Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference最新文献

{"title":"Personalized wearable interactions with WearSkill","authors":"O. Schipor, Laura-Bianca Bilius, O. Ungurean, Alexandru-Ionuț Șiean, Alexandru-Tudor Andrei, Radu-Daniel Vatavu","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520474","url":null,"abstract":"WearSkill is our web-based application for personalized input with wearables that acts as a middleware to control connected devices that support Wi-Fi and WebSocket communications, e.g., control the smart lighting system with the smartwatch. WearSkill primarily addresses users with upper-body motor impairments, for whom it enables personalized recommendations for input modalities (touch, motion, and voice) and three categories of wearables (smartwatches, rings, and glasses) based on users' self-reported motor impairments.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128711479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IMAGE: a deployment framework for creating multimodal experiences of web graphics","authors":"J. Regimbal, Jeffrey R. Blum, J. Cooperstock","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520460","url":null,"abstract":"Existing screen reader software can convey graphical content to blind and low vision web users through text information, but does not offer richer multimedia representations. Standalone research projects have attempted to fill this gap, but have not achieved lasting, widespread deployment, thus motivating the creation of a common platform for implementing and deploying multimodal experiences. We are creating the IMAGE system to be an open-source \"playground\" for prototyping, exploring, and deploying novel solutions to accomplish this. IMAGE does not replace a screen reader or alt-tags, but rather works with them to provide a more complete understanding of web graphics. In this communication, we describe how the IMAGE browser extension and server components form a modular, extensible system that can accelerate the development of new haptic and audio renderings. We explain how various parties, whether as developers or designers, can benefit from this architecture, building on our pipeline for their own purposes.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122773275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising the website accessibility conformance evaluation methodology","authors":"Alexander Hambley, Y. Yeşilada, Markel Vigo, S. Harper","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520452","url":null,"abstract":"The Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) is a methodology that guides an auditor through evaluating a website's conformance to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). In this paper, we raise some concerns present in the five stages of the WCAG-EM, including the evaluative scope, the non-probabilistic sampling approach, and the potential for bias within the selected sample. We propose a novel framework positioned parallel to the WCAG-EM, but with additional statistical-based metrics to address these concerns. These metrics consider the coverage, representativeness, complexity, popularity, freshness, and accessibility of a population of pages. We provide an overview of these metrics and discuss the possible use with three web page population-sourcing methods: server log files, breadth-first crawling, and depth-first crawling. Finally, we highlight the potential of utilising server log files as a population-sourcing method.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125760941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward supporting quality alt text in computing publications","authors":"Candace Williams, Lilian de Greef, E. Harris, Leah Findlater, Amy Pavel, Cynthia L. Bennett","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520449","url":null,"abstract":"While researchers have examined alternative (alt) text for social media and news contexts, few have studied the status and challenges for authoring alt text of figures in computing-related publications. These figures are distinct, often conveying dense visual information, and may necessitate unique accessibility solutions. Accordingly, we explored how to support authors in creating alt text in computing publications---specifically in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI). We conducted two studies: (1) an analysis of 300 recently published figures at a general HCI conference (ACM CHI), and (2) interviews with 10 researchers in HCI and related fields who have varying levels of experience writing alt text. Our findings characterize the prevalence, quality, and patterns of recent figure alt text and captions. We further identify challenges authors encounter, describing their workflow barriers and confusions around how to compose alt text for complex figures. We conclude by outlining a research agenda on process, education, and tooling opportunities to improve alt text in computing-related publications.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134062055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of ADKAR to instil change in the accessibility of university websites","authors":"Silvia Rodríguez Vázquez","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520476","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the ADKAR change management model is used in a study aiming at understanding the type of intervention required to achieve a higher degree of accessibility in web portals and resources of higher education institutions (HEIs). We present the results of a questionnaire, designed to measure change readiness with regard to the implementation of a new accessibility policy and action plan, targeting over 80 web contributors employed by a Swiss university. Findings show that, while scores concerning awareness of the need for change are high, there are other elements in the model that require priority action, particularly reinforcement (reinsurance that change will be sustained over the long term), which in turn may have an effect on the desire for change. Data also indicates that different interventions might be needed depending on the participant profile. We contend that this tool could be suitable for HEIs to create an informed and realistic web accessibility roadmap, and to define clear actionable steps towards effective change.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128764073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for accessible web navigation","authors":"Tlamelo Makati","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520463","url":null,"abstract":"This research looks at the application of Machine Learning to Web Accessibility. It considers how Machine Learning (ML) can be used to help make the processes of Web Navigation more accessible in line with Web Content Accessibility Guideline (WCAG) 2.4 Navigable, which demands that ways be provided \"to help users navigate, find content, and determine where they are.\" ML techniques such as reinforcement learning have been applied to website navigation in diverse ways. These include goal-directed search to answer questions and task-oriented problems such as booking a flight. Related work includes Web Automation and Testing. These techniques typically involve a state space exploration where actions such as clicking links, filling forms, and pressing buttons move the agent to a new state. The search space can be represented as a directed graph whose nodes represent the state. The choice of action involves a reward in reinforcement learning, which is used to learn behavior. Sequences of actions are collected into policies and the objective is to identify the best policy. For many websites, the potential search space is exceptionally large, and these techniques can provide ways of navigating them more efficiently. While the outcomes of these approaches can help to make the processes of search and task completion easier and thereby help accessibility, it is not the primary focus. The question under consideration is whether these techniques can be adapted to improve the website's navigability from an accessibility perspective. The approach seems promising. The state-space can be explored automatically, and the state representation can then be mined using ML techniques for structure, content and other information, which has the potential to improve accessibility Examples of the application of these approaches, which reflect the goals of the success criteria around WCAG Guideline 2.1 would include the generation of good anchor text for links where this is not provided, optimizing pathways to website functionality, and optimizing the processes of querying the website. There are open questions about how state representation can be enhanced to improve the prospects of reaching goal states. For example, can the process of calculating reward exploit features such as Search Engine Optimization information, which is designed to reflect the purpose of the page directly? Indexing techniques from Information science can serve a similar purpose. From an accessibility standpoint, there are exciting directions to explore. For example, what role can accessibility features, e.g., Headings, Anchor Text, and alternative text, play in calculating rewards. By way of illustration, a case study on one of these page enhancement techniques, DocTTTTTQuery, will be presented. This enhances a document by generating potential queries from its content. The system is trained by matching these generated questions against a set of historical questions asked of the site. This knowledge c","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"230 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117155955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"For one or for all?: survey of educator perceptions of web speech-based auditory description in science interactives","authors":"Brett L. Fiedler, Taliesin L. Smith, Jesse Greenberg, Emily B. Moore","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520456","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of Web Speech has increased the ease of development and public availability of auditory description without the use of screen reader software, broadening its exposure to users who may benefit from spoken descriptions. Building off an existing design framework for auditory description of interactive web media, we have designed an optional Voicing feature instantiated in two PhET Interactive Simulations regularly used by students and educators globally. We surveyed over 2000 educators to investigate their perceptions and preferences of the Web Speech-based Voicing feature and its broad appeal and effectiveness for teaching and learning. We find a general approval by educators of the Voicing feature and more moderate statement ratings than expected to the different preset speech levels we presented to them. We find that educators perceive the feature as beneficial both broadly and for specific populations while some acknowledge particular populations for whom it remains ineffective. Lastly, we identify some variance in the perceptions of the feature based on different aspects of the simulation experience.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114668777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Math-to-speech effectiveness and appreciation for people with developmental learning disorders","authors":"Chiara Magosso, D. Ahmetovic, T. Armano, C. Bernareggi, S. Coriasco, Adriano Sofia, Luisa Testa, A. Capietto","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520472","url":null,"abstract":"Accessing written math content can be difficult for students with Developmental Learning Disorders. Through a user study with 19 representative participants, we investigate how text-to-speech access compares to reading for these students in terms of math syntax memorability, as well as the perceived accessibility, ease of access, and usefulness. Results show that text-to-speech is regarded as significantly easier and more useful for accessing math content, compared to reading access. The perceived accessibility of math content is also higher for text-to-speech access, but actual improvement could not be verified as much of the content was correctly memorized in both conditions. However, some of the considered content was consistently better memorized through text-to-speech, indicating promising future applications of this technology.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133605055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SoundCells: designing a browser-based music technology for braille and print notation","authors":"W. Payne, Fabiha Ahmed, Michael Gardell, R. DuBois, Amy Hurst","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520462","url":null,"abstract":"Technologies for notating music pose usage barriers to blind and visually impaired musicians requiring many to overcome a significant learning curve and/or rely on complicated tool chains with limited screen reader support. To address a need for accessible music notation software, we present SoundCells, a browser-based system designed to make music notation easy, intuitive, and accessible to screen reader users, and output music in audio, print, and braille formats. We share findings from a co-design process, in which two experienced musicians used SoundCells for two months guided by four remote meetings, and from a Design Probe, in which five other musicians tried SoundCells with a screen reader and reflected on its usability and accessibility in the context of their current practices. Finally, we discuss design recommendations relevant to a broader ecosystem of creative technologies, including how text-editing and multi-modal output capabilities could be extended and improved, how SoundCells' current design facilitated remote collaboration between sighted researchers and blind musicians, and future opportunities for learning and sharing music on the web.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130406198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AIDE: an automatic image description engine for review imagery","authors":"Rachana Sreedhar, Nicole Tan, Jingyue Zhang, Kim Jin, S. Gregson, Eli Moreta-Feliz, Niveditha Samudrala, Shrenik Sadalgi","doi":"10.1145/3493612.3520465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3493612.3520465","url":null,"abstract":"Review imagery is crucial for helping online shoppers validate product information and garner context from unbiased reviewers. However, blind or low vision (BLV) shoppers, who routinely use screen readers, report challenges accessing review imagery, citing minimal to generic alt-text that often accompany these images. Contextual alt-text impacts the quality of a BLV shopper's browsing experience; our initial surveys additionally reveal that shoppers want product color and product features in alt-text descriptions for review imagery. We present AIDE, an Automatic Image Description Engine for review imagery, which leverages object detection and keyword extraction to automatically generate alt-text containing context-specific product feature information. Evaluative studies indicate that AIDE promotes accessibility by fostering a more inclusive shopping environment, increases the feeling of independence, and encourages online retail engagement.","PeriodicalId":195975,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 19th International Web for All Conference","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129680783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}