Peanut Science最新文献

{"title":"Relative Tomato Spotted Wilt Incidence and Field Performance among Peanut Cultivars as Influenced by Different Input Production Practices in Georgia.","authors":"W. D. Branch, W. D. Branch, N. Brown, D. Mailhot, A. Culbreath","doi":"10.3146/ps21-5.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps21-5.1","url":null,"abstract":"During 2017-19, 30 replicated yield trials were conducted to determine relative tomato spotted wilt (TSW) incidence and general field performance among 19 runner and virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars.  Four different input production practices were compared across three Georgia locations (Tifton, Plains, and Midville).  Two early-planted (April) field tests were conducted at Tifton and Plains each year.  One early-planted trial involved maximum-input practices of recommended pesticides with irrigation, and the other early-planted field trial did not receive any fungicides, insecticides, or irrigation.  Early-planted maximum-input production practices with irrigation resulted in the highest percentage of mid-season TSW and late-season total disease incidences while also producing the highest pod yields and dollar values.  Two other optimum-planted (May) maximum-input field tests were conducted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville, GA as part of the official statewide variety trials (OVT). These OVT utilized maximum-input production practices of pesticides both with and without irrigation.  In the OVT, midseason TSW incidence showed no difference between irrigated and non-irrigated; however, the end-of-season total disease percentages which were predominantly TSW did show significantly higher disease percentage, produced the highest pod yields and dollar values within the irrigated field tests compared to the non-irrigated tests.  In the overall four tests comparison, disease results showed significantly lower TSW incidence in the early-planted tests without fungicides and insecticides input production practices and no-irrigation; whereas, both optimum planted OVT(s) had the lowest total disease incidence.  Overall average field performance for pod yields and dollar values were significantly highest in the optimum-planted tests with maximum-inputs including irrigation.  Significant differences were also found among the 19 peanut cultivars.  ‘Georgia-06G’, ‘Georgia-12Y’, and ‘Georgia-18RU’ had the lowest relative TSW incidence compared to the other runner-type cultivars.  ‘Georgia-19HP’ had the lowest TSW incidence and total disease incidence among the virginia-type cultivars.  Among the runner cultivars, Georgia-12Y had the lowest total disease incidence at the end of the season.  The highest pod yields were found with Georgia-06G and ‘Georgia-16HO’; whereas, Georgia-18RU and Georgia-06G had the highest dollar values among the runner-type peanut cultivars.  Georgia-19HP had the highest pod yield and dollar value among the virginia-type cultivars.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84924228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-Farm Evaluation of Nozzle Types for Peanut Pest Management Using Commercial Sprayers","authors":"S. Virk, E. Prostko, R. Kemerait, M. Abney, G. Rains, C. Powell, D. Carlson, J. Jacobs, W. Tyson","doi":"10.3146/ps21-2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps21-2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Growers have rapidly adopted auxin-resistant cotton and soybean technologies. In Georgia, growers who plant auxin-resistant cotton/soybean are required to utilize nozzles that produce larger (coarser) droplets when spraying auxin herbicides to minimize potential off-target movement of pesticides. Consequently, these nozzles are also used in peanut (an important rotational crop with cotton) since changing nozzles between crops is uncommon for growers. However, larger droplets can result in reduced spray coverage which may lead to less effective pest control. Therefore, seven on-farm trials were conducted in commercial peanut fields using commercial sprayers from 2018 to 2020 across four different locations in Georgia to compare the spray performance of air-induction (AI) nozzles that produce very coarse to ultra coarse droplets (VMD50 ≥ 404 microns) with non-AI (conventional flat fan) nozzles that produce medium to coarse droplets (403≥VMD50≥236 microns) for pest management in peanuts. For each trial, test treatments were implemented in large replicated strips where each strip represented a nozzle type. For nozzle comparison, XR and XRC represented non-AI nozzles while TADF, TDXL, TTI, and TTI60 represented the commonly used AI nozzles in these trials. Spray deposition data for each nozzle along with disease ratings, weed and insect control ratings were collected in all on-farm trials. Peanut yield was collected at harvest. Results indicated that the AI nozzles produced larger droplets than the non-AI nozzles in all nozzle tests; however, the spray coverage varied among the nozzle types. Nozzle type did not influence pest (weed, disease and insect) control, or peanut yield (p≤0.10) in any of the on-farm trials. These results suggested that peanut growers can utilize these coarser droplet nozzles for pest management in fields with low to average pest pressure during the season. Future research on nozzle evaluation needs to investigate the influence of droplet size, carrier volume, and pressure on coverage and canopy penetration.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81849738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance to rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) identified in nascent allotetraploids cross-compatible with cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)","authors":"C. Levinson, Eric Antepenko, S. Leal-Bertioli, Y. Chu, A. Culbreath, H. T. Stalker, D. Gao, P. Ozias‐Akins","doi":"10.3146/ps21-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/ps21-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Peanut rust, caused by Puccinia arachidis Speg., is a foliar disease that plagues peanut production along with early and late leaf spots, Passalora arachidicola (Hori) U. Braun and Nothopassalora personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) U. Braun, C. Nakash, Videira & Crous, respectively. Rust can cause up to 80% yield losses without control and is widespread in tropical countries but is also a sporadic problem in the United States. An integrative plant management strategy with rust resistant peanut cultivars is needed to decrease dependence on costly fungicides and increase yields for farmers who cannot afford or do not have access to fungicides. Only moderate levels of rust resistance have been found in cultivated peanut germplasm, but fortunately, high resistance to rust has been identified in wild Arachis species that can be introgressed into peanut cultivars. In this study, 16 diploid, wild Arachis species, five diploid, interspecific hybrids, 11 unique, allotetraploid interspecific hybrids, and two cultivated peanut controls were tested for resistance to rust. Resistance was evaluated in vitro by incubation time, susceptibility index (calculated based on the number of lesions of different diameters)/ leaf area, total number of lesions/ leaf area, and total number of sporulating lesions/ leaf area. All wild Arachis species tested were very highly resistant to rust, except for A. ipaënsis , the B-genome progenitor of cultivated peanut. Additionally, all interspecific hybrids and synthetic allotetraploids not produced with A. ipaënsis as a parent did not show symptoms for rust. Any of these nine synthetic allotetraploids, BatCor , BatDur 1, BatDur 2, BatSten 1, GregSten , MagCard , MagDio , MagDur , and ValSten 1 are recommended for progression to QTL mapping of rust resistance. These resistance QTLs can be pyramided into peanut cultivars to protect yields in the United States and to increase yields in tropical, developing countries for farmers that cannot afford, or do not have access to, costly fungicides.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90844698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical characteristics correlated to peg strength in Arachis","authors":"C. Levinson, Y. Chu, M. Levinson, K. Marasigan, H. T. Stalker, C. Holbrook, P. Ozias‐Akins","doi":"10.3146/PS21-1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS21-1.1","url":null,"abstract":"C. LEVINSON*, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 31793; Y. CHU, M. LEVINSON, K. MARASIGAN, Horticulture Department, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793; H.T. STALKER, Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695; C.C. HOLBROOK, USDAAgricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, GA, 31793; and P. OZIAS-AKINS, Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73799874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Leaf Spot Defoliation, Microclimate Modification, and Southern Stem Rot Development in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in South Carolina","authors":"M. Munir, K. Kirk, M. Plumblee, D. Anco","doi":"10.3146/PS20-32.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS20-32.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91049501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Field Emergence and Thermal Gradient Table Germination Rates of Seed from High Oleic and Low Oleic Near Isogenic Peanut Lines","authors":"K. Chamberlin, T. Grey, N. Puppala, C. Holbrook, T. Isleib, J. Dunne, L. Dean, N. Hurdle, M. Payton","doi":"10.3146/PS20-33.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS20-33.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81890679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Plant Population and Harvest Date on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Yield and Aflatoxin Contamination","authors":"Lydia Mkandawire, W. Mhango, V. Saka, S. Juma, J. Goodman, R. Brandenburg, D. Jordan","doi":"10.3146/PS20-30.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS20-30.1","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing the optimum plant population and harvesting at optimum pod maturity are important in maximizing yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). The interaction of these two practices have not been documented in Malawi with respect to both yield and aflatoxin contamination in peanut. Research was conducted in Malawi at Mpatsanjoka farm in Salima district during the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing cycles to determine interactions of plant population and harvest date on peanut yield and aflatoxin concentration in peanut at harvest with the cultivar CG7.  Peanut was seeded in raised beds spaced 75-cm apart with three different planting patterns to establish three final plant populations. A single row planting pattern consisted of one row of peanut on each center with seed spaced 15-cm apart was used to plant seed at a density of 89,000 seed/ha (referred to as the low plant seeding rate).  A twin row planting pattern included two rows of peanut spaced at 25 cm apart with 15 cm between seeds was used to plant seed at a density of 178,000 seed/ha (referred to as the medium plant population). A triple row planting pattern consisted of three rows of peanut spaced 25 cm apart with 7 cm between seeds was used to plant seed at a density of 278,000 seed/ha (referred to as the high density). Peanut for seeding density was dug 10 days before physiological maturity of pods, at physiological maturity, and at 4 and 6 weeks after physiological maturity. Pod yield increased as seeding rate and subsequent plant population increased but decreased as harvesting was delayed past physiological maturity. Yield of peanut with the highest plant population exceeded that of low and medium populations; yield of the medium plant population was greater that the low population in one of two years. Aflatoxin concentration at harvest was not affected by plant population but increased as harvest was delayed past physiological maturity. Harvesting peanut 10 d prior to physiological maturity did not affect grain yield or aflatoxin contamination compared with harvesting at optimum maturity.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77276007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hermetic Storage of Shelled Peanut Using the Purdue Improved Crop Storage Bags","authors":"C. Butts, L. Dean, K. W. Hendrix, Renee S Arias De Ares, R. Sorensen, M. Lamb","doi":"10.3146/PS20-31.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS20-31.1","url":null,"abstract":"Low oxygen or hermetic storage has been successfully used to store several commodities such as corn (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna Savi), cocoa (Theobroma cocao), and coffee (Coffea L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, previous research using hermetic storage for peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has had mixed results. Research was conducted to determine the effect on aflatoxin contamination, seed germination, and oil chemistry of shelled peanut hermetically stored in the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for up to 12 months. A 2 x 4 factorial study included 1) normal and high oleic peanut, 2) two initial moisture contents by four storage treatments. The four storage treatments were 1) burlap bags as the control, 2) PICS bags, 3) PICS bags with air extracted by vacuum, and 4) PICS bags with sachets of chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) dry fumigant added. There were three replications of each treatment combination.  Peanut was stored in an area maintained at a temperature above 21C. The initial seed germination of the normal oleic and high oleic peanuts was 77 and 80%, respectively. Initial aflatoxin concentration in all peanut was less than 2 µg/kg . Bags were opened, sampled, and resealed at 60, 159, 249, and 301 d of storage. Approximately half of the 12 burlap bags suffered significant rodent damage, and all had significant infestation by Indian meal moth ( Plodia interpunctella ). Only 4 PICS bags had rodent damage with damage limited to the outer polypropylene bag. There were no live insects in the PICS bags. Seed germination decreased for all samples to an average of 6.3%. Peanut stored in the burlap bags had an average germination of 19.2% compared to 2.1% for peanut stored in PICS bags. The aflatoxin concentration in one of the burlap bags with normal oleic peanuts was 75 µg/kg, and one of the PICS bags with high oleic peanuts had an aflatoxin concentration of 12 µg/kg.  The remaining samples had aflatoxin below the detectable limit of 2 µg/kg.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72770026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to smut (Thecaphora frezii) in the peanut growing region of Argentina","authors":"Marcelo Isaías Kearney, M. Kearney, M. Zuza, M. Ibañez, V. Peralta, G. Peiretti, M. Alcalde, C. Mojica, A. Rago","doi":"10.3146/PS20-18.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS20-18.1","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic resistance is the most efficient tool in crop disease management. Peanut smut is currently one of most important peanut diseases, with its incidence increasing in terms of both damage level and crop area covered. The aim of this study was to assess the response of different genotypes obtained by the Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria of the Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (Argentina) to smut and their yield. During the 2016/17, 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop seasons, three experimental assays were conducted in General Deheza (Córdoba province, Argentina) to evaluate the varieties Uchaima, Utré and Mapu, the advanced lines LAx-1, LAx-2, LAx-3 and LAx-4, and the cultivar Granoleico, which was used as susceptible control. Final incidence and severity of peanut smut, as well as kernel yield, were evaluated. The variety Utré and the advanced line LAx-1 exhibited the best response to smut over the three crop seasons, without differences between them, but differing significantly from the remaining genotypes. Both genotypes showed incidence below 6.8% and severity below 0.21. In the 2016/17 crop season, LAx-1 had the highest kernel yield (3791.6 kg/ha). In the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop seasons, Utré had the highest yield (1065 and 3975 kg/ha). Kernel yield of susceptible genotypes was below 2851.6 kg/ha in the 2016/17 and 2018/19 crop seasons, and below 805 kg/ha in the 2017/18 crop season. Genotypes LAx1 and Utré are resistant to peanut smut. This is the first report of a peanut commercial variety developed in Argentina (Utré) with confirmed tolerance to smut.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80806174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yield and Economic Response of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars to Prohexadione Calcium in Large-Plot Trials in Georgia","authors":"W. S. Monfort, R. Tubbs, B. L. Cresswell, E. Jordán, N. Smith, X. Luo","doi":"10.3146/PS20-29.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3146/PS20-29.1","url":null,"abstract":"Prohexadione calcium, a plant growth regulator, has been used on virginia market type peanut cultivars for many years to manage excessive vine growth and improve digging efficiency. Prohexadione calcium has not been widely used on runner market type cultivars due to their slower growth habit and sporadic yield response at the labeled rate until recent research showed lower use rates of prohexadione calcium provided similar vine control and enhanced yield response.  Large plot experiments were conducted in Colquitt county at the Darrell Williams Research Farm on the Sun Belt Ag Expo to quantify yield and market grade quality and economics of using prohexadione calcium at 105 g a.i./ha on six runner type cultivars.  Prohexadione calcium was applied twice during the growing season.  The first application was made when 50% or greater of lateral vines from adjacent rows were touching.  A second application of each treatment was applied 14d after the first application. The runner type cultivars were Georgia-06G, Georgia-12Y, Georgia-13M, Georgia-14N, TUFRunner TM -297, and TUFRunner TM -511.  Similar large-plot experiments were conducted on farms in Baker and Early counties evaluating yield and economic response of prohexadione calcium on Georgia-06G.  A non-treated control was used in all experiments.  Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield in all experiments ranging from 450 to 650 kg/ha compared to the non-treated control with response similar across cultivars.  Prohexadione calcium reduced the dollar value per metric ton (DVMT) as a result of lowering total sound mature kernel (%TSMK) percentages up to 3 points.  The higher yields obtained for the prohexadione calcium-treated peanut provided higher gross dollar value return/ha (GDR) in all experiments and higher gross dollar value return/ha above treatment cost (GDRAT) in the on-farm trials.  Therefore, prohexadione calcium at 105 g/ha applied twice on runner market type peanut is warranted to improve yield and financial return when excessive vine growth is a concern.","PeriodicalId":19823,"journal":{"name":"Peanut Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84108553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}