Oil and gas facilities最新文献_第5页

The Savvy Separator Series: Part 3. Scrubber Debottlenecking 精明的分离器系列:第3部分。洗涤器已

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.2118/1015-0022-OGF

R. Chin, V. V. Asperen, J. Riesenberg, Graham McVinnie

引用次数: 0

Oil at USD 20 per Barrel: Can It Be? 油价能涨到每桶20美元吗?

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.2118/1015-0004-OGF

H. Duhon

引用次数: 2

Innovative Assessments for Selecting Offshore-Platform-Decommissioning Alternatives 选择海上平台退役替代方案的创新评估

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-10-01 DOI: 10.2118/173519-PA

S. Truchon, L. Brzuzy, Deborah Fawcett, M. Fonseca

引用次数: 4

Water Management for Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects 提高采收率项目的水管理

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/0815-0014-OGF

S. Whitfield

引用次数: 2

Feasibility and Evaluation of Surfactants and Gas Lift in Combination as a Severe-Slugging-Suppression Method 表面活性剂与气举联合作为强力抑制法的可行性及评价

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/170595-PA

C. Sarica, Ge Yuan, W. Shang, E. Pereyra, G. Kouba

{"title":"Feasibility and Evaluation of Surfactants and Gas Lift in Combination as a Severe-Slugging-Suppression Method","authors":"C. Sarica, Ge Yuan, W. Shang, E. Pereyra, G. Kouba","doi":"10.2118/170595-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/170595-PA","url":null,"abstract":"nation angle for relatively low gasand liquid-flow rates. Sarica et al. (2014) divided the severe-slugging cycle into four steps, as described in Fig. 1. The classic pipe geometry for severe slugging is a slightly downward section upstream of a riser. In Step 1, gas and liquid velocities are low enough to allow stratified flow in the downward-sloping pipe section followed by liquid bridging and accumulation at the bottom of the riser. The hydrostatic pressure of the accumulated liquid initially increases equal to or faster than the buildup of gas pressure upstream of the liquid slug (Step 2). When the gas pressure eventually exceeds the hydrostatic head of the liquid slug, the gas will begin to push the liquid slug out of the riser and start to penetrate the riser (Step 3). The pressure in the gas reduces as the liquid is removed from the riser and the gas expands, increasing the velocities in the riser. After most of the liquid and gas exit the riser, the velocity of the gas is no longer high enough to sweep the liquid upward. Liquid film not swept from the riser starts falling back down the riser (Step 4), and the accumulation of liquid starts again. Severe slugging will cause periods of no liquid and gas production in the separator followed by very high liquidand gas-flow rates. The resulting large pressure and flow-rate fluctuations are highly undesirable. Several mitigation techniques are proposed in the literature. A thorough summary of these techniques can be found in Sarica and Tengesdal (2000). Surfactant application and gas lift are typically considered to be separate methods. The combination of both can provide a better mitigation of severe slugging by complementing one another. As mentioned by Sarica and Tengesdal (2000), Yocum (1973) was the first to identify multiple severe-slugging-mitigation techniques. These are reduction of the line diameter, splitting the flow into dual or multiple streams, gas injection into the riser, the use of mixing devices at the riser base, choking, and backpressure increase. Here, we will classify severe-slugging-mitigation methods into three groups: passive, active, and hybrids (combination of both passiveand active-mitigation methods). Passive methods require energy from the system; the most relevant are given as follows: 1. Choking: One of the most common mitigation techniques is the installation of a choke valve at the top of the riser. By choking the flow, the riser operational pressure changes, stabilizing the flow. Several publications regarding choking exist in the literature, as detailed in Sarica and Tengesdal (2000). Unfortunately, because of the backpressure created by choking, production is affected, and a minimum amount of energy is required for this method to be successful. This technique can be combined with a feedback control to regulate the largest choke opening that will stabilize the flow. 2. Backpressure increase: This method requires significant pressure increases at the separator ","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"39 1","pages":"78-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81294389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Challenges in a Multidisciplinary Approach for Explosion Design for Floating Facilities 浮动设施爆炸设计多学科方法的挑战

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/174556-PA

L. Paris, M. Cahay

{"title":"Challenges in a Multidisciplinary Approach for Explosion Design for Floating Facilities","authors":"L. Paris, M. Cahay","doi":"10.2118/174556-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/174556-PA","url":null,"abstract":"environment compared with onshore liquefied-natural-gas plants or other floating offshore installations. As a consequence, the explosion risk is expected to be higher than that for some other offshore floating facilities. Because of the general evolution of design practices, alternative approaches such as performance with risk-based design can be used. The performance-based approach relies on the explicit definition of the safety objectives and functional requirements (e.g., performance standards). The design process focuses on the objectives, not the means to reach them. Because it is based on the definition of realistic explosion scenarios, which could be deterministic (e.g., scenario-based approach) or probabilistic (risk-based), the design process requires more resources (skills, computational tools) that allow the contractor to demonstrate the compliance of the solution with the safety objectives. This could be a challenge because any design solution is specific to the installation and requires the acceptance of the operator, the local authority, and the classification society. All participants should ensure that they understand, agree with, and are aware of the limitation of the proposed design solution, to avoid further rework. During the entire engineering process, different barriers are investigated to reduce the risk of potential losses (people, assets) from the potential explosion hazards to as low as reasonably practicable, as shown in Fig. 1. Even if inherent safety is a key driver during the design phase of the facility, additional risk-reduction measures that combine prevention, detection, control, and mitigation are usually implemented. Emergency response (e.g., rescue of people) remains the ultimate option. Many of these barriers should be designed or verified against major-accident events to fulfill their function during and after the initial explosion event. This paper focuses on the design process and associated challenges of such barriers because they require an integrated multidisciplinary approach that combines the expertise of safety, structural, and equipment engineers.","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"96 1","pages":"57-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82891845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simplification: A Moral Imperative 简化:道德要求

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/0815-0005-OGF

H. Duhon

{"title":"Simplification: A Moral Imperative","authors":"H. Duhon","doi":"10.2118/0815-0005-OGF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/0815-0005-OGF","url":null,"abstract":"As early as 500,000 years ago, man was using fire to light his cave. This was a very inefficient source of light, yielding about 0.6 lm-h per 1,000 Btu of energy. A step change improvement occurred about 40,000 years ago with the burning of animal fats and oils. Candles became common about 4,000 years ago, but burning wax to get light was also inefficient, yielding only 4 lm-h per 1,000 Btu. This type of resource was also expensive. It has been estimated that a common man would have had to work an entire day to afford a few minutes of light. Unless you were wealthy, night was a dark and dangerous place. It was thousands of years before the next significant improvement occurred when sperm whale oil came on the scene in about 1700, yielding 10 times as much light per Btu of energy at a much lower cost. A day’s work would buy 4 hours of light. A downside was that many men died while harvesting whale oil, and after 150 years of its use as a fuel for lighting, the sperm whale was nearing extinction. The oil industry saved the sperm whale. The discovery of significant quantities of oil in Pennsylvania and elsewhere in the 1850s and beyond and the development of drilling and refining methods created a much lower-cost and more abundant source of energy. One day of labor yielded 75 hours of light. The next and most dramatic improvement was the development of electric light. One day of work earned 4,000 lm-h per Btu or 10,000 hours of light. Light was available to the common man in nearly unlimited quantities. People who are fortunate enough to live in developed countries enjoy unlimited light, which is not the case everywhere in the world. . Availability of affordable energy is perhaps the largest divider between the haves and havenots today. The Complexity of Light For the end user, switching on a light bulb is much simpler than lighting a fire. But the systems behind the bulb are complex. To get light from an electric bulb the following are needed: • Mining for fuel (gas, coal, oil, and uranium) • Power plants to generate the electricity • Mining industries to obtain raw materials for light bulb, wiring, and other components • Transmission and distribution systems to deliver the generated electricity to homes and businesses • Light bulb manufacturing, distribution, and retail sales • Electrical wiring systems in buildings • An advanced political/social system that enables all of the above","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"31 1","pages":"5-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77797656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Savvy Separator Series: Part 2 The Effect of Inlet Geometries on Flow Distribution 精明的分离器系列:第二部分进口几何形状对流动分布的影响

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/0815-0026-OGF

R. Chin

引用次数: 1

Risk-Based Analysis and Engineering of Safe Distances Between Occupied Structures and Processing Equipment 基于风险的被占用结构与加工设备之间安全距离分析与工程

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/173507-PA

J. Johnstone, M. D. Spangler, C. Heitzman, G. A. Wimberley, A. R. Flores

{"title":"Risk-Based Analysis and Engineering of Safe Distances Between Occupied Structures and Processing Equipment","authors":"J. Johnstone, M. D. Spangler, C. Heitzman, G. A. Wimberley, A. R. Flores","doi":"10.2118/173507-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/173507-PA","url":null,"abstract":"API RP 752 (2009) allows for the evaluation of building locations to use three different assessment approaches: 1. Consequence-based analysis: This approach generally requires that the impacts from maximum credible events (MCEs) be calculated or modeled to determine the impact on a structure. 2. Risk-based analysis: Use of risk-based analysis involves conducting a quantitative analysis to determine risk on the basis of the consequence and the frequency of the hazardous event. 3. Spacing-tables approach: Under API RP 752 (2009), the spacing-table approach is to be used only when determining the minimum distance from a fire to a building. These tables are not appropriate for toxic or explosive events for which the consequence is dependent on the release rate, length of release, wind direction, material released, and many other factors. API RP 752 (2009) was developed primarily for use at facilities that include natural-gas plants, natural-gas-liquefication plants, and other onshore facilities covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) process-safety management standard (OSHA 1992). API RP 752 (2009) provides an excellent overview of the issues and factors regarding hazards associated with buildings and provides references as to where additional information can be obtained. The recommended practice does not provide information relating to an oil-production or a gas-treatment facility, detailing out critical items such as MCEs, impacts from hazardous incidents, acceptatble risk criteria, and risk analaysis. The objective of this paper is to present a detailed approach that can serve as the basis for determining safe distances between buildings and processing equipment.","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"23 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73865755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Cryogenic Tanks Recertification: Case Study for Operational-Life Extension 低温储罐重新认证:延长使用寿命的案例研究

Oil and gas facilities Pub Date : 2015-08-01 DOI: 10.2118/171998-PA

A. Adamou

{"title":"Cryogenic Tanks Recertification: Case Study for Operational-Life Extension","authors":"A. Adamou","doi":"10.2118/171998-PA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/171998-PA","url":null,"abstract":"phased structure still has ferrite, but the resulting alloy is ductile enough for static structures such as storage tanks. LNG-storage-tank iron/nickel alloys (9%-nickel alloys are most commonly used), with piping and similar attachments made from austenite stainless steel, have better resistance to thermal fatigue. Corrosion is not a problem at cryogenic temperature, so galvanic coupling between nickel steel and stainless steel is not a source of problems. Austenitic stainless steels at LNG temperatures may be used for building smaller storage tanks, but large containment vessels are usually welded from 9%-nickel steel because of expense considerations. This practice is well-established worldwide (Mokhatab et al. 2014). 3.5%-nickel steel was introduced into cryogenic applications in 1944 for construction of an LNG tank; stainless-steel alloys were scarce because of shortages resulting from World War II. Shortly after going into service, on 20 October 1944, the tank failed. In 1946, investigations by the US Bureau of Mines concluded that the incident was a result of the low-temperature embrittlement of the inner shell of the cylindrical tank. The 3.5%-nickel steel was not used further for cryogenic applications (Mannan 2005). Since 1985, ADGAS has been operating three 80 000-m3, aboveground, double-containment-type tanks, designed according to API Standard 620 (2013), that consist of an inner tank and an outer tank. The inner tank is made of 9%-nickel steel. The outer tank has a post-tensioned concrete wall with a reinforced concrete roof. A secondary bottom is connected to the outer-tank wall to provide a flexible liquid seal. The entire construction is made of 9%-nickel steel. Between 2012 and 2013, a longevity study of the storage and export areas was conducted to ensure their fitness for service up to 2019, as a base case, and 2045, as an extended case. Recertification of “conventional” static equipment, piping, jetty, electrical components, instrumentation, rotating elements, structure, and concrete foundations are not addressed in this paper—only LNG tanks are covered. These tanks have never been inspected internally. The most-important outcome from this study is to advise whether to keep them running beyond their design life or to conduct an intrusive inspection to verify their condition. In this paper, the focus will be given first to the 9%-nickel steel, its properties, and its use in LNG-storage tanks. The different LNGtank design generations and their particularities will be described. A general overview of LNG-tank failures, as recorded in the industry, is presented. Finally, the approach adopted by ADGAS to recertify the LNG tanks is explained. Basically, it is a matter of whether to conduct an intrusive inspection or to keep the tanks operating on the basis of industry practice. For this, well-documented cases will be presented, mainly from Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries, Brunei LNG, Gaz de France, and Malaysia LNG.","PeriodicalId":19446,"journal":{"name":"Oil and gas facilities","volume":"73 1","pages":"88-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85797399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1