Parkinson's Disease最新文献

{"title":"Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Key Areas Related to the Relationship Between Parkinson's Disease and Exercise Therapy.","authors":"Zengkun Fang, Shuang Zeng, Dingwen Xu, Huachun Liu","doi":"10.1155/padi/2781558","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/2781558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise therapy is recognized as a crucial method that can markedly improve outcomes for individuals with Parkinson's Disease. Research on exercise therapy and Parkinson's Disease is steadily increasing; however, a bibliometric analysis in this field is currently lacking. This study applies bibliometric methods to identify trends and hotspots in research related to Parkinson's Disease and exercise therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data collection comprised articles relevant to Parkinson's Disease and exercise therapy, which were sourced from the Web of Science core collection for the period between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2024. The collected literature was subsequently analyzed using a suite of bibliometric tools, including Excel, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace. Additionally, text mining was carried out via Coremine to identify significant correlations among key terms within this research domain.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The volume of articles on Parkinson's Disease and exercise therapy has increased yearly, with a notable surge after 2019. The top three countries contributing to this volume are the United States, Italy, and China. The leading institutions in publication output are Radboud University Nijmegen, the University of Sydney, and Northwestern University. The 10 most frequent keywords include Parkinson's Disease, exercise, rehabilitation, people, gait, balance, quality of life, physical therapy, therapy, and motor. Keywords such as telemedicine, telehealth, neurodegeneration, telerehabilitation, and wearable sensors represent current hotspots in this area of research.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study utilizes bibliometric techniques to perform an objective, quantitative assessment of the literature pertaining to Parkinson's Disease and exercise therapy. It outlines the current research landscape, pinpoints emerging hotspots, and addresses prevailing challenges, thereby offering valuable insights to guide and improve the focus and efficacy of subsequent studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"2781558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13538935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148888102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Loss of Balance to Understand Postural Instability Associated With Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Ryan D Kaya, Andrew Bazyk, Colin Waltz, Eric Zimmerman, Joshua D Johnston, Benjamin L Walter, Adam Margolius, Anson B Rosenfeldt, Mandy Miller Koop, Jay L Alberts","doi":"10.1155/padi/6998888","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/6998888","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objectives: </strong>Postural instability compromises balance, contributing to annual fall rates of 45%-68% in Parkinson's disease (PD). A fundamental gap in clinical evaluation and treatment of postural instability is the use of insufficiently challenging postural control tests and reliance on subjective scoring. Traditional 3D motion capture (Traditional-MC), while precise and objective, is not feasible for clinical utilization. Markerless motion capture (MMC) is a viable candidate for quantifying postural control, feasible with embedded cameras of augmented reality (AR) headsets. This project aimed to assess MMC accuracy in quantifying postural control and to compare PD patients and healthy controls (HCs) to develop a loss-of-balance (LOB) prediction model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Video data were acquired by a clinician wearing a Microsoft HoloLens 2 AR headset as participants completed three progressively challenging postural control stances. Depth and red-green-blue camera data were analyzed with our custom-built human pose estimation software (CART-MMC). Criterion validity between Traditional-MC and CART-MMC was completed on outcomes, 95% ellipsoid sway area (Sway area) and 95% mediolateral and anteroposterior (ML and AP) ranges in 54 (HC = 28, PD = 26) participants. Group differences were assessed, and survival analysis was conducted to quantify no LOB probabilities in 31 HCs and 68 PD patients. A relaxed LASSO model was used to predict LOB in the PD group from CART-MMC data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sway area and ML range from CART-MMC were equivalent to Traditional-MC. Furthermore, ML range from CART-MMC differentiated PD patients from HCs in the stance that had the highest completion rate. As postural task difficulty increased, fewer PD patients were able to complete compared to HCs, resulting in lower survival probabilities of the PD group in Tandem-Firm-EO and FT-Foam-EC stances. In the least challenging stance, ML range predicted the occurrence of LOB in the more challenging stance (LOO-CV AUC = 0.78).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CART-MMC is a valid method of obtaining objective postural control outcomes, which can detect latent postural control deficits and demonstrates a scalable, objective clinical and remote monitoring approach for predicting falls.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6998888"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13507832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148831504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the Medicine-Related Priorities for People With Parkinson's During Hospitalisation: A Systematic Review Using Meta-Ethnography.","authors":"Anna Delf, David Wright","doi":"10.1155/padi/8428752","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/8428752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People with Parkinson's (PwP) experience disproportionately higher rates of hospitalisation, where they encounter many medication-related challenges. Although interventions have been developed to address these issues, medication-related problems persist, and the patient's voice is largely absent from their design.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore medication-related priorities during hospitalisation from the perspective of PwP to inform the development of future patient-led interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review using meta-ethnography was conducted and registered with PROSPERO. A SPICE-informed search (Setting, Perspective, Intervention, Comparison, Evaluation) was undertaken across MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase and Google Scholar in June 2025. Eligible qualitative and mixed-method studies explored the perspectives of PwP regarding inpatient medication-related care. Two reviewers independently screened studies using Covidence. First- and second-order constructs were synthesised into third-order constructs representing medication-related priorities. Reporting followed Enhancing Meta-Ethnography Reporting Guidance (eMERGe), and methodological quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four studies met the inclusion criteria. Four overarching themes reflected the core medication-related priorities of PwP during hospitalisation: timely and accurate medication administration, autonomy, access to skilled and knowledgeable staff, and advocacy to support patient needs. These priorities informed the development of an interpretive conceptual framework illustrating the interaction between PwP medication-related priorities and hospital systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest the need to strengthen systems supporting timely medication administration, enable self-administration where appropriate, promote flexibility and person-centred care, and implement Parkinson's clinical champions to advocate for and support PwP throughout hospitalisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8428752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13504675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148819222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parkinson's Disease: Immunometabolic Control Points Across Neural, Vascular, and Peripheral Systems.","authors":"Y Narvaez Irizarry Felix, M Bermudez Adorno Alondra, Ermolinsky Boris, Kucheryavykh Lilia, Inyushin Mikhail","doi":"10.1155/padi/5349481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/padi/5349481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder most associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Increasing clinical and experimental evidence, however, indicates that PD is a multisystem disease in which immune, metabolic, vascular, and peripheral nervous system dysfunction precede and shape motor circuit failure. Nonmotor manifestations, including olfactory impairment, sleep and autonomic disturbances, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and cognitive decline, often arise years before motor diagnosis, highlighting pathogenic mechanisms beyond dopamine deficiency alone. In this review, we synthesize evidence supporting the view that PD represents a disorder of chronic immunometabolic dysregulation rather than isolated neuronal loss. We focus on underestimated but high-impact immunological control points that integrate central and peripheral disease mechanisms, including environmental and microbial immune priming, gut-brain axis interactions, platelet-mediated inflammatory signaling, amyloid-β (Aβ) as an innate immune peptide, immune checkpoint regulation via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) homeostasis governed by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Recent pharmacological evidence further supports this framework, as metabolic interventions that improve systemic energy balance and reduce inflammation have also demonstrated neuroprotective effects in experimental models, reinforcing the concept that immunometabolic pathways are therapeutically actionable. Motor impairment in PD arises from basal ganglia network dysfunction, accompanied by pathological beta-band synchronization, which is increasingly linked to neuroinflammation and metabolic stress. In parallel, platelet activation during inflammation and vascular injury releases amyloid precursor protein and Aβ, linking systemic immune activation to neurovascular signaling. Clinical observations from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy demonstrate that disruption of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling can lead to Parkinsonism and neuroinflammatory syndromes, underscoring the importance of immune restraint in neural homeostasis. Finally, we highlight NAMPT-dependent NAD⁺ salvage as an important immunometabolic hub integrating energy metabolism, inflammation, and neuronal survival. Together, these findings support a unifying framework in which PD reflects failure of immunometabolic control across neural and peripheral systems, suggesting new avenues for disease-modifying therapeutic strategies beyond symptomatic dopamine replacement.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"5349481"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13481713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148796486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speed-Variable Treadmill Training Improves Hand Motor Function in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Lara Shigo, Brittany E Smith, Angela L Ridgel","doi":"10.1155/padi/6163541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/padi/6163541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aerobic exercise programs with proprioceptive sensory feedback elements such as split-belt treadmill training, perturbation treadmill training, and dynamic cycling improve function in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). However, these tools are expensive and not highly accessible. Speed-variable (SV) treadmill training utilizes small-amplitude treadmill belt speed fluctuations every 10-60 s, emulating aforementioned paradigms in a more-accessible design targeted toward home or gym settings. Fourteen PwPD (67.6 ± 6.5 years, 6 female) completed one 30-min session of SV training and one 30-min session of normal (N) non-speed-varied treadmill training in a counterbalanced design. Motor function was assessed pre- and postexercise with KinesiaONE inertial measurement unit validated for assessment of symptoms including tremor, bradykinesia, rhythm, and amplitude of movement. Heart rate (HR) did not differ significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.146, <i>t</i> = -1.102) across conditions, with average HR in 60%-65% age-predicted HRmax range. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly (<i>p</i> = 0.020, <i>t</i> = 2.274, effect size 0.608) lower in SV condition than N condition by 0.8 points on the 6-20 Borg scale. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed significant interaction effects in sum hand motor function, bradykinesia and tremor sum, and resting and postural tremor items (<i>p</i> < 0.05), driven by improvements in symptoms post-SV exercise. No significant interactions were observed for hand amplitude, rhythm of movement, or lower body symptoms. Overall, data support SV treadmill training as an exercise paradigm for PwPD to acutely impact hand motor function utilizing a standard treadmill. Future work should evaluate multiple sessions of training and evaluate dose-response effect of speed variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6163541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13475450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148765675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air Pollution and Parkinson's Disease Pathology: Clinical Evidence and the Molecular Mechanisms Linking Airborne Toxicants to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration.","authors":"Sina Pakkhesal, Seyedyashar Pourebrahimian Leilabadi, Sina Hamzehzadeh, Farshad Zare, Elnaz Gholipour-Khalili, Fatemeh Malekinejad, Shahrzad Fakhkhari, Mahnaz Talebi, Amirreza Naseri","doi":"10.1155/padi/6914112","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/6914112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition, and its rising prevalence necessitates the urgent need to identify modifiable risk factors. Air pollution, a pervasive and also escalating public health problem, has emerged as a potential contributor to the incidence and progression of PD. As urbanization and industrialization continue to exacerbate global air pollution levels, understanding the relationship between airborne toxicants and PD is a pressing scientific and public health priority. In this review, we critically discuss the current epidemiological evidence and the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying air pollution-induced neurodegeneration in PD. Clinical studies associate long-term interaction with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ozone with increased PD risk. Evidence also suggests that air pollution worsens PD prognosis. Mechanistically, air pollution is hypothesized to contribute to PD pathogenesis through gut microbiome alternations, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory pathways, as well as promoting α-synuclein aggregation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"6914112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13454954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148707223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Validity of Wrist- and Trunk-Worn Sensor-Derived Data Models in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Yanke Sun, Sally Day, Kate Walters, Anette Schrag","doi":"10.1155/padi/8598501","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/8598501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Clinical rating scales for Parkinson's disease (PD) have limitations in the accurate assessment of disease severity, which may obscure treatment effects in clinical management and trials. Body-worn sensors can provide data for continuous and more precise monitoring of motor features of PD in patients' daily lives. However, little information exists on the clinical validity of sensor-derived data.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We assessed the clinical validity of outputs from three different machine learning models using trunk- or wrist-worn sensors in patients with PD, assessing their correlations with scores on clinical scales assessing motor severity and impact on function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Wrist- and/or trunk-worn sensors were worn by patients with PD, who had been assessed using the MDS-UPDRS and the EQ-5D-5L, for up to one week. Output data were analyzed using three different algorithms: One trained on a publicly available dataset using trunk sensor data and two previously derived from wrist sensor data. Clinical validity was examined by examining correlations of sensor-derived outputs with individual items of the MDS-UPDRS and EQ-5D-5L.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For the trunk-worn sensor-derived outputs, the strongest positive correlations were found between output data and axial features such as arising from a chair, posture, and body bradykinesia and aspects of daily functioning on the MDS-UPDRS Part II and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L domain) scores. For the wrist-worn sensor-derived outputs, the strongest positive correlations were seen between output data and postural tremor, rest tremor amplitude, and ability to undertake hobbies. Outputs from both body locations were correlated with MDS-UPDRS II and EQ-5D-5L scores (<i>r</i> > 0.7). In participants who wore both trunk and wrist sensors, percentage of time spent in different activities was similar between trunk- and wrist-worn devices, except for time spent \"Lying down\" derived from the trunk-worn sensor compared to time spent \"Sleeping\" derived from the wrist-worn sensor algorithm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data provide preliminary evidence for the clinical validity of single sensor assessments as measures of severity of motor features and motor functioning in patients with PD for use in clinical trials and practice. The results should be confirmed in large and more diverse populations and expanded to include other assessment methods such as laboratory-based motor measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8598501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13449171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148697546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Onset of Motor Complications and Medication Dose in Newly Diagnosed and Treated Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Yasushi Osaki, Yukari Morita, Sho Ohtsuru, Tomohiro Shogase, Daiji Yoshimoto, Tatsuya Ikeda, Sayomi Kabeya, Yu Hashimoto, Takuya Matsushita","doi":"10.1155/padi/8827381","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/8827381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) patients under medical treatment experience motor complications (MCs), namely, ON/OFF fluctuations (ON/OFF) and dyskinesias.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed 120 newly diagnosed PD patients after the initiation of medical treatment who were followed up for at least 24 months. We reviewed the latency of ON/OFF or dyskinesias by months and calculated the levodopa dose (LD), levodopa dose divided by daily intake (LDdiv), and levodopa equivalent dose (LED). We estimated cumulative incidence and median latency by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We classified patients with MCs into four groups and patients with ON/OFF or dyskinesias into three groups, according to latency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-six patients experienced MCs with a median latency of 28 months. Fifty-seven patients experienced ON/OFF and 19 experienced dyskinesias with a median latency of 28 and 50 months, respectively. The medication dose at which each patient experienced ON/OFF or dyskinesias varied widely. The median LD, LDdiv, and LED was 300 (237.5-350), 100 (79-111), and 300 (250-450) mg at the onset of MCs; 300 (200-300), 100 (83-125), and 300 (249-400) mg at the onset of ON/OFF; and 400 (375-500), 125 (105-133), and 600 (466-722.75) mg at the onset of dyskinesias, respectively. Consistently, the shortest latency group had the lowest medication dose, while the longest latency group had the highest. Five patients experienced dyskinesias before ON/OFF, with similar medication doses at the onset of ON/OFF and dyskinesias. Some patients experienced ON/OFF but have not yet developed dyskinesias under a comparable medication dose as patients who experienced dyskinesias; the latter had a significantly younger age at onset.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The pathophysiological backgrounds and changes causing ON/OFF or dyskinesias are not the same for all patients. The presence of ON/OFF and higher medication doses does not always cause dyskinesias. A younger age at onset may be associated with the occurrence of dyskinesias.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8827381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13424818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148654063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies That Target Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Daniel Coles, Anish Kalyana, Sameer Khalil, Dhyana Chauhan, Thiara Rupasinghe, Charlie Costello, Amit Batla, Tim Young","doi":"10.1155/padi/8540084","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/8540084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no currently approved disease-modifying therapies. Alpha-synuclein targeting monoclonal antibodies provide a potential therapeutic strategy.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate published studies of the efficacy and/or safety of monoclonal antibodies that target alpha-synuclein in human subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review of peer-reviewed journal articles was conducted. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched up to March 2, 2025. Results were synthesised narratively. Risk of bias was assessed, and sensitivity analysis excluding studies with high risk was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After screening 1509 papers, 10 publications incorporating a total of 13 studies were included. These assessed Prasinezumab, Cinpanemab, Exidavnemab and Lu-AF82422 with heterogeneity amongst studies. Tolerability was generally favourable across all studies. Cinpanemab showed almost no efficacy, whilst Prasinezumab demonstrated mixed motor symptom improvements. Safety profiles for all monoclonal antibodies reflected mostly consistent rates of adverse events. Six studies were removed in the sensitivity analysis due to high risks of bias, which reduced Prasinezumab's apparent efficacy findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in Parkinson's disease remains uncertain with most positive results coming from the studies with high risks of bias. Prasinezumab demonstrated an efficacy profile with the potential of significance, warranting further research. This lack of efficacy reported with Cinpanemab is consistent with the manufacturer's decision to discontinue it. Safety data on Exidavnemab and Lu-AF82422 in healthy volunteers support further investigation in Parkinson's disease patients. Future trials may benefit from the inclusion of subjects at earlier disease stages, diagnosed before clinical features have emerged. <b>Trial Registration:</b> ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03100149.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"8540084"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13392413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148579994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the Freeze: The Role of Cognitive Function in Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Ondrej Papacek, Evzen Ruzicka","doi":"10.1155/padi/7199074","DOIUrl":"10.1155/padi/7199074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is a highly disabling, poorly dopa-responsive symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) that becomes increasingly prevalent with disease progression and is one of the main contributors to falls and loss of independence. Although FOG has long been viewed as a motor phenomenon, converging evidence shows that executive impairment-particularly deficits in attention, task-switching, inhibition, and visuospatial processing-is strongly implicated in its pathophysiology. Yet the field lacks a coherent framework explaining how these cognitive processes contribute to FOG and how they should be targeted in therapy. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the neural mechanisms linking cognitive dysfunction and FOG. Literature was identified through targeted searches of neuroimaging, behavioral, and rehabilitation studies in PD with and without FOG. Findings consistently demonstrate altered activity and connectivity within corticostriatal and corticolimbic circuits in freezers, including inefficient hyperactivation of the frontal, prefrontal, and posterior parietal cortices, and abnormal coupling between the ventral striatum, precuneus, and amygdala. These patterns suggest that cognitive networks become overrecruited yet insufficient to compensate for impaired motor automaticity, especially under dual-task demands or emotional load. Robust cognitive reserve can serve as compensation, whereas cognitive impairment can contribute to FOG in situations with high cognitive load. Freezers show disproportionate deficits in inhibitory control, visuospatial processing, and task-switching, which correlate with gait initiation failures and FOG severity. Cognitive training, particularly dual-task and other motor-cognitive interventions, shows promising yet variable effects on gait, executive performance, and FOG; however, the field lacks clarity about which cognitive and executive domains are causally involved and which merely reflect compensatory strain. FOG-specific mechanistic models integrating motor, executive, and limbic dysfunction are needed to guide individualized cognitive training and optimize therapeutic outcomes for people with PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":19907,"journal":{"name":"Parkinson's Disease","volume":"2026 ","pages":"7199074"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13386393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148550179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}