Pediatric Research最新文献

{"title":"Improved linear growth after routine zinc supplementation in preterm very low birth weight infants.","authors":"Tina A Seidu, Luc P Brion, Roy Heyne, L Steven Brown, Theresa Jacob, Audrey Edwards, Cheryl S Lair, Myra H Wyckoff, David B Nelson, Dimitrios Angelis","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03935-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41390-025-03935-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study was designed (1) to compare growth, morbidity and mortality in < 33-week gestational age (GA) (very preterm, VPT) or very low birth weight (BW < 1500 grams, VLBW) infants before (Epoch-1) and after implementing routine enteral zinc (Zn) supplementation (Epoch-2) to meet recommendations, and (2) to assess serum Zn levels and associated variables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Single-center prospective cohort of 826 infants. The primary outcome was the change (Δ) in Z-scores of accurate length (Δlength_z), weight and head circumference from birth to discharge home.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Epoch-2 vs Epoch-1 Δlength_z adjusted for confounding variables increased by 0.27 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13, 0.42, P < 0.001]. However, morbidity and mortality did not change. In Epoch-2 Zn decreased with GA and postnatal age: low ( < 0.74 mcg/mL) levels were observed in 51% infants. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was independently associated with the lowest Zn [adjusted odds ratio 0.042 (CI 0.006, 0.306), area under the curve=0.928].</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Routine enteral Zn supplementation was independently associated with improved linear growth but did not prevent occurrence of low Zn. ROP was independently associated with the lowest Zn.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Multicenter studies are needed to assess whether dosage of enteral Zn should be increased and whether Zn could help prevent ROP.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Implementation of routine enteral zinc (Zn) supplementation was associated with improved linear growth from birth to discharge and a more frequent physiologic growth curve in preterm very low birth weight infants. Serum Zn levels decreased with gestational age and with postnatal age. Low serum Zn levels were observed frequently despite routine Zn supplementation as currently recommended, which suggests a need to re-evaluate current enteral zinc supplementation guidelines for this population. Retinopathy of prematurity among infants < 33 weeks' gestation was independently associated with low gestational age, low birthweight, stage of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the lowest serum Zn level.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143606108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing early risk prediction for preterm neonates with late-onset sepsis: a step toward precision medicine.","authors":"Spyridon Karageorgos, Ioannis Koutroulis","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03972-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03972-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can large language models assist with pediatric dosing accuracy?","authors":"Chedva Levin, Brurya Orkaby, Erika Kerner, Mor Saban","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03980-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03980-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Medication errors in pediatric care remain a significant healthcare challenge despite technological advancements, necessitating innovative approaches. This study aims to evaluate Large Language Models' (LLMs) potential in reducing pediatric medication dosage calculation errors compared to experienced nurses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study (June-August 2024) involved 101 nurses from pediatric and neonatal departments and three LLMs (ChatGPT-4o, Claude-3.0, Llama 3 8B). Participants completed a nine-question survey on pediatric medication calculations. Primary outcomes were accuracy and response time. Secondary measures included seniority and group membership on accuracy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed between nurses and LLMs. Nurses averaged 93.14 ± 9.39 accuracy. Claude-3.0 and ChatGPT-4o achieved 100 accuracy, while Llama 3 8B was 66 accurate. LLMs were faster (15.7-75.12 seconds) than nurses (1621.2 ± 8379.3 s). The Generalized Linear Model analysis revealed task performance was significantly influenced by duration (Wald χ² = 27,881.261, p < 0.001) and interaction between relative seniority and group membership (Wald χ² = 3,938.250, p < 0.001), with participants achieving a mean total grade of 91.03 (SD = 13.87).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Claude-3.0 and ChatGPT-4o demonstrated perfect accuracy and rapid calculation capabilities, showing promise in reducing pediatric medication dosage errors. Further research is needed to explore their integration into practice.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Key Message Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT-4o and Claude-3.0 demonstrate perfect accuracy and significantly faster response times in pediatric medication dosage calculations, showing potential to reduce errors and save time. Addition to Existing Literature This study provides novel insights by quantitatively comparing LLM performance with experienced nurses, contributing to the understanding of AI's role in improving medication safety. Impact The findings emphasize the value of LLMs as supplemental tools in healthcare, particularly in high-stakes pediatric care, where they can reduce calculation errors and improve clinical efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal trends of avoidable mortality among children under-five in China from 2004 to 2021.","authors":"You-Xiang Wang, Yao-Dong Zhang, Yi-Ran Wang, Yu-Wei Hou, Kai-Juan Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03979-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41390-025-03979-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Avoidable mortality (AM) refers to deaths preventable through effective prevention measures or timely medical treatment, and reducing AM is crucial for improving child survival rates. We conducted an analysis of the situation and temporal trends of AM among under-five (U5) children in China.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were extracted from the China Death Surveillance Dataset. The Joinpoint regression and multivariate linear regression were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The AM rate among U5 children decreased from 233.99/100,000 in 2004 to 34.54/100,000 in 2021, with an average annual percentage change of -10.72% (-11.90%, -9.98%). The proportion of AM generally showed a downward trend, with urban-rural disparities observed particularly evident by year-end 2021. Perinatal mortality is declining at an average rate of 9.75% per year, the proportion of perinatal deaths to all deaths has not changed significantly, and even the proportion of deaths caused by birth injury and suffocation has increased (annual percent change: 0.95%, 95% CI:0.39% to 1.59%). For boys and girls aged 1-5 years, the leading causes of death are drowning and land transport accidents, respectively, with the incidence of drowning in rural areas being higher than in urban areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>China has reduced AM in U5 children, but rural areas still need targeted interventions to address preventable deaths and achieve Sustainable Development Goals.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Avoidable mortality among children under-five in China decreased by an average of 10.72% between 2004 and 2021, with urban-rural differences. Perinatal mortality declined by 9.75% annually, but the proportion of perinatal deaths remained stable, while deaths from birth injury and suffocation increased. For boys aged 1-5 years, drowning is the leading avoidable cause of death, while for girls, it is land transport accidents, with drowning more prevalent in rural areas. Increasing health technicians in rural areas may narrow the rural-urban gap, with targeted interventions needed for birth injury and suffocation, drowning, and land transport accidents.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term follow-up strategies for children after severe acute kidney injury.","authors":"Giovanni Ceschia, Donna J Claes, Kelli A Krallman, Michaela Collins, Stuart L Goldstein","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03965-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03965-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children experiencing acute kidney injury (AKI) are at heightened risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). While identifying patients at high-risk for CKD after AKI early is crucial, indefinite follow-up may strain healthcare resources. We assessed potential predictive factors for CKD following AKI to guide safe discontinuation of follow-up after one year.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We evaluated outcomes of children with AKI prospectively. We assessed for associations between hospitalization and first-year outpatient data with presence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min/1.73 m² or CKD (eGFR <60 or 60-90 with proteinuria) at 3-5 years after AKI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>96 patients were included. Patients with eGFR <90 had longer AKI duration, higher prevalence of AKI stage 3, and received more KRT. No patient with CKD at 3-5 years was CKD-free in the first year of follow-up and only three patients with normal eGFR during the first year post-AKI had abnormal eGFR at 3-5 years; all had complex medical diseases which would necessitate kidney function monitoring as standard of care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our data suggest patients without eGFR<90/CKD during the first year post-AKI have low CKD risk in the following 2-4 years and may be safely discharged from nephrology clinics after one year of follow-up.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Patients without eGFR <90/CKD during the first year post-AKI have low CKD risk in the following 2-4 years. Lack of CKD in the first year post-AKI is maintained up to 3-5 years after the original episode. Patients without eGFR <90/CKD in the first year post-AKI can be safely discharged from nephrology care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Avocado consumption during pregnancy linked to lower child food allergy risk: prospective KuBiCo study.","authors":"Feon W Cheng, Ella Bauer, Nikki A Ford, Katri Backman, Raimo Voutilainen, Markku Pasanen, Leea Keski-Nisula, Sari Hantunen","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03968-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03968-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal exposures during pregnancy play a critical role in offspring's health outcomes. This study aimed to investigate how maternal avocado consumption during pregnancy relates to offspring allergic health outcomes using the Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) Study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective cohort study used data from KuBiCo. Avocado consumption was assessed using an online food frequency questionnaire in trimesters (T) 1 and 3. Avocado consumers were defined as participants who reported consuming any avocado (>0 grams) in T1 and/or 3, and avocado non-consumers were defined as those who didn't report consuming any avocado (0 grams) in both T1 and 3. The 12-month follow-up questionnaire captured offspring allergic outcomes (rhinitis, paroxysmal wheezing, atopic eczema, and food allergy).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 4647 participants, 2272 met the criteria and were included in the analysis. Compared to avocado non-consumers (during pregnancy), avocado consumers (during pregnancy) had 43.6% lower odds of reporting food allergy among their children at the 12-month follow-up questionnaire while adjusted for relevant covariates. No significant associations were noted in the other three allergic health outcomes in the fully adjusted model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Avocado consumption during pregnancy was associated with lower odds of infant food allergies at 12 months, even when accounting for potential covariates.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Maternal exposures, such as nutrition during pregnancy, can affect offspring health outcomes. Consuming certain nutrients, which are found in avocados, during pregnancy have been associated with lower allergic health outcomes in children. Avocado consumption during pregnancy is found to be associated with lower odds of infant food allergies at 12 months, even when accounting for potential covariates.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal link between type 1 diabetes mellitus and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Europe.","authors":"Meng-Na Lv, Peng-Cheng Liu, Jian-Bin Li, Yi-Lin Peng, Shu-Jiao Yu, Rui Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03975-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03975-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Several observational studies have shown an association between the presence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and the risk of developing juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The occurrence of comorbidities is a painful for children and their families. Therefore, a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The inverse-variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger and MR-cML methods were used for evaluation. Furthermore, several sensitivity analyses were applied to assess the robustness of the results. LD Score Regression (LDSC) was used as a supplement to MR analysis. After accounting for confounders, The multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis and MVMR-cML methods were conducted to verify the direct effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MR IVW and MR-cML methods revealed a causal association between T1DM status and the risk of developing JIA. However, there was no evidence of a causal relationship between T1DM status and the risk of developing JIAU. The sensitivity analysis suggested that the results were credible. LDSC verified the reliability of MR analysis. MVMR and MVMR-cML methods indicated that the association between T1DM and JIA was independent of confounders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MR analysis supports a causal association between T1DM status and the risk of developing JIA.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>This study uses bidirectional, LD Score Regression and multivariable Mendelian Randomization to establish a causal link between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children. Our study addresses gaps in existing research and provides a possible causal relationship between the two diseases for the first time. This analysis provides clinicians with a basis for disease prevention, and effectively reduces the distress caused by comorbidities to children and families. At the same time, it provides some ideas for the study of the related mechanism of T1DM and JIA in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143586559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Routinely collected physiological data improves the assessment of acute brain injury severity.","authors":"Nathan Stevenson, Michaela Waak, Karen M Barlow","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03969-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03969-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Positive impact of sodium L-lactate supplementation on blood acid-base status in preterm newborns.","authors":"Ifrah Omar Ibrahim, Chloé Perrot, Hélène Roumes, Marie-Christine Beauvieux, Olivier Brissaud, Sophie Cramaregeas, Eric Dumas-de-la-Roque, Luc Pellerin, Jean-François Chateil, Olivier Tandonnet, Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03963-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03963-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Preclinical studies indicate that lactate is a crucial cerebral energy substrate, with Na-L-lactate administration significantly reducing brain lesion volumes and improving motor and cognitive functions following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rat pups. Its neuroprotective effects are linked to neuronal metabolic utilization, making it a promising candidate for treating newborns with hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy, a condition where hypothermia remains the only established therapy. However, before initiating a clinical trial, it is necessary to assess the effects of Na-L-lactate infusion on blood parameters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively analyzed blood parameters in 60 premature neonates during their first days of life. Among them, 30 received Na-L-lactate instead of Na-Cl to prevent hyperchloremic acidosis. Blood pH, lactatemia, bicarbonates, glycemia, natremia, chloremia, base excess, and hemoglobin were monitored before, during, and after Na-L-lactate infusion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings showed that Na-L-lactate infusion lowered blood lactate levels while increasing pH from 7.25 to 7.31. After stopping the infusion, lactatemia was 1.9 mM, and pH reached 7.32. Na-L-lactate supplementation effectively restored normal blood pH, maintained natremia, and prevented hyperchloremia. Notably, even in cases of high initial lactatemia, lactate levels decreased during the infusion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data are promising and emphasize the need for further research to explore its potential applications in neonatal clinical care.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>Sodium L-lactate infusion does not increase blood lactate levels and restores normal pH in premature neonates. The study demonstrates that sodium L-lactate infusion avoids hyperchloremia while maintaining sodium levels, offering a potential alternative to sodium chloride. These findings highlight the need for additional research studies to further evaluate the safety, efficacy, and potential applications of sodium L-lactate infusion in neonatal care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143573606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic T-cell activation profile in critically ill children with malignancies and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.","authors":"Sijuan Sun, Yue Liu, Hui Zhao, Yan Miu, Xiaohang Huang, Shuhong Shen, Hong Ren, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-03962-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-03962-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The early identification of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in critically ill children with malignancies is challenging. The value of an activated cytotoxic T-cell profile in diagnosing HLH in this group of patients is unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Critically ill children with malignancies who suffered from persistent cytopenia in the pediatric intensive care unit were included. Children were divided into two groups based on how many clinical HLH diagnostic criteria they fulfilled: M-HLH group, ≥5 criteria; hematologic malignancy (HM) group, ≤4 criteria. Flow cytometry tests were performed within 24 h after the patient's admission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-seven children who fulfilled the requirements were enrolled. Twenty children were classified into the M-HLH group and 17 into the HM group. The M-HLH group exhibited a higher mortality rate than the HM group. CD38 + HLA-DR + CD8+ T cells% and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were elevated in the M-HLH group. The area under the curve values of the two indexes were 0.906 and 0.897 respectively for the identification of M-HLH in the critically ill children, with CD38+/HLA-DR + CD8+ T cells% > 39.66% and IFN-γ > 22.58 exhibiting the best performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cytotoxic T-cell activation profile with CD38 + HLA-DR + CD8+ T cells% and IFN-γ is valuable in the early diagnosis of HLH in critically ill children with malignancies.</p><p><strong>Impact: </strong>The early diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in critically ill children with malignancies (M-HLH) remains a major challenge for intensivists. Cytotoxic T-cell activation profile with the frequency of CD38 + HLA-DR+ T cells in CD8+ T cells (CD38 + HLA-DR + CD8+ T cells%) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is valuable in the early identification of pediatric M-HLH. These findings will support the future implementation of T-cell activation markers in the clinical management of children with M-HLH.</p>","PeriodicalId":19829,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}