{"title":"Performance of Cooperative NOMA with Virtual Full-Duplex based DF Relaying in Nakagami-m Fading","authors":"Justin Jose, Parvez Shaik, V. Bhatia","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448775","url":null,"abstract":"Spectrally-efficient full-duplex (FD) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communications is a promising technology for future wireless communications that superimposes users in the power domain and allows them to simultaneously transmit and receive information from the base station (BS). However, self-interference cancellation in FD is still a major challenge, and thus the concept of virtual full duplex relaying (VFD) has evolved. In this work, without loss of generality, we consider a decode-and-forward (DF) relaying based NOMA transmission with a BS, two near users, and a far user constituting VFD over Nakagami-m fading channels. Framework for the exact and asymptotic outage probability (OP) and ergodic rate (ER) expressions is developed for the considered system model. Further, the impact of fading parameters, along with pathloss, is analyzed for the first time. Accuracy of the derived expressions is verified through rigorous simulations.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"272 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133635040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Perception Errors of Automated Vehicles","authors":"M. Sigl, C. Schütz, Sebastian Wagner, D. Watzenig","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448823","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of automated driving relies increasingly on scenario-based virtual tests to achieve sufficient test coverage. Scenarios are generally based on ground truth information. Therefore, it is necessary to reproduce the view of the environment of the automated vehicle as it is seen by the autonomous driving function in the simulation. Typically, this view is erroneous compared to the ground truth due to sensor errors. This paper presents a novel approach to cluster, identify and finally to reproduce sensor errors by maneuver-dependent statistical models for the detection of other traffic objects. Errors are classified by their static and dynamic influences and incorporated into individual error models. These are evaluated in a final step based on real driving data.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"84 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120908553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baghdad Hadji, A. Aïssa-El-Bey, L. Fergani, M. Djeddou
{"title":"Channel Estimation Using Multi-stage Compressed Sensing for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems","authors":"Baghdad Hadji, A. Aïssa-El-Bey, L. Fergani, M. Djeddou","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448773","url":null,"abstract":"Millimeter-wave (mmWave) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) combination technologies have at-tracted extensive attention from both academia and industry for meeting future communication challenges and requirements. As a viable option to deal with the trade-off between hardware complexity and system performance, hybrid analog/digital architectures are regarded as efficient mmWave MIMO transceivers. While acquiring channel state information (CSI) is a challenging task to design the optimal beamformers/combiners, especially in mmWave communications due to a lot of challenges. Fortunately, the sparse nature of the channel allows to leverage the compressed sensing (CS) tools and theories. However, the critical challenge to develop a CS-based formulation for estimating the mmWave channel is the codebook design (sensing matrices) and its pilot symbol numbers. In this paper, we proposed a multistage CS-based algorithm to estimate the channel explicitly using pilot and data symbols which enable increasing the number of measurements to enhance the estimation accuracy and maximize the spatial diversity by reducing the overlapping between training beams. Simulations confirmed that our proposed method has the best results compared to the existing methods based on codebook schemes.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116731792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bandwidth-Efficient Frequency Hopping based Anti-Jamming Game for Cognitive Radio assisted Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Khalid Ibrahim, I. Qureshi, A. Malik, S. Ng","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448885","url":null,"abstract":"Sensors can be interconnected to form a wireless sensor network (WSN) for monitoring the environment. However, there is an increasing demand for innovative automation systems and hence the industrial wireless protocols are suffering from spectrum inefficiency and interference issues. Cognitive radio provides a promising solution to spectrum scarcity problem in dense WSNs. However, cognitive nodes are very vulnerable to adversaries such as jamming. In this contribution, we propose a game-theoretic anti-jamming technique for cognitive radio enabled sensor nodes, based on the Markov game framework. Both random and intelligent jammers are considered and our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing benchmark scheme.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115495669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation on a Drone Classification Method Using UWB Radar Image Recognition with Deep Learning","authors":"Daiki Kawaguchi, R. Nakamura, H. Hadama","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448946","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method for recognizing various drones from images of ultra-wideband (UWB) radar range profile by using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model. CNN is a Deep learning algorithm that provides high accuracy for image recognition tasks. We investigated the recognition performance for five types of drones with different shapes, sizes, and the number of rotor blades (Matrice 600, 3DR Solo, Phantom 3, Mavic pro, and Bebop drone) and a radio-controlled flapping bird (Bionic bird). As a result, we have confirmed that our presented method can recognize each target with high accuracy of 90 % or more.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115079346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms for Altitude and Transmit Power Adjustments in UAV-Assisted Cellular Networks","authors":"Shourya Shukla, Rahul Thakur, Swati Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448994","url":null,"abstract":"After providing ubiquitous and high-speed network connectivity to mobile users, cellular operators are exploring unique domains to extend the reach of cellular networks. In this direction, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has received significant interest from both industry and academia. UAVs equipped with a transceiver module can act as relays and/or base stations to extend coverage and provide line-of-sight connectivity to mobile users, especially during emergencies such as earthquakes and floods. To reap the gains of UAV-based cellular networks, deployment and operational parameters of UAVs such as altitude and transmit power need to be carefully controlled. In this paper, we propose two algorithms for independently adjusting the altitude and transmit power of UAVs to maximize the system throughput. These algorithms are based on Particle Swarm Optimization and are shown to quickly converge to a better solution when compared to the traditional fixed altitude and fixed transmit power approaches.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115305892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards Biologically Inspired Decentralized Platooning for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"S. Sreenivasamurthy, K. Obraczka","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448731","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a novel decentralized approach to automated vehicle platooning inspired by emergent-behavior commonly found in biological systems. The proposed emergent-behavior based platooning uses simple rules that the vehicles follow when they interact to carry out maneuvers. Platooning maneuvers such as join, exit, and lane change \"emerge\" as a result of vehicles following these \"emergent rules\". Preliminary complexity analysis as well as simulation experiments yield promising results that demonstrate emergent behavior platooning as a viable form of decentralized platooning.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115425802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Ojanperä, J. Scholliers, T. Sukuvaara, I. Salkari, Hongwen Zhang, P. Eloranta
{"title":"5G-enabled Road Safety and Cybersecurity Services for Connected and Automated Vehicles","authors":"T. Ojanperä, J. Scholliers, T. Sukuvaara, I. Salkari, Hongwen Zhang, P. Eloranta","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448668","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced digital services, providing extensive information on road, weather and traffic conditions and enabled via 5G and other types of vehicular connectivity, can allow both human drivers and automated vehicles to manage better under challenging conditions; thus, improving road safety. The services can also enable better and more cost-efficient maintenance of the roads. This paper studies four different connected and automated vehicle (CAV) use cases, aiming at improving safety of the roads by utilizing cutting-edge communication, IoT, sensor fusion and cybersecurity technologies. The first pass analysis of the use cases and underlying architecture, conducted in the paper, will be extended towards real pilots and testing in future work.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121445523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MU-MIMO Based Cognitive Radio in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for Enhanced Spectrum Sensing Accuracy and Sum Rate","authors":"Mohammad Amazad Hossain, M. Schukat, E. Barrett","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449068","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) provide the basic infrastructure for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), as it allows vehicles to access the Internet and to communicate intra-vehicle, inter-vehicle and vehicle to the roadside base station. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an evolution of VANETs following the IoT paradigm. Nowadays, the spectrum scarcity is a big issue for the IoV networks due to the increased demand for connecting more vehicles. The cognitive radio (CR) enabled IoV networks can address this issue. In this paper, we propose a multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) antennas aided cluster based cooperative spectrum sensing (CB-CSS) scheme for CR enabled IoV networks. In this proposed scheme, each CR embedded vehicles (CRV) sends sensing data to the cluster head (CH) which makes a cluster decision by using the soft data fusion rule like the equal gain combining (EGC) fusion rule and the maximal ratio combining (MRC) fusion rule; whereas the fusion centre (FC) makes a final global decision by using the K-out-of-N rule to identify the presence of the PU signal. Simulation results show that the proposed MU-MIMO antennas aided CB-CSS scheme achieves a better sensing gain, enhanced the sum rate and lower global error probability when compared to both the conventional single-input and single-output (SISO) antenna based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) and non-cooperative spectrum sensing (NCSS) schemes. In addition, the proposed scheme achieves a lower traffic overhead when compared to the MU-MIMO based CSS scheme without the cluster.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123297774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Brunello, I. Johansson, Mustafa Ozger, C. Cavdar
{"title":"Low Latency Low Loss Scalable Throughput in 5G Networks","authors":"D. Brunello, I. Johansson, Mustafa Ozger, C. Cavdar","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448764","url":null,"abstract":"Low Latency Low Loss Scalable Throughput (L4S) is a technology intended to reduce queue delay problems, ensuring low latency to Internet Protocol flows with a high throughput performance. To reach this goal, it relies on Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), a mechanism that marks packets to signal congestion in the network avoiding packets to be dropped. The congestion signals are managed at the sender and receiver sides thanks to scalable congestion control algorithms. In this paper, the challenges to implement L4S in a 5G network are analyzed. Using a proprietary state-of-the-art network simulator, the L4S marking strategy has been implemented at the Packed Data Convergence Protocol layer. To evaluate the benefits of the implementation, L4S has been adopted to support Augmented Reality (AR) video gaming traffic while using the IETF experimental standard Self-Clocked Rate Adaptation for Multimedia (SCReAM) for the congestion control. The results show that the video gaming traffic experiences lower delay when supported by L4S. Moreover, in all the cases analyzed, L4S provides an average application layer throughput above the minimum requirements of a high-rate latency-critical application, even at high system loads. Furthermore, the packet loss rate has been significantly reduced thanks to L4S. If it is used in a combination with a Delay Based Scheduler (DBS), a packet loss rate very close to zero has been reached.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123537890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}