NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Modelling 30-day hospital readmission after discharge for COPD patients based on electronic health records.","authors":"Meng Li,&nbsp;Kun Cheng,&nbsp;Keisun Ku,&nbsp;Junlei Li,&nbsp;Hao Hu,&nbsp;Carolina Oi Lam Ung","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00339-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00339-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third most common chronic disease in China with frequent exacerbations, resulting in increased hospitalization and readmission rate. COPD readmission within 30 days after discharge is an important indicator of care transitions, patient's quality of life and disease management. Identifying risk factors and improving 30-day readmission prediction help inform appropriate interventions, reducing readmissions and financial burden. This study aimed to develop a 30-day readmission prediction model using decision tree by learning from the data extracted from the electronic health record of COPD patients in Macao. Health records data of COPD inpatients from Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019 were reviewed and analyzed. A total of 782 hospitalizations for AECOPD were enrolled, where the 30-day readmission rate was 26.5% (207). A balanced dataset was randomly generated, where male accounted for 69.1% and mean age was 80.73 years old. Age, length of stay, history of tobacco smoking, hemoglobin, systemic steroids use, antibiotics use and number of hospital admission due to COPD in last 12 months were found to be significant risk factors for 30-day readmission of CODP patients (P < 0.01). A data-driven decision tree-based modelling approach with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization was developed. The mean precision-recall and AUC value for the classifier were 73.85, 73.7 and 0.7506, showing a satisfying prediction performance. The number of hospital admission due to AECOPD in last 12 months, smoke status and patients' age were the top factors for 30-day readmission in Macao population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10086061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9305532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Care by general practitioners for patients with asthma or COPD during the COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Corinne Rijpkema, Lotte Ramerman, Maarten Homburg, Eline Meijer, Jean Muris, Tim Olde Hartman, Marjolein Berger, Lilian Peters, Robert Verheij","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00340-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41533-023-00340-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on general practitioners' (GP) care for patients with asthma and/or COPD is largely unknown. To describe the impact of the pandemic on asthma or COPD-related GP care, we analysed routinely recorded electronic health records data from Dutch general practices and out-of-hours (OOH) services. During the COVID-19 pandemic (2020), the contact rates for asthma and/or COPD were significantly lower in GP practices and OOH services compared with the pre-pandemic period (2019) (respectively, 15% lower and 28% lower). The proportion of telephone contacts increased significantly with 13%-point in GP practices and 12%-point at OOH services, while the proportion of face-to-face contacts decreased. Furthermore, the proportion of high urgent contacts with OOH services decreased by 8.5%-point. To conclude, the overall contact rates in GP practices and OOH services decreased, while more contacts were remote. Lower contact rates have, after a short follow-up, not resulted in more patients with exacerbations in OOH care. However, this might still be expected after a longer follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10082338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9654743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accessibility and quality of medical care for patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases during COVID-19 pandemic.","authors":"Andrey Reshetnikov,&nbsp;Irina Frolova,&nbsp;Olga Abaeva,&nbsp;Nadezhda Prisyazhnaya,&nbsp;Tatyana Romanova,&nbsp;Sergey Romanov,&nbsp;Konstantin Sobolev","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00328-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00328-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the impact of the accessibility and quality of medical care provided to patients with chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs) during COVID-19 pandemic on the course and outcome of COVID-19 infection. The study included 132 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and having one or more concomitant CNCDs. The patients were divided into two groups based on the quality of the initial CNCD therapy they received. Group 1 involved 58 patients (42%) who received treatment according to clinical guidelines and had a compensated CNCD. Group 2 consisted of 76 patients (58%) who received treatment that was not in line with modern clinical guidelines and/or had a decompensated CNCD. All 'red zone' hospitalized patients were surveyed. In particular, they were asked questions related to the quality and accessibility of medical care during COVID-19 pandemic and their satisfaction with the medical care received during the pandemic. Reduced access to medical care (the failure to have the therapy received timely evaluated and adjusted) during COVID-19 pandemic affects the quality of the therapy received by patients with CNCDs. Generally, an unfavorable course and outcome of COVID-19 infection are typical for patients receiving a non-optimal CNCD therapy as compared to patients receiving a therapy that meets current clinical guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10063946/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9300580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthcare resources, organisational support and practice in asthma in six public health clinics in Malaysia.","authors":"Norita Hussein,&nbsp;Rizawati Ramli,&nbsp;Su May Liew,&nbsp;Nik Sherina Hanafi,&nbsp;Ping Yein Lee,&nbsp;Ai Theng Cheong,&nbsp;Shariff-Ghazali Sazlina,&nbsp;Azainorsuzila Mohd Ahad,&nbsp;Jaiyogesh Patel,&nbsp;Jürgen Schwarze,&nbsp;Hilary Pinnock,&nbsp;Ee Ming Khoo","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00337-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00337-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma, a common chronic respiratory illness is mostly managed in primary care. We aimed to determine healthcare resources, organisational support, and doctors' practice in managing asthma in a Malaysian primary care setting. A total of six public health clinics participated. We found four clinics had dedicated asthma services. There was only one clinic which had a tracing defaulter system. Long-term controller medications were available in all clinics, but not adequately provided. Resources, educational materials, and equipment for asthma management were present, though restricted in number and not placed in main locations of the clinic. To diagnose asthma, most doctors used clinical judgement and peak flow metre measurements with reversibility test. Although spirometry is recommended to diagnose asthma, it was less practiced, being inaccessible and unskilled in using as the main reasons. Most doctors reported providing asthma self-management; asthma action plan, but for only half of the patients that they encountered. In conclusion, there is still room for improvement in the provision of clinic resources and support for asthma care. Utilising peak flow metre measurement and reversibility test suggest practical alternative in low resource for spirometry. Reinforcing education on asthma action plan is vital to ensure optimal asthma care.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10042823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asthma medication adherence and exacerbations and lung function in children managed in Leicester primary care.","authors":"Razi Paracha,&nbsp;David K H Lo,&nbsp;Ursula Montgomery,&nbsp;Louise Ryan,&nbsp;Vivek Varakantam,&nbsp;Erol A Gaillard","doi":"10.1038/s41533-022-00323-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-022-00323-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poor adherence to asthma preventer medication is associated with life-threatening asthma attacks. The quality and outcomes framework mandated primary care annual asthma review does not include adherence monitoring and the effect of poor adherence on lung function in paediatric primary care patients is unknown. The aim was to investigate the link between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) adherence and spirometry, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and asthma control in asthmatic school-age children in this cross-sectional observational study involving three Leicestershire general practices. Children 5-16 years on the practice's asthma registers, were invited for a routine annual asthma review between August 2018 and August 2019. Prescription and clinical data were extracted from practice databases. Spirometry, bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) and FeNO testing were performed as part of the review. 130 of 205 eligible children (63.4%) attended their review. Mean adherence to ICS was 36.2% (SEM 2.1%) and only 14.6% of children had good adherence (≥75% prescriptions issued). We found no differences in asthma exacerbations in the preceding 12 months between the adherence quartiles. 28.6% of children in the lowest and 5.6% in the highest adherence quartile had BDR ≥ 12% but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.55). A single high FeNO value did not predict adherence to ICS. Adherence to ICS in children with asthma in primary care is poor. The link between adherence to ICS and asthma exacerbations, spirometry and FeNO is complex but knowledge of adherence to ICS is critical in the management of children with asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10039953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9775626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-minute sit-to-stand test as a quick functional test for people with COPD in general practice.","authors":"J G Spence,&nbsp;J Brincks,&nbsp;A Løkke,&nbsp;L Neustrup,&nbsp;E B Østergaard","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00335-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00335-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessing changes in functional exercise capacity is highly relevant in the treatment of people with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), as lung function is often static. In Denmark, most people with COPD are followed in general practice where traditional functional tests, like six-minute walk test, require too much time and space. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a quick functional exercise capacity test that can be performed in a limited setting, such as general practice. This study aimed to identify a quick test to measure functional exercise capacity in people with COPD and identify which factors could affect the implementation of such a test in general practice. A mixed method feasibility study composed of a literature review and qualitative interviews was used. Quick functional tests for people with COPD were identified and evaluated through the COSMIN methodology. For the interviews, 64 general practices were included, and 50 staff members and 14 general practitioners (GPs) participated in the interviews. Responses were categorized and thematically analyzed. The 1 min sit-to-stand-test (1 M STST) was found suitable for a general practice setting. The COSMIN methodology rated it \"sufficient\" in reliability (ICC 0.90-0.99), measurement error (MID 2.5-3), construct validity and responsiveness (AUC 0.72), and found a moderate to strong correlation in criterion validity (r = 0.4-0.75). Several GPs wished for a quick functional test and emphasized evidence, information, and limitations as essential when deciding on implementation. Other factors identified included time, other tests, and economy. 1 M STST is a valid test to assess functional exercise capacity in people with COPD. The test is quick and can easily be performed in a standard consultation, and several GPs wished for such a test.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10015133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9352598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive and prognostic value of leptin status in asthma.","authors":"Juan Wang,&nbsp;Ruochen Zhu,&nbsp;Wenjing Shi,&nbsp;Song Mao","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00332-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00332-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma is closely associated with inflammation. We evaluated the predictive and prognostic value of leptin status in asthma. We searched the electronic databases for articles that determined the leptin level in asthma cases through May 2020. We compared the differences of leptin level between asthma and non-asthma controls, as well as between severe and mild asthma cases. We also investigated the impact of age and gender on these differences by using meta-regression analysis. 59 studies were included in our pooled analysis. Asthma cases demonstrated significantly higher leptin level than that in non-asthma controls among overall populations (SMD:1.061, 95% CI: 0.784-1.338, p < 10^-4), Caucasians (SMD:0.287, 95% CI: 0.125-0.448, p = 0.001), Asians (SMD:1.500, 95% CI: 1.064-1.936, p < 10^-4) and Africans (SMD: 8.386, 95% CI: 6.519-10.253, p < 10^-4). Severe asthma cases showed markedly higher leptin level than that in mild asthma cases among overall populations (SMD:1.638, 95% CI: 0.952-2.323, p < 10^-4) and Asians (SMD:2.600, 95% CI: 1.854-3.345, p < 10^-4). No significant difference of leptin level between severe and mild asthma was observed in Caucasians (SMD:-0.819, 95% CI: -1.998-0.360, p = 0.173). Cumulative analyses yielded similar results regarding the difference of leptin status between asthma and non-asthma controls, as well as between severe and mild asthma cases among overall populations. Age and male/ female ratio were not associated with the difference of leptin status between asthma and non-asthma controls (coefficient:-0.031, 95% CI: -0.123-0.061, p = 0.495; coefficient:0.172, 95% CI: -2.445-2.789, p = 0.895), as well as between severe and mild asthma cases among overall populations (coefficient:-0.072, 95% CI: -0.208-0.063, p = 0.279; coefficient: 2.373, 95% CI: -0.414-5.161, p = 0.090). Asthma demonstrated significantly higher level of leptin than that in non-asthma controls among overall populations, Caucasians, Asians and Africans. Severe asthma cases showed markedly higher leptin level than that in mild cases among overall populations and Asians. Leptin may be a risk predictor and prognostic marker of asthma. Early monitoring and intervention of leptin may be needed for asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10011586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9304556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of an algorithm to analyze patterns of intermittent oral corticosteroid use in asthma.","authors":"John Haughney,&nbsp;Trung N Tran,&nbsp;Heath Heatley,&nbsp;Arnaud Bourdin,&nbsp;Andrew Menzies-Gow,&nbsp;David J Jackson,&nbsp;Ekaterina Maslova,&nbsp;Jatin Chapaneri,&nbsp;Derek Skinner,&nbsp;Victoria Carter,&nbsp;Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan,&nbsp;David Price","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00331-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00331-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An algorithm to describe patterns of intermittent oral corticosteroid use in the UK (n = 476,167) found that one-third of patients receiving intermittent oral corticosteroids for asthma only had short gaps (<90 days) between oral corticosteroid prescriptions sometime during follow-up. The increasing frequency pattern was more likely in patients with greater asthma severity and with more short-acting β₂-agonist use at baseline. Our approach may provide a clinically relevant representation of intermittent oral corticosteroid use in asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9985594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9299589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Romanian young adult perceptions on using heated tobacco products following exposure to direct marketing methods.","authors":"Sergiu Chirila,&nbsp;Adriana Antohe,&nbsp;Cristina Isar,&nbsp;Catalina Panaitescu,&nbsp;Alice Malpass","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00333-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41533-023-00333-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heated tobacco products have a rapid uptake, especially among young people, mostly where advertising is unregulated, as is the case in Romania. This qualitative study explores the influence of direct marketing methods of heated tobacco products on young people, their perception and behaviour towards smoking. We have carried out 19 interviews with smokers of heated tobacco products (HTPs) or/and combustible cigarettes (CCs) or non-smokers (NS), aged 18-26. Using the thematic analysis, we have identified three overarching themes: (1) people, places, and subjects of marketing, (2) engagement with risk narratives and (3) social body, family bonds, and autonomous self. Even if most of the participants have been exposed to a mix of marketing methods, they did not acknowledge the influence that marketing has on their decision to experience smoking. Young adults' decision to use heated tobacco products seems to be influenced by a cluster of reasons: overcoming the legislation gap which prohibits indoor use of combustible cigarettes but not heated tobacco products; the attractivity of the product (novelty, inviting appearance, technological appeal and price) and presumed less damaging effects on health.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9981255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9653568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key recommendations for primary care from the 2022 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) update.","authors":"Mark L Levy, Leonard B Bacharier, Eric Bateman, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Chris Brightling, Roland Buhl, Guy Brusselle, Alvaro A Cruz, Jeffrey M Drazen, Liesbeth Duijts, Louise Fleming, Hiromasa Inoue, Fanny W S Ko, Jerry A Krishnan, Kevin Mortimer, Paulo M Pitrez, Aziz Sheikh, Arzu Yorgancıoğlu, Helen K Reddel","doi":"10.1038/s41533-023-00330-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41533-023-00330-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) was established in 1993 by the World Health Organization and the US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute to improve asthma awareness, prevention and management worldwide. GINA develops and publishes evidence-based, annually updated resources for clinicians. GINA guidance is adopted by national asthma guidelines in many countries, adapted to fit local healthcare systems, practices, and resource availability. GINA is independent of industry, funded by the sale and licensing of its materials. This review summarizes key practical guidance for primary care from the 2022 GINA strategy report. It provides guidance on confirming the diagnosis of asthma using spirometry or peak expiratory flow. GINA recommends that all adults, adolescents and most children with asthma should receive inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing therapy to reduce the risk of severe exacerbations, either taken regularly, or (for adults and adolescents with \"mild\" asthma) as combination ICS-formoterol taken as needed for symptom relief. For patients with moderate-severe asthma, the preferred regimen is maintenance-and-reliever therapy (MART) with ICS-formoterol. Asthma treatment is not \"one size fits all\"; GINA recommends individualized assessment, adjustment, and review of treatment. As many patients with difficult-to-treat or severe asthma are not referred early for specialist review, we provide updated guidance for primary care on diagnosis, further investigation, optimization and treatment of severe asthma across secondary and tertiary care. While the GINA strategy has global relevance, we recognize that there are special considerations for its adoption in low- and middle-income countries, particularly the current poor access to inhaled medications.</p>","PeriodicalId":19470,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9907191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10766563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}