiping Deng","doi":"10.1155/padi/4192853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/padi/4192853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objected:</b> Parkinson's disease (PD) is an important cause of neurological dysfunction, and the aim of this study was to explore whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic inflammatory response (SIRI), and systemic immune inflammation (SII) are associated with the risk of developing PD. Based on this, we may identify people at high risk for PD and intervene early. <b>Method:</b> Our study included 31,480 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2001 and 2018. Basic information and inflammation-related indicators were obtained by questionnaires and laboratory tests, respectively. NLR, PLR, LMR, SIRI, SII, and PD risk were analyzed using weighted logistic regression models. <b>Results:</b> There were 261 and 31,219 in the PD and non-PD groups, respectively, and the prevalence of PD was 0.83%. Separate analyses of NLR and PLR were conducted after fully adjusting for confounding factors. According to our analysis, there was an increased risk of PD for both NLR and PLR in the higher level group (Q4) as compared with the lower level group (Q1) (OR = 1.83 and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-3.07, and OR = 1.92 and 95% CI = 1.20-3.08). However, we did not find similar relationships in LMR, SIRI, and SII. <b>Conclusions:</b> There was a significant association between elevated levels of NLR, PLR, and PD risk, while LMR, SIRI, and SII were not statistically significant. It suggests that NLR or PLR could be used to screen people at risk of PD at an early stage. It is essential to conduct more large-scale prospective studies to investigate the role that NLR and PLR play in PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"4192853"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11707066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142952143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cinnamaldehyde Attenuates the Expression of IBA1 and GFAP to Inhibit Glial Cell Activation and Inflammation in the MPTP-Induced Acute Parkinson's Disease Model.","authors":"Panpan Jiao, Yingfeng An, Suhui Wu, Hanbing Li, Genlin Li","doi":"10.1155/padi/9973140","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/9973140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cinnamaldehyde (CA), the primary bioactive compound in cinnamon (<i>Cinnamomum cassia</i> Presl, Lauraceae, <i>Cinnamomum</i>), holds potential therapeutic benefits for Parkinson's disease (PD). To scrutinize the impact and mechanisms of CA on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated to CA (150, 300, and 600 mg/kg), model, Madopar, and control group (<i>n</i> = 12). The Open Field, Pole-jump, and Rotarod experiments assessed exercise capacity and anxiety levels. HPLC evaluated the levels of neurotransmitters. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the expression of TH and GFAP. WB and RT-qPCR determine the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and proteins in the substantia nigra and striatum. The findings revealed that CA not only enhanced motor abilities and reduced anxiety but also elevated the levels of TH, DOPAC, DA, 5-HIAA, HVA, and 5-HT in the substantia nigra and striatum. Moreover, it protected DA neurons and downregulated the expression of <i>Bax</i>, <i>Casp3</i>, and <i>Bax/Bcl-2</i> mRNA and proteins, while increasing the expression of <i>Bcl-2</i> mRNA compared to the model group. Furthermore, CA was observed to inhibit glial cell activation, leading to reduced levels of GFAP and IBA1 in the substantia nigra and striatum. This resulted in decreased expression of inflammatory factors such as iNOS and NF-<i>κ</i>Bp65 proteins in these regions, consequently mitigating neuroinflammation. These results suggest that CA exerts a neuroprotective effect in acute PD model mice by suppressing glial cell activation, modulating the expression of apoptotic genes, and alleviating neuroinflammation and apoptosis induced by MPTP.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"9973140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11688134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142914913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Long-Term Efficacy of Targeting the Subthalamic Nucleus Versus the Globus Pallidus Interna for Deep Brain Stimulation Treatment of Motor Dysfunction in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis Study.","authors":"Makenna Huhn, Matthew Prewett, Julien Rossignol, Gary L Dunbar","doi":"10.1155/padi/5157873","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/5157873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cardinal symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) is motor dysfunction, including bradykinesia and tremors, which is quantified in the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS). Although some medications provide palliative treatments for these motor deficits, their efficacy wanes and can produce unwanted side effects, such as dyskinesia. Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) has provided an alternative treatment strategy that can benefit many patients, but optimal target structures for DBS and its long-term efficacy are not fully understood. The present study represents a meta-analysis of the long-term (> 5 years) effects of DBS on the two most common targets, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the globus pallidus interna (GPi), on scores of motor performance using the UPDRS-III. The initial search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials resulted in 197 articles, of which 28 met the criteria for our analysis. Of the 1321 patients included, 1179 received STN DBS group and 142 received GPi DBS. UPDRS-III scores for both target groups were analyzed at baseline and at either 5-8 or 10-15 years later for both on- and off-medication phases. The results indicated that the STN stimulation is effective at reducing motor symptoms during off-medication treatment for up to 15 years and that the GPi stimulation can be effective for up to at least 8 years. Our findings further suggest that STN- and GPi-targeted DBS may wear off during the on-medication phase between 5 and 10 years of treatment. This study supports findings that both DBSs of either the STN or GPi have long-term efficacy, especially during off-medication periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5157873"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11614509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142770940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and Feasibility of Nonpharmacological Interventions for People With Parkinson's Disease and Cognitive Impairment on Patient-Centred Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Jennifer S Pigott, Megan Armstrong, Nujhat Tabassum, Nathan Davies, Anette Schrag","doi":"10.1155/2024/3654652","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3654652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's disease (PD) but has limited treatment options. Medication has shown some benefits but accompanied by risk of adverse events. We aimed to investigate effectiveness and feasibility of nonpharmacological interventions for people with PD and cognitive impairment on patient-centred outcomes. <b>Methods:</b> Systematic searches of five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science) were performed for studies evaluating nonpharmacological interventions for people with PD and cognitive impairment, reporting health-related quality of life, function (activities of daily living) or wellbeing outcomes, published up to 15 May 2023. Two reviewers independently assessed full-text articles and one reviewer extracted data, with a second reviewer reliability checking all data extraction. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were synthesised through meta-analysis using a random-effects meta-analysis with restricted maximum likelihood method pooled estimate and observational studies through narrative synthesis. <b>Results:</b> Eleven RCTs and three noncontrolled studies were included, studying a range of interventions: cognitive training, cognitive stimulation, cognitive rehabilitation, physical and cognitive exercise, goal management training, psychoeducation with mindfulness, broader rehabilitation programs and a psychological intervention. Feasibility was demonstrated. The majority showed effectiveness for their primary outcome. Meta-analysis showed no significant improvement in HrQoL (seven RCTs: pooled effect, standardised mean difference, -0.20 [-0.57-0.18]) or function (four RCTs: 0.08 [-0.36, 0.52]), and wellbeing measurement was infrequent and indirect. Quality of evidence was judged as very low, limiting the conclusions drawn. <b>Conclusion:</b> Whilst nonpharmacological trials for cognitive impairment in PD have shown promise, we found no evidence of effectiveness on HrQoL, function or wellbeing. However, this is based on very low-quality evidence from a small number of diverse studies, not powered for these outcomes. Feasibility of a range of interventions has been demonstrated in both PD-mild cognitive impairment and PD-dementia. There is a need for more robust, adequately powered studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"3654652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11588407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale.","authors":"Yeray González-Zamorano, Marcos Moreno-Verdú, Josué Fernández-Carnero, Jaime Herreros-Rodríguez, Juan Pablo Romero","doi":"10.1155/2024/5485811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5485811","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale (KPPS). <b>Design:</b> A descriptive transversal study at a Spanish hospital. <b>Methods:</b> Fifty-three Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffering from otherwise explained pain (34 females, age = 63.42 ± 10.52 years, time with disease = 7.25 ± 4.65 years) were evaluated by the KPPS, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), two Pain Pressure Thresholds (PPTs), Widespread Mechanical Hyperalgesia (WMH), and Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM). A retest of the KPPS was performed 7-15 days later. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)), measurement error, factor structure, and criterion/convergent validity were assessed. <b>Results:</b> Internal consistency of the Spanish KPPS was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.77). The mean test and retest total KPPS scores were similar (test = 34.83 ± 23.50 points, retest = 35.87 ± 26.23 points), and test-retest reliability was good (ICC = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75-0.91). Standard error of measurement (SEM) was 9.1 points and smallest detectable change (SDC) was 25.22 points. The sampling adequacy was not sufficient to perform factor analysis. The total KPPS score was not correlated to the BPI intensity subscale (<i>r</i> = 0.18, <i>p</i>=0.19), but it was moderately and positively correlated to the interference subscale (<i>r</i> = 0.43, <i>p</i>=0.001). The total KPPS was moderately and negatively correlated to both the remote PPT (<i>r</i> = -0.4, <i>p</i>=0.003) and WMH (<i>r</i> = -0.38, <i>p</i>=0.005). No statistical correlations were found with local PPT or CPM. <b>Conclusion:</b> The present study provides evidence that the Spanish KPPS effectively measures pain in individuals with PD, with its total score demonstrating good reliability, minimal measurement error, and adequate criterion and convergent validity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5485811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142625684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Apathy in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Olivia Plant, Annika Kienast, Daniel S Drew, Elitsa D Slavkova, Kinan Muhammed, Helen Kennerley, Masud Husain","doi":"10.1155/2024/2820257","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/2820257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apathy is recognized to be a common, disabling syndrome that occurs across a range of psychiatric and neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease. It can have a significant impact on quality of life, both for people affected and those around them. Currently, there are no established, evidence-based treatments for this debilitating syndrome. Assessment and treatment have been complicated by overlaps with depression and anhedonia, as well as a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Emerging lines of evidence conceptualize apathy as a reduction of motivation associated with disordered effort-based decision-making and dysfunction of distinct neural circuitry between the basal ganglia and medial prefrontal cortex. Here, we introduce a novel cognitive-behavioral framework that can inform a clinician's conceptualization and treatment of apathy, using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. We focus on people with Parkinson's disease in our model, but our approach is transdiagnostic and can be applied to other conditions. It considers both individual targets for therapy as well as maintenance and intervention at a systemic level. The generalizability and parsimony of the framework provides a structured assessment and formulation of apathy, while also allowing clinicians to remain sensitive to other neuropsychiatric symptoms that can occur alongside apathy, such as depression and anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"2820257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11380718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible Implications of Managing Alexithymia on Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Laura Culicetto, Caterina Formica, Viviana Lo Buono, Desirèe Latella, Giuseppa Maresca, Amelia Brigandì, Chiara Sorbera, Giuseppe Di Lorenzo, Angelo Quartarone, Silvia Marino","doi":"10.1155/2024/5551796","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5551796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alexithymia, characterized by difficulty in recognizing and verbalizing emotions, is reported to be more prevalent in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) than in the general population. Although it is one of the nonmotor symptoms of PD, alexithymia is often overlooked in clinical practice. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the prevalence of alexithymia in PD, assess its impact on quality of life, and explore the rehabilitation approaches for alexithymia. Research articles, selected from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were limited to those published in English from 2013 to 2023. The search terms combined were \"Alexithymia,\" \"Parkinson's disease,\", and \"Quality of life.\" Current literature review indicates that alexithymia is commonly assessed using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and it is associated with deficits in visuospatial and executive functions. Presently, rehabilitation interventions for alexithymia are scarce, and their effectiveness remains controversial. Future research should focus on developing comprehensive assessments and rehabilitation strategies for emotional processing, considering its significant impact on the quality of life of both patients and caregivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5551796"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11371456/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of Convolutional Neural Network for Brain MRI Image Classification to Identify Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Ananya Yakkundi, Radha Gupta, Kokila Ramesh, Amit Verma, Umair Khan, Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari","doi":"10.1155/2024/6111483","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/6111483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease is a chronic clinical condition that is predominantly seen in age groups above 60 years. The early detection of the disease through image classification aids in effective diagnosis and suitable treatment. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data on Alzheimer's disease have been collected from Kaggle which is a freely available data source. These datasets are divided into training and validation sets. The present study focuses on training MRI datasets using TinyNet architecture that suits small-scale image classification problems by overcoming the disadvantages of large convolutional neural networks. The architecture is designed such that convergence time is reduced and overall generalization is improved. Though the number of parameters used in this architecture is lesser than the existing networks, still this network can provide better results. Training MRI datasets achieved an accuracy of 98% with the method used with a 2% error rate and 80% for the validation MRI datasets with a 20% error rate. Furthermore, to validate the model-supporting data collected from Kaggle and other open-source platforms, a comparative analysis is performed to substantiate TinyNet's applicability and is projected in the discussion section. Transfer learning techniques are employed to infer the differences and to improve the model's efficiency. Furthermore, experiments are included for fine-tuning attempts at the TinyNet architecture to assess how the nuances in convolutional neural networks have an impact on its performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"6111483"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11362580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142110736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Neuroprotective Effect of the Endocannabinoid System on Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"María Fernanda Urmeneta-Ortíz, Aldo Rafael Tejeda-Martínez, Orfil González-Reynoso, Mario Eduardo Flores-Soto","doi":"10.1155/2024/5519396","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/5519396","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by alterations in motor capacity resulting from a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine due to the selective death of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. Unfortunately, conventional pharmacological treatments fail to halt disease progression; therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed, and currently, some are being investigated. The endocannabinoid system (ECS), highly expressed in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit, undergoes alterations in response to dopaminergic depletion, potentially contributing to motor symptoms and the etiopathogenesis of PD. Substantial evidence supports the neuroprotective role of the ECS through various mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects. Therefore, the ECS emerges as a promising target for PD treatment. This review provides a comprehensive summary of current clinical and preclinical evidence concerning ECS alterations in PD, along with potential pharmacological targets that may exert the protection of dopaminergic neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"5519396"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11300097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's Modified Version of Sniffin' Sticks 12-Identification Test Used in Chinese Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Patients: Comparison of Three Olfactory Testing Methods.","authors":"Huijing Liu, Wei Du, Shuhua Li, Ying Jin, Haibo Chen, Wen Su","doi":"10.1155/2024/3561881","DOIUrl":"10.1155/2024/3561881","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to compare the Sniffin' Sticks 12-identification test (SIT-12), China-modified version of the SIT-12 test (Ch-SIT-12) and brief smell identification test for Chinese (B-SITC) in Chinese population of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>36 patients with PD and 7 patients with MSA were enrolled in this study. Three olfactory testing methods (SIT-12, Ch-SIT-12, and B-SITC) were used to test the olfactory function in all participants. Furthermore, demographic and clinical data were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference between three olfactory tests in patients with PD (B-SITC vs. SIT-12: <i>P</i>=0.508; Ch-SIT-12 vs. B-SITC: <i>P</i>=0.146; and SIT-12 vs. Ch-SIT-12: <i>P</i>=0.375). Tremor-dominant (TD) subtypes have better olfactory function than akinetic-rigid dominant (ARD) subtypes when using Ch-SIT-12 (77.8% vs. 29.6%, <i>P</i>=0.019) or B-SITC (55.6% vs. 14.8%, <i>P</i>=0.026). There was a statistical difference between the PD and MSA using Ch-SIT-12 to test the olfactory function (<i>P</i>=0.046).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicated that SIT-12, Ch-SIT-12 and B-SITC can be used for the detection of olfactory dysfunction in Chinese population of PD. TD subtypes may have better olfactory function than ARD subtypes. In addition, Ch-SIT-12 may be used to differentiate PD from MSA, but that should be confirmed in a larger population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2024 ","pages":"3561881"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11219208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141492951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}