Pathogens and Global Health最新文献

{"title":"Clinical aspects of malarial retinopathy: a critical review.","authors":"Ketan Raymond Nair Brodeur,&nbsp;Anderson Herculano,&nbsp;Karen Oliveira","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2128568","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2128568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review will provide a better understanding of a set of signs known as malarial retinopathy. The discovery of this retinopathy in association with cerebral malaria is important because it best distinguishes patients with true cerebral malaria from those with coma due to other causes and incidental <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> parasitemia. Identifying a comatose patient with malarial retinopathy increases the likelihood of an accurate severe or cerebral malaria diagnosis. As the World Health Organization does not specify that malarial retinopathy is one of the factors included in determining a cerebral malaria diagnosis, there are significant false-positive diagnoses of cerebral malaria. Once a cerebral malaria diagnosis is assigned, other possibilities and treatments are often excluded making an incorrect diagnosis of cerebral malaria potentially fatal. However, <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> may also contribute to coma in some children with retinopathy-negative cerebral malaria, as this group is still not clinically well characterized, so all children with the WHO definition of cerebral malaria should be treated for severe malaria. Nevertheless, by raising awareness about malarial retinopathy, there could be a greater potential to accurately diagnose cerebral malaria and thus achieve more positive patient outcomes in the future. This literary review aims to raise awareness of the retinopathy by defining what it is to non-experts, explaining its pathology, clarifying the techniques needed to accurately diagnose malarial retinopathy, as well as the barriers that prevent clinicians from providing a proper diagnosis in malaria-endemic regions; and finally, discuss future directions to continue the study of malarial retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10262785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9685904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infectious disease burden among forcibly displaced populations: considerations for effective research.","authors":"Carly Ching, Muhammad H Zaman","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2217401","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2217401","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10262769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9741538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global spread and evolutionary convergence of multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> high-risk clones.","authors":"Gabriele Arcari,&nbsp;Alessandra Carattoli","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2121362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2022.2121362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For people living in developed countries life span is growing at a faster pace than ever. One of the main reasons for such success is attributable to the introduction and extensive use in the clinical practice of antibiotics over the course of the last seven decades. In hospital settings, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> represents a well-known and commonly described opportunistic pathogen, typically characterized by resistance to several antibiotic classes. On the other hand, the broad wedge of population living in Low and/or Middle Income Countries is increasing rapidly, allowing the spread of several commensal bacteria which are transmitted via human contact. Community transmission has been the original milieu of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates characterized by an outstanding virulence (hypervirulent). These two characteristics, also defined as \"pathotypes\", originally emerged as different pathways in the evolutionary history of <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. For a long time, the Sequence Type (ST), which is defined by the combination of alleles of the 7 housekeeping genes of the Multi-Locus Sequence Typing, has been a reliable marker of the pathotype: multidrug-resistant clones (e.g. ST258, ST147, ST101) in the Western world and hypervirulent clones (e.g. ST23, ST65, ST86) in the Eastern. Currently, the boundaries separating the two pathotypes are fading away due to several factors, and we are witnessing a worrisome convergence in certain high-risk clones. Here we review the evidence available on confluence of multidrug-resistance and hypervirulence in specific <i>K. pneumoniae</i> clones.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177687/pdf/YPGH_117_2121362.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10202450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i> protoscoleces enhance glycolysis to promote M2 Macrophages through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Yaogang Zhang,&nbsp;Zihan Yang,&nbsp;Yuan Jiang,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Dengliang Huang,&nbsp;Meiyuan Tian,&nbsp;Yinhong Shen,&nbsp;Jun Deng,&nbsp;Jing Hou,&nbsp;Yanyan Ma","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2104055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2022.2104055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. The primary objective of this study is to explore whether <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i> protoscoleces (PSCs) regulate macrophage polarization and glucose metabolism by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. We found that large numbers of CD68⁺ macrophages gathered in close liver issue from the lesion in AE patients. PSCs preferentially differentiated into M2 macrophages and the expressions of HK1, PFKL, PKM2, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR increased. The above results show that <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i> protoscoleces enhance glycolysis to promote M2 macrophages through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177676/pdf/YPGH_117_2104055.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10243704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the antileishmanial effect of polyclonal antibodies and cationic antimicrobial peptides.","authors":"Mahsa Esmaeilifallah,&nbsp;Hossein Khanahmad,&nbsp;Zahra Ghayour,&nbsp;Sedighe Saberi,&nbsp;Reza Kalantari,&nbsp;Seyed Hossein Hejazi","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2101838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2022.2101838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmaniasis is one of the tropical and subtropical diseases which, according to WHO, has the priority of control. The list of anti-leishmanial drugs is limited and requires side effects, high costs, and long-term treatments. Various species, parasite resistance, and simultaneous diseases are among the factors that affect the effectiveness of treatment. Due to these problems and based on satisfactory records of previous studies using antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against infectious diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the antileishmanial effect of <i>Leishmania</i>-infected macrophage polyclonal antibody (LIMPA) with or without different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100 µg/ml) of CM11 and (40, 80, and 100 µg/ml) BufIIIb, two AMPs, <i>in vitro</i> and their therapeutic effects against CL of Balb/c mice. Results showed that LIMPA induced an anti-proliferative effect on <i>Leishmania major</i> growth in macrophages <i>in vitro</i> and intramacrophage-amastigotes <i>in vivo</i>. CM11 with IC50 of 8.73 and 10.10 μg/ml at 48 hours, and BufIIIb with IC50 of 66.83 and 80.26 μg/ml, at 24 hours showed the most significant inhibition of <i>L. major</i> promastigotes and amastigotes. In addition, the CM11 and BufIIIb, with a CC50 of 9.7 μg/ml and 40.34 μg/ml, showed the most significant inhibition effect on the J774.A1 cell line at 48 hours, respectively. In addition, <i>in vivo</i> experiments using LIMPA with a 0.01 mg/kg dosage showed a significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in the last week of the measurement compared to the control. The results of this study may be a promising prospect for further investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177747/pdf/YPGH_117_2101838.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10205635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avian influenza A H5N1: are we really sure it is a spillover?","authors":"Fabio Scarpa, Daria Sanna, Marta Giovanetti, Stefano Pascarella, Marco Casu, Massimo Ciccozzi","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2201980","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2201980","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9496601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recrudescence of measles in India: an emerging threat.","authors":"Akshay Raut, Nguyen Tien Huy","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2197670","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2197670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9494256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bloodstream infections and antibiotic resistance patterns: a six-year surveillance study from southern Italy.","authors":"F Foglia,&nbsp;M T Della Rocca,&nbsp;C Melardo,&nbsp;B M Nastri,&nbsp;M Manfredini,&nbsp;F Montella,&nbsp;A De Filippis,&nbsp;E Finamore,&nbsp;Massimiliano Galdiero","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2129161","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2129161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bloodstream infections (BSI) are associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of BSI and antimicrobial resistance patterns amongst its common bacterial causes. We conducted a retrospective record review of blood culture results of patients hospitalized with BSI at University Hospital 'L. Vanvitelli' from 2016 to 2021. For each patient records were obtained from the database using microbiological information. Gram-positive bacteria were the most predominant pathogens followed by Gram-negative bacteria. Among all isolates, bacterial pathogens most frequently identified included coagulase-negative <i>Staphylococci</i> (CoNS), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and enterococci. We noted a general decrease in antimicrobial resistance amongst BSI pathogens in the latter years of the study. High levels of macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance amongst CoNS were reported. Carbapenem resistance amongst <i>E. coli</i> was barely reported, while resistance rates amongst <i>K. pneumoniae</i> declined considerably between 2018 and 2021. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> decreased during the study period while that of methicillin-resistant CoNS remained relatively high throughout. The prevalence of extended spectrum ß-lactamase - producing <i>E. coli</i> increased considerably between 2016 and 2018 but showed a slight decrease thereafter. Conversely, there was a general decline in the resistant rates of extended spectrum ß-lactamase - producing <i>K. pneumoniae</i> between 2016 and 2018 with a similar trend being noted for carbapenem resistance in <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. Continuously monitoring the changes in the trends in BSI microbiological profiles, including pathogen profiles and the associated antibiotic resistance patterns, can help diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies and prevention programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177691/pdf/YPGH_117_2129161.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9847853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Bordetella pertussis</i> and outer membrane vesicles.","authors":"Çiğdem Yilmaz Çolak,&nbsp;Burcu Emine Tefon Öztürk","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2022.2117937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2022.2117937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Bordetella pertussis</i> is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of antigenic compounds which alone or simultaneously can damage various host cells. Despite the availability of pertussis vaccines and high vaccination coverage around the world, a resurgence of the disease has been observed in many countries. Reasons for the increase in pertussis cases may include increased awareness, improved diagnostic techniques, low vaccine efficacy, especially acellular vaccines, and waning immunity. Many efforts have been made to develop more effective strategies to fight against <i>B</i>. <i>pertussis</i> and one of the strategies is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in vaccine formulations. OMVs are attracting great interest as vaccine platforms since they can carry immunogenic structures such as toxins and LPS. Many studies have been carried out with OMVs from different <i>B</i>. <i>pertussis</i> strains and they revealed promising results in the animal challenge and human preclinical model. However, the composition of OMVs differs in terms of isolation and purification methods, strains, culture, and stress conditions. Although the vesicles from <i>B</i>. <i>pertussis</i> represent an attractive pertussis vaccine candidate, further studies are needed to advance clinical research for next-generation pertussis vaccines. This review summarizes general information about pertussis, the history of vaccines against the disease, and the immune response to these vaccines, with a focus on OMVs. We discuss progress in developing an OMV-based pertussis vaccine platform and highlight successful applications as well as potential challenges and gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177744/pdf/YPGH_117_2117937.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10487826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 express abnormal levels of Toll-like receptors.","authors":"Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi, Fahimeh Mohammadizadeh Ranjbar, Mohammad Nassiri, Ali Amiri, Mitra Abbasifard","doi":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2166378","DOIUrl":"10.1080/20477724.2023.2166378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aberrant activation of the immune system has been attributed with etiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, the transcript levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) were measured in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells obtained from COVID-19 patients to assess the involvement of these molecules in the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were used to obtain epithelial cells from 120 COVID-19 patients and 100 healthy controls. COVID-19 cases were classified into those having clinical symptoms/needing for hospitalization, having clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization, and those without clinical symptoms‌. The mRNA expression levels of TLRs were measured in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Overall, mRNA expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6 was significantly higher in COVID-19 cases compared to controls. The mRNA expression of TLRs were all higher significantly in the samples from COVID-19 patients having clinical symptoms and needing hospitalization as well as in those with clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization in comparison to controls. TLR expression was significantly higher in those with clinical symptoms/needing for hospitalization and those with clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization compared to COVID-19 cases without clinical symptoms. In cases with clinical symptoms/needing for hospitalization and those with clinical symptoms/not needing for hospitalization, there was a correlation between TLR expression and clinicopathological findings. In conclusion, aberrant expression of TLRs in the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from COVID-19 cases may predict the severity of the diseases and necessity for supportive cares in the hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":19850,"journal":{"name":"Pathogens and Global Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10177669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9486466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}