Ornithology最新文献

{"title":"Genomic variation in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens) suggests divergence in a disjunct Atlantic Coastal Plain population (S. v. waynei)","authors":"John P. Carpenter, Alexander J. Worm, T. Boves, A. Wood, J. Poston, D. P. Toews","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac033","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We used whole-genome resequencing to estimate genetic distinctiveness in the Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens)—including S. v. waynei—a putative subspecies that occupies a narrow disjunct breeding range along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Despite detecting low-global differentiation (FST = 0.027) across the entire species, the principal components analysis of genome-wide differences shows the main axis of variation separates S. v. waynei from all other S. v. virens samples. We also estimated a low-migration rate for S. v. waynei, but found them to be most similar to another disjunct population from the Piedmont of North Carolina, and detected evidence of a historical north-to-south geographic dispersal among the entire species. New World wood warblers (family: Parulidae) can exhibit strong phenotypic differences among species, particularly, in song and plumage; however, within-species variation in these warblers—often designated as subspecies—is much more subtle. The existence of several isolated Black-throated Green Warbler populations across its eastern North American breeding range offers an excellent opportunity to further understand the origin, maintenance, and conservation status of subspecific populations. Our results, combined with previously documented ecological and morphological distinctiveness, support that S. v. waynei be considered a distinct and recognized subspecies worthy of targeted conservation efforts. LAY SUMMARY We used whole-genome resequencing to quantify genetic structure in Black-throated Green Warblers (Setophaga virens) throughout their North American breeding range. We detected low differentiation across all samples but found discrete genetic clustering of S. v. waynei populations that breed along the Atlantic Coastal Plain. We provide evidence of a geographic north-to-south dispersal among the entire species, and found S. v. waynei to be of relatively recent origin within the southern clade. We estimated reduced gene flow in the region separating S. v. waynei from other S. virens populations, but found they were most closely related to a disjunct population from the Piedmont of central North Carolina. We identified two specific regions of the genome that showed elevated differentiation, one on a sex chromosome (Z) and the other on chromosome 6. Our findings provide clarity to the subspecific status of S. virens and bolster conservation efforts for S. v. waynei populations and their habitats. RESUMEN Usamos re-secuenciación del genoma completo para estimar la especificidad genética en Setophaga virens, incluida S. v. waynei, una subespecie putativa que ocupa un estrecho rango de reproducción disyunto a lo largo de la Planicie Costera del Atlántico. A pesar de detectar una diferenciación global baja (FST = 0,027) a lo largo de toda la especie, el análisis de componentes principales de las diferencias en el genoma completo muestra que el eje principal de variación separa a S. v. waynei de todas las ","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"49 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79924285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robert G. Goelet, 1923–2019","authors":"G. Barrowclough","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"117 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76001835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighbors matter: Vocal variation in Gentoo Penguins depends on the species composition of their colony","authors":"H. Rößler, Maureen A. Lynch, S. T. Ortiz, O. Larsen, M. Beaulieu","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac031","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT When suitable nesting habitat is rare, birds may have to share it with heterospecific individuals with similar nesting requirements. The resulting species mosaic may in turn affect how breeding birds communicate vocally with each other. For instance, they may modify their vocalizations if the ambient noise produced by heterospecifics interferes with their own vocalizations. The colonies of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthi) are interesting to examine whether such a vocal variation occurs in colonial seabirds, as these birds frequently breed in the same colony as Adélie (P. adeliae) or Chinstrap (P. antarcticus) penguins. We investigated whether the presence of congeneric penguins breeding in the same colony as Gentoo Penguins affected the acoustic characteristics of their most common vocalization, the ecstatic display call. Based on vocalizations recorded in 23 breeding colonies along the Antarctic Peninsula during 3 field seasons, we found that the frequency of ecstatic display calls of Gentoo Penguins was consistently lower (average exhale phrase ∼460 Hz lower, average inhale phrase ∼370 Hz lower) as well as decreased in energy distribution when they bred in mixed colonies with Adélie Penguins than when they bred only in proximity to conspecifics. In contrast, the frequency of both inhale and exhale phrases was unaffected by the presence of Chinstrap Penguins, potentially due to the already greater frequency difference between these 2 species. The apparent vocal plasticity, in mixed colonies with Adélie Penguins, likely allows Gentoo Penguins to adjust the quality of their vocalizations depending on the acoustic space available in their colonies, and hence possibly enhance signal transmission between conspecifics. However, whether this acoustic adjustment is sufficient to increase the detectability of vocalizations and localization of individuals has yet to be determined. LAY SUMMARY We examined whether Gentoo Penguin calls differ between breeding colonies that included multiple species of penguins and those where only Gentoo Penguins bred. We compared call parameters including frequency, structure, and duration between individual Gentoo Penguins breeding in colonies with and without the presence of Adélie or Chinstrap penguins along the Antarctic Peninsula during three austral summers. We found that the calls of Gentoo Penguins showed a lower frequency and narrower energy distribution when they bred in proximity to Adélie Penguins but did not change when they bred in proximity to Chinstrap Penguins with higher main frequency vocalizations.. This suggests that penguins can adjust the quality of their vocalizations according to the social (and presumably acoustic) environment of their colonies. RESUMEN Cuando el hábitat de anidación adecuado es raro, las aves pueden tener que compartirlo con individuos heteroespecíficos con requisitos de anidación similares. El mosaico de especies resultante puede, a su vez, afectar la forma ","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"44 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82784360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual consistency of migration phenology is season- and breeding region-specific in North American Golden Eagles","authors":"L. Maynard, J. Therrien, Jérôme Lemaître, Travis L. Booms, T. Miller, T. Katzner, S. Somershoe, J. Cooper, R. Sargent, N. Lecomte","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Interannual consistency (an indicator of the strength of adjustments) in migration phenology of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in North America is most strongly associated with breeding region, the season, and with late season temperature on breeding and wintering grounds. Consistency was greatest in boreal spring migration and the breeding regions of eastern Canada. Using multi-year GPS tracks of 83 adults breeding in 3 spatially distant regions (Alaska, northeast Canada, and southeast Canada), we quantified the interannual consistency of migration phenology and wintering latitude within and among individuals tracked across multiple years and the repeatability (r) by breeding regions and seasons. By comparing regions and seasons, we found that consistency was highest (r > 0.85) for boreal spring migration in eastern Canada while Alaska had the lowest value (r <0.15). Because seasonal consistency of migration phenology was only detected in eastern Canada, we conclude that seasonal features are not a primary constraint. While regional differences in consistency were not related to differences in migratory distances, they could be the result of genetic or habitat differences. We also found that temperatures warmer than the decadal average at the region of departure delayed the start of boreal spring migration by ~10 days and advanced boreal autumn migration by ~20 days. These results suggest that warmer temperatures would reduce residence time on breeding grounds, contrary to expectations and trends found in other studies. Wide variations in migratory strategies across a species distribution can add to the lists of challenges for conservation but may give migrants the capacity to acclimate to environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83071426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat connectivity, gene flow, and population genetic structure in a Neotropical understory insectivore, the Rufous-and-white Wren","authors":"B. Graham, D. Heath, P. Pulgarin, R. Walter, Melissa M. Mark, D. Mennill","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization, limited natal dispersal, and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. Diverse forms of barriers, including geographic, ecological, and behavioral barriers, further promote genetic divergence among tropical bird populations. Here, we extend our comprehension of gene flow in tropical birds by examining population genetic structure in a widespread insectivorous songbird of the Neotropics, the Rufous-and-white Wren (Thryophilus rufalbus). We explore the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure using 10 microsatellite loci, and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We report high levels of genetic divergence and population structure with reduced contemporary gene flow between populations over a 500-km transect in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear sequence data indicate that 2 distinct mtDNA genetic groups came into contact in northwestern Costa Rica; molecular dating suggests that the genetic patterns arose as a result of Pleistocene glaciations. Geographic distance and habitat connectivity predicted genetic structure but explained a relatively low proportion of the observed contemporary genetic variation. Patterns were similar for both males and females. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical birds, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance. For tropical birds, strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of limited dispersal from natal populations. LAY SUMMARY Among tropical organisms, heightened habitat specialization and strong philopatry suggest that many species may experience reduced rates of gene flow. We explored the effects of geographic distance and habitat connectivity on genetic structure for Rufous-and-white Wrens (Thryophilus rufalbus) using 10 microsatellite loci and nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data. We observed high levels of population genetic structure and low levels of contemporary gene flow among five populations in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. We found two distinct genetic clades present in this region, and divergence times suggest that these clades diverged during the last Pleistocene glaciation. Our research demonstrates the deep genetic divergence in tropical organisms, and that genetic differentiation can occur over a relatively short distance; strong limits to gene flow likely arise as a result of strong philopatry. RESUMEN Entre los organismos tropicales, la elevada especialización de hábitat, la limitada dispersión natal y la fuerte filopatría sugieren que muchas especies pueden experimentar tasas reducidas de flujo génico. Diversas formas de barreras, incluidas las barreras geográficas, ecológicas y de comportamiento, promueven aún más la divergencia genética entre las poblaciones de aves tropicales. En este estudio, ampliamos nuestra comprensión del flujo génico en las aves tr","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79915432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preston's universal formula for avian egg shape","authors":"J. Biggins, R. Montgomerie, Jamie E. Thompson, T. Birkhead","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac028","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nearly 70 years ago, Preston published a pioneering study in which he provided formulae for the shapes of birds' eggs. One of these formulae is universal in that it provides an almost perfect representation for all eggs, even pyriform ones, and is better than all other formulae published since. This essentially perfect representation of egg shape is obtained by estimating the parameters in Preston's universal formula by least squares, using hundreds of measurements of the egg's radii along its entire length. Preston's universal formula can also be used to obtain an equation for avian egg shape that uses just 5 measurements (the length and 4 appropriately spaced diameters). The equation based solely on these 5 measurements provides an egg shape that is virtually indistinguishable from one based on hundreds of measurements. We demonstrate the usefulness of Preston's formulations using digital photographs of eggs. Our perspective is that, despite a number of subsequent approaches, Preston's original one has not been bettered and should be the standard for studying avian egg shape. LAY SUMMARY The shapes of birds' eggs vary considerably, from the archetypal ovoid shape of the hen's egg, through those that are almost spherical, to eggs that are pointed at one or both ends. In the 1950s, the engineer and amateur ornithologist Frank W. Preston published methods for measuring and quantifying avian egg shape. Unfortunately, his equations proved rather inaccessible to ornithologists and have largely been ignored. As a result, there has been a succession of papers claiming to have solved the problem of quantifying avian egg shape, including some with titles that imply that their approach is better than anything previously published, but without testing the validity of their claims. Here, we show that all of these papers were trying to solve a problem that Preston had resolved long ago. All methods of estimating egg shape published since the 1950s are all, to varying extents, less accurate than Preston's original formulation. Preston provides the most perfect formula for “the most perfect thing,” a bird's egg. RESUMEN Hace casi setenta años, Preston publicó un estudio pionero en el que proporcionaba fórmulas para las formas de los huevos de las aves. Una de estas fórmulas es universal porque proporciona una representación casi perfecta de todos los huevos, incluso los piriformes, y es mejor que todas las demás fórmulas publicadas desde entonces. Esta representación esencialmente perfecta de la forma del huevo se obtiene estimando los parámetros en la fórmula universal de Preston mediante mínimos cuadrados, usando cientos de medidas de los radios del huevo a lo largo de toda su longitud. La fórmula universal de Preston también puede ser usada para obtener una ecuación para la forma del huevo aviar que utiliza solo cinco medidas (la longitud y cuatro diámetros espaciados adecuadamente). La ecuación basada únicamente en estas 5 medidas proporciona una ","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80523347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Second Atlas of Breeding Birds in West Virginia","authors":"Christopher M Lituma","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83167992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass gain and stopover dynamics among migrating songbirds are linked to seasonal, environmental, and life-history effects","authors":"Devin R. de Zwaan, Andrew Huang, Q. McCallum, Kiirsti Owen, Myles Lamont, W. Easton","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT During migration, birds must stopover at refueling sites to replenish energy stores, with the rate of refueling linked to stopover length, migration speed, and the timing of critical life stages, such as breeding. Under optimal migration theory, birds are expected to maximize fuel intake and minimize stopover length (the time minimization hypothesis). Within a multi-species framework, we demonstrate that time minimization behavior is context-dependent, as refueling rate, stopover length, and departure decisions vary between seasons, among species with different ecological traits (e.g., diet and migration distance), and in response to density-dependent factors and prevailing environmental conditions. Using long-term banding data (10 years) from southwestern British Columbia, Canada, we investigated the ecological processes shaping stopover dynamics among 5 warbler (Parulidae) and 5 sparrow species (Passerellidae). Specifically, we assessed variation in fuel deposition rates (FDRs) as well as the associations between mass gain, stopover length, and departure probability. FDR was greater in insectivorous warblers during spring migration and in species migrating long distances. FDR responded positively to temperature and habitat productivity, but negatively to precipitation events, particularly for insectivorous, long-distance migrants during spring migration. Similarly, density-dependent refueling rate was only observed in insectivores and long-distance migrants during spring migration, where higher densities of foliage-gleaning insectivores were associated with a lower FDR. Stopover duration was more closely associated with body condition upon arrival and subsequent mass gain than direct environmental effects, especially during northward spring migration, providing support for time minimization and a mass threshold influencing departure decisions. These results highlight that refueling rates and stopover quality vary among species depending on their life-history strategies, with particular implications for long-distance, migratory insectivores, which may be most susceptible to climate shifts. LAY SUMMARY Linking differences in stopover behavior among migratory songbirds to ecological traits helps us understand habitat use patterns and identify conservation priorities beyond the breeding site. Over a 10-year volunteer-led study in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, mass gain was the highest in insectivorous warblers, during spring migration, and for long-distance migrants. Temperature, precipitation, habitat productivity, and density-dependent factors strongly influenced mass gain, particularly for insectivores during spring migration. Stopover duration and departure probability during spring were more closely linked to arrival body condition and mass gain than weather, providing support for a fat accumulation threshold and selection for short stopovers. We highlight how the use and importance of stopover sites vary among species depend","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"123 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85655091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A World on the Wing: The Global Odyssey of Migratory Birds","authors":"J. Paruk","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac015","url":null,"abstract":"In the past two decades, our understanding of the navigational and physiological feats that enable birds to cross immense oceans, fly above the highest mountains, or remain in unbroken flight for months at a stretch has exploded. What we’ve learned of these key migrations—how billions of birds circumnavigate the globe, flying tens of thousands of miles between hemispheres on an annual basis—is nothing short of extraordinary.Bird migration entails almost unfathomable endurance, like a sparrow-sized sandpiper that will fly nonstop","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"6 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82198385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High within-clutch repeatability of eggshell phenotype in Barn Swallows despite less maculated last-laid eggs","authors":"Ava-Rose F Beech, M. C. Santos, Emily B. Smith, Ben W Berejka, Yujie Liu, T. Tsunekage, Iris I. Levin","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac024","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ecological and life-history variation and both interspecific and intraspecific brood parasitism contribute to diversity in egg phenotype within the same species. In this study, Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) laid eggs with high intraclutch repeatability in egg size, shape, and maculation. Despite this high intraclutch repeatability, last-laid eggs had consistently less of the eggshell covered in spots and fewer spots than earlier-laid eggs in the clutch. We examined sources of interclutch and intraclutch variation using both direct measurements and custom software (SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch) that provide detailed information on egg characteristics, especially maculation measures. In addition to our main findings, maculation on different sides of the egg was highly repeatable; however, only shape, proportion of the eggshell maculated, and average spot size were repeatable between first and replacement clutches. Low intraclutch variation in maculation could allow females to recognize their clutch and this may be adaptive for colonial nesting species, such as the Barn Swallow. Characterizing intraspecific variation in egg size, shape, and maculation is the first step in understanding whether intraclutch variation is low enough—and interclutch variation high enough—such that eggs could serve as identity signals. LAY SUMMARY Characterizing variation in avian egg size, shape, and speckling can help us understand the mechanistic basis of and functional outcomes for the patterns we see. Photographs of Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) eggs showed low within-nest and high between-nest variation in size, shape, and speckling. The most repeatable measure of egg appearance was egg shape, while the least repeatable was average spot size. First and replacement clutch eggs resembled each other only in shape, proportion of the eggshell speckled, and average spot size. The lay order of the eggs explained some of the within-nest variation in egg appearance; last-laid eggs were less spotted than earlier-laid eggs. RESUMEN La variación ecológica y de la historia de vida, y el parasitismo de nidada tanto inter-específico como intra-específico, contribuyen a la diversidad en el fenotipo de los huevos dentro de la misma especie. En este estudio, individuos de Hirundo rustica erythrogaster pusieron huevos con alta repetibilidad dentro de la nidada en cuanto al tamaño, la forma y el maculado del huevo. A pesar de esta alta repetibilidad dentro de la nidada, los huevos del final de la puesta tuvieron consistentemente menos partes de la cáscara cubiertas de manchas y menos manchas que los huevos puestos al inicio de la puesta. Examinamos las fuentes de variación dentro de la nidada y entre nidadas utilizando mediciones directas y software personalizado (SpotEgg, NaturePatternMatch), que brindan información detallada sobre las características del huevo, especialmente las medidas de maculado. Además de nuestros hallazgos principales, el m","PeriodicalId":19617,"journal":{"name":"Ornithology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73978558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}