{"title":"Towards Biologically Inspired Decentralized Platooning for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"S. Sreenivasamurthy, K. Obraczka","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448731","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we introduce a novel decentralized approach to automated vehicle platooning inspired by emergent-behavior commonly found in biological systems. The proposed emergent-behavior based platooning uses simple rules that the vehicles follow when they interact to carry out maneuvers. Platooning maneuvers such as join, exit, and lane change \"emerge\" as a result of vehicles following these \"emergent rules\". Preliminary complexity analysis as well as simulation experiments yield promising results that demonstrate emergent behavior platooning as a viable form of decentralized platooning.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115425802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bandwidth-Efficient Frequency Hopping based Anti-Jamming Game for Cognitive Radio assisted Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"Khalid Ibrahim, I. Qureshi, A. Malik, S. Ng","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448885","url":null,"abstract":"Sensors can be interconnected to form a wireless sensor network (WSN) for monitoring the environment. However, there is an increasing demand for innovative automation systems and hence the industrial wireless protocols are suffering from spectrum inefficiency and interference issues. Cognitive radio provides a promising solution to spectrum scarcity problem in dense WSNs. However, cognitive nodes are very vulnerable to adversaries such as jamming. In this contribution, we propose a game-theoretic anti-jamming technique for cognitive radio enabled sensor nodes, based on the Markov game framework. Both random and intelligent jammers are considered and our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing benchmark scheme.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115495669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MU-MIMO Based Cognitive Radio in Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for Enhanced Spectrum Sensing Accuracy and Sum Rate","authors":"Mohammad Amazad Hossain, M. Schukat, E. Barrett","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449068","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) provide the basic infrastructure for intelligent transportation systems (ITS), as it allows vehicles to access the Internet and to communicate intra-vehicle, inter-vehicle and vehicle to the roadside base station. The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an evolution of VANETs following the IoT paradigm. Nowadays, the spectrum scarcity is a big issue for the IoV networks due to the increased demand for connecting more vehicles. The cognitive radio (CR) enabled IoV networks can address this issue. In this paper, we propose a multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) antennas aided cluster based cooperative spectrum sensing (CB-CSS) scheme for CR enabled IoV networks. In this proposed scheme, each CR embedded vehicles (CRV) sends sensing data to the cluster head (CH) which makes a cluster decision by using the soft data fusion rule like the equal gain combining (EGC) fusion rule and the maximal ratio combining (MRC) fusion rule; whereas the fusion centre (FC) makes a final global decision by using the K-out-of-N rule to identify the presence of the PU signal. Simulation results show that the proposed MU-MIMO antennas aided CB-CSS scheme achieves a better sensing gain, enhanced the sum rate and lower global error probability when compared to both the conventional single-input and single-output (SISO) antenna based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) and non-cooperative spectrum sensing (NCSS) schemes. In addition, the proposed scheme achieves a lower traffic overhead when compared to the MU-MIMO based CSS scheme without the cluster.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123297774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Convolutional Neural Networks based Denoising for Indoor Localization","authors":"Wafa Njima, Marwa Chafii, Ahmad Nimr, G. Fettweis","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448839","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor localization can be based on a matrix of pairwise distances between nodes to localize and reference nodes. This matrix is usually not complete, and its completion is subject to distance estimation errors as well as to the noise resulting from received signal strength indicator measurements. In this paper, we propose to use convolutional neural networks in order to denoise the completed matrix. A trilateration process is then applied on the recovered euclidean distance matrix (EDM) to locate an unknown node. This proposed approach is tested on a simulated environment, using a real propagation model based on measurements, and compared with the classical matrix completion approach, based on the adaptive moment estimation method, combined with trilateration. The simulation results show that our system outperforms the classical schemes in terms of EDM recovery and localization accuracy.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123354116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yipai Yan, Honglin Zhao, Jiayan Zhang, Chengzhao Shan, Yongkui Ma
{"title":"MmWave Massive MIMO Hybrid Precoding Prediction in High Mobility Scenarios","authors":"Yipai Yan, Honglin Zhao, Jiayan Zhang, Chengzhao Shan, Yongkui Ma","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448960","url":null,"abstract":"Aircraft-assisted wireless communications have been extensively used in the military and civil fields. With the increasing applications for high data rate aircraft-assisted services such as virtual reality, ultra-high definition transmission video, there is an explosive demand for data rate in high mobility air-to-air (A2A) communication. There exist some promising solutions for high data rate wireless communications, including millimeter wave (mmWave) communications and massive MIMO hybrid precoding. However, most of previous works consider time invariant channel, and assume perfect channel state information (CSI), which is unsatisfactory in high mobility system. And a novel hybrid precoding strategy under high mobility scenarios is designed in this paper. First, some preliminaries about mmWave massive MIMO fast time-varying channel model is given. Then location-aided analog precoder and combiner are designed, and time-varying digital precoder based on matrix series approximation is also proposed. Moreover, the performance loss is analyzed through average effective channel power loss. Simulation results manifest that compared with the conventional strategy, the proposed strategy effectively improves the spectral efficiency in high mobility scenarios.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124469072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Brunello, I. Johansson, Mustafa Ozger, C. Cavdar
{"title":"Low Latency Low Loss Scalable Throughput in 5G Networks","authors":"D. Brunello, I. Johansson, Mustafa Ozger, C. Cavdar","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448764","url":null,"abstract":"Low Latency Low Loss Scalable Throughput (L4S) is a technology intended to reduce queue delay problems, ensuring low latency to Internet Protocol flows with a high throughput performance. To reach this goal, it relies on Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), a mechanism that marks packets to signal congestion in the network avoiding packets to be dropped. The congestion signals are managed at the sender and receiver sides thanks to scalable congestion control algorithms. In this paper, the challenges to implement L4S in a 5G network are analyzed. Using a proprietary state-of-the-art network simulator, the L4S marking strategy has been implemented at the Packed Data Convergence Protocol layer. To evaluate the benefits of the implementation, L4S has been adopted to support Augmented Reality (AR) video gaming traffic while using the IETF experimental standard Self-Clocked Rate Adaptation for Multimedia (SCReAM) for the congestion control. The results show that the video gaming traffic experiences lower delay when supported by L4S. Moreover, in all the cases analyzed, L4S provides an average application layer throughput above the minimum requirements of a high-rate latency-critical application, even at high system loads. Furthermore, the packet loss rate has been significantly reduced thanks to L4S. If it is used in a combination with a Delay Based Scheduler (DBS), a packet loss rate very close to zero has been reached.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123537890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of NLPA on SWIPT Enabled Two-Way AF Cooperative Network","authors":"Deepak Kumar, P. Singya, V. Bhatia","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448815","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the impact of nonlinear distortion on the overall system outage probability of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer enabled two-way amplify-and-forward relaying network by employing three different nonlinear power amplifier (NLPA) models such as traveling wave tube amplifier, soft envelope limiter, and solid-state power amplifier at the relay node. We consider a time-switching based protocol at the energy-constrained relay node to harvest energy and information transmission. We derive the closed-form expression of the system outage probability by utilizing the selection combining technique at the source nodes over Nakagami-m fading channels. System throughput and energy efficiency of the network are also investigated. The impact of NLPA, threshold data-rate, fading severity, and time-switching factor are highlighted on the network’s performance. Finally, the derived analytical results are validated by the Monte Carlo simulations.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125335552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suneel Kumar, A. Khan, R. Rasheed, Shafaq Zia, Sandeep Pirbhulal
{"title":"Position based Optimization of RF MAC Protocol for Sensing Technology Enabled Applications","authors":"Suneel Kumar, A. Khan, R. Rasheed, Shafaq Zia, Sandeep Pirbhulal","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448760","url":null,"abstract":"Internet of things is modified form of sensor network and in sensor network, radio frequency charging of sensor nodes is a recent and emerging method that improves network lifetime by wirelessly charging sensor network nodes. However, RF charging faces many inherent issues such as interference within energy transmitting nodes, selection of appropriate data communication and energy transfer intervals and to find the optimal charging threshold for fair distribution of channel resources. Several Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes have been proposed to balance charging and communication by making sectors within the network and by reducing energy consumption of nodes that have longer charging durations. In this paper, we have tried to achieve a fast charging of sensor nodes through the optimal placement of energy transmitting nodes within the network. We have also investigated different techniques for the reduction of network outage time such as delaying the charging interval to the instance where half of the nodes within a wireless sensor network require immediate charging. The simulation work has been done using MATLAB. It is noted that the proposed framework increases network throughput (up to 50%), enhances channel utilization for data communication and reduces average time (50% improvement) required for charging sensor nodes.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126178330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Joint uplink PD-NOMA and SCMA for future multiple access systems","authors":"Xiaotian Fu, M. Pischella, D. L. Ruyet","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9449037","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose an uplink system which combines power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) together, in order to enable massive user connectivity. The receiver adopts successive interference cancellation (SIC) and iterative SCMA detection algorithm for decoding the superimposed signals. An optimization method of the code rate for the error-correcting channel codes is proposed by analyzing the extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts, so as to reach a trade-off between system convergence behavior and spectral efficiency. To evaluate the performance, a conventional SCMA system is used as comparison baseline. Numerical results show that the proposed system along with the optimization method achieves good bit error rate (BER) performance and significantly improves the spectral efficiency.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125783033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive Minimization of Direct Sunlight Noise on V2V-VLC Receivers","authors":"K. Illanko, Xavier N Fernando","doi":"10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448714","url":null,"abstract":"Shot noise due to direct sunlight is the major cause of SNR degradation in vehicle to vehicle visible light communications (V2V-VLC) outdoors. This shot noise can be simply reduced by the receiver ‘looking away’ from the sun rays. However, this has to be done without reducing the received optical signal power, which is a 3-D tracking problem, where both transmitter and receiver are moving. This paper analyzes the resulting optimization problem and finds the optimal angle at which the instantaneous SNR is maximized. This depends on the incident angle of the optical signal as well as the incident angle of the sunlight. Note, the mobility adds random additive noise in addition to rapid angle variations. The paper uses an extended- Kalman filter to minimize the error and possible drift in the optimal angle in the presence of noisy measurements. This results in an adaptive SNR optimization system for real-time vehicle to vehicle visible light communications. We have also presented the analytical solution to the SNR optimization problem. Simulation results, on a curved freeway on a bright sunny day, demonstrate close matching between the actual optimal SNR and that achieved by the extended-Kalman filter.","PeriodicalId":194840,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 93rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128571838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}