Ocular Oncology and Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Identification and Validation of an E2F Targets-Related Gene Signature Risk Score Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Uveal Melanoma.","authors":"Ahmed H Al Sharie, Mais B Tashtoush, Reem F Darweesh, Rand K Jadallah, Jawad M Al-Karaki, Samah O Al-Omari, Abdelwahab J Aleshawi, Asem A Alqudah, Amer Alemam, Hashem Abu Serhan, Ayman G Elnahry, Tamam El-Elimat, Rami Al-Dwairi","doi":"10.1159/000552459","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Uveal melanoma (UM) is a challenging malignancy, in terms of diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. It has been demonstrated that E2F-related pathways play a significant role in the tumorigenesis and distant metastasis of UM. In this study, the E2F target-related genes were utilized to construct and validate a prognostic risk score for patients with UM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the TCGA-UVM cohort (<i>n</i> = 80), 192 E2F target genes were screened using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to identify survival-associated genes. Prognostic genes were filtered using Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate Cox regression, and LASSO, followed by multivariate Cox regression to construct a risk score model. The model was validated using the GSE22138 cohort (<i>n</i> = 63). Functional annotations of the risk score and its impact on stratifying tumor immune microenvironment components were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 9 genes (<i>CDC25B</i>, <i>NME1</i>, <i>RFC2</i>, <i>PRDX4</i>, <i>NASP</i>, <i>UBE2S</i>, <i>PRKDC</i>, <i>MCM6</i>, and <i>LBR</i>) passed the model construction pipeline. The risk score categorization system showed an independent prognostic power (HR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.11-4.90, <i>p</i> = 0.025) and a good predictability of the survival outcome (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis: area under the curve = 0.730, 95% CI: 0.60-0.86, <i>p</i> = 0.002). When analyzing the most frequently mutated gene cohorts, the risk score was significantly lower in the mutated subgroups of <i>GNAQ</i>, <i>SF3B1</i>, and <i>EIF1AX</i>. In contrast, the risk score was notably higher in the <i>BAP1</i> mutated subgroup. Copy number analysis of chromosomal arms showed significant correlations between the risk score and 1q, 3q, 3p, 6p, 8q. The high-risk group showed significant infiltration for NK cells, plasma B cells, gamma delta T cells, follicular T cells, M1 and M2 macrophages with lower infiltration of common myeloid progenitor cells. In addition, the high-risk group showed higher immune and microenvironment scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The developed E2F target-related gene model offers a robust tool for predicting the prognosis of UM patients. As a potential risk stratification method for UM, this model could have clinical applications pending further evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13436978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148674126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy on Iris Metastases: A Case Report.","authors":"Geraldine Z Y Lee, Matthew Ison, David Wong, Sunil Warrier, William Glasson, Lindsay A McGrath, Timothy J Beckman","doi":"10.1159/000552242","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Iris metastases are a rare initial presentation of a systemic malignancy, managed with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in most cases. These cases provide visual documentation of iris metastasis resolution following chemotherapy and radiotherapy and illustrate potential adverse effects associated with treatment response, including intraocular pressure variations and development of iris synechiae.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Two cases presented to metropolitan hospitals with ocular pain, which on ophthalmic review, revealed the presence of vascularised iris lesions. One case had a history of lung adenocarcinoma, on maintenance chemotherapy in addition to palliative radiotherapy to other metastatic deposits (case 1), whilst the other had no known history of malignancy (case 2). Case 2 required extensive investigations to obtain a histopathological diagnosis and stage the malignancy, after which he received chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. In contrast, case 1 proceeded with immediate management with radiotherapy, followed by chemotherapy. Following the commencement of either treatment modality, tumour response was noted, with corresponding elevations in intraocular pressure, which was managed with topical glaucoma eye drops in addition to systemic acetazolamide. Both cases experienced complete remission of their iris metastases, though case 1 had extensive iris synechiae and case 2 passed away due to a rapid decline in their systemic malignancy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our case offers a unique visual insight into the impact of both systemic chemotherapy and localised radiotherapy on uncommon iris metastases, with sequential images taken at each stage of treatment. We underscore the importance of continual monitoring of the intraocular pressure during treatment, as tumour response was associated with elevated intraocular pressures in both of these cases. We hypothesise that this may be due to a combination of tumour liquefaction and hyphaema blocking trabecular meshwork outflow. Finally, despite treatment of the iris metastasis, patients may be left with residual iris synechiae, requiring additional surgical intervention to manage the intraocular pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical, Imaging, Pathological, and Molecular Details of an Unusual Uveal Melanocytic Tumor of Childhood.","authors":"David H Abramson, Ira J Dunkel, Klaus J Busam, Chad Vanderbilt, Sofia Haque, Robert Folberg, Jasmine H Francis","doi":"10.1159/000552293","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Uveal melanomas are rare and usually detected in adults over 60 years old. We presented herein an unusual intraocular melanocytic tumor that does not fit into any known category in a child with 10-year follow-up data. The clinical findings, course, ultrasound, MRI, and pathology, including immunohistochemistry and gene profiling, of a child with pigmented intraocular masses simulating uveal melanoma are described. The tumor is provisionally called \"endopapillary uveal melanocytic tumor of childhood\" based on its unusual pathology and molecular biology. Comprehensive molecular testing, including MSK-IMPACT, which interrogates 468 known cancer genetic alterations, and Archer fusion testing (RNA sequence analysis) revealed no abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Our patient was a 7-month-old white boy with a suspected mass in the left eye. There was no family history of melanoma. An MRI scan revealed a 1.9 × 1.7-cm well-circumscribed, heterogeneously T1 pre-contrast hyperintense mass, which demonstrated heterogeneous low signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. A needle biopsy using a 25-gauge needle revealed a pigmented tumor, so we performed an enucleation. Upon histopathologic examination after enucleation, the tumor was densely pigmented, without significant necrosis or internal cavitation. Tumor cells grew around vascular \"papillae.\" Six years later, the patient is alive and shows no evidence of local or systemic recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our case exhibited unique features and pathology, without any of the known genetic abnormalities associated with uveal melanoma and does not match the descriptions in the existing literature. Thus, we have named these masses \"endopapillary uveal melanocytic tumor of childhood.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13354294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148423084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ophthalmic Pathology: Implications for Modern Medical and Surgical Ophthalmology - The 2024 Gordon K. Klintworth Lecture.","authors":"Karin U Loeffler","doi":"10.1159/000552411","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ophthalmic pathology has been of paramount importance for the development of medical and surgical ophthalmology. Unfortunately, many laboratories are being closed down due to short-sighted financial reasons. This lecture aims at demonstrating the continuing significance of this subspecialty even in modern times.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Various examples from different structures of the eye (conjunctiva, cornea, retina) are illustrated to document the relevance of a profound knowledge of ophthalmic pathology for the advancement of both medical and surgical treatment.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>The impact of ophthalmic pathology even in the era of genetics and molecular biology continues to advance our knowledge substantially on behalf of the best possible treatment of our patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13341130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Early or Late Uveal Melanoma Metastasis: A Review.","authors":"Kevin Lawrence Lin, Li-Anne Lim, Joseph J Sacco, Marcus Butler, Richard Carvajal, Femida Gwadry-Sridhar, Anthony Joshua","doi":"10.1159/000552152","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Uveal melanoma (UM) metastasis follows variable temporal trajectories, with recurrences ranging from rapid onset to decades post primary therapy. Outcomes after metastasis also vary significantly. Predicting high-risk \"early\" progressors from \"late\" recurring phenotypes would facilitate tailored approaches to management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature review was conducted to synthesise clinicopathologic and molecular predictors of metastatic latency and their impact on survival outcomes in patients with UM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Early dissemination is associated with older age, male sex, larger basal dimensions, and ciliary body involvement. Genetically, monosomy 3, 8q gain, and BAP1 loss drives a rapid-progression phenotype and poor survival. Conversely, SF3B1 mutations define a distinct late-onset cohort (median: >6 years) with persistent lifetime risk. PRAME expression significantly accelerates metastatic kinetics, even in gene expression profiling class 1 tumours. While early recurrence correlates with dismal outcomes, late-onset disease is associated with extended post-metastasis survival and greater eligibility for interventions like liver-directed therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Metastatic timing is related to biologic rather than stochastic determinants. Integrating molecular profiling with clinical staging and patient factors allows for more precise temporal risk stratification. These insights are essential for tailoring surveillance intensity and selecting candidates for emerging adjuvant therapies, such as tebentafusp and protein kinase C inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13331523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Limitations of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Conjunctival Papilloma: A Case Series.","authors":"Viridiana Hernandez-Lopez, René Caro, Matthew Zhang, Andrew Stacey","doi":"10.1159/000549836","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549836","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Conjunctival papillomatosis (CP) is a benign epithelial tumor of the conjunctiva that is often associated with human papillomavirus infection. Treatment of CP poses challenges owing to its tendency for local recurrence despite a multitude of treatment options. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was originally developed for prevention, it garnered interest for its potential therapeutic role in treating recurrent HPV-associated lesions. A few case reports have described conjunctival papilloma lesion regression after HPV vaccination, offering an alternative treatment option.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present 3 patients with CP who demonstrated no clinical response to 9-valent HPV vaccination.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight some of the limitations of the vaccine in the context of CP.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"40-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12782630/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145952558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aurora Kinases in Ocular Malignancies: Functional Significance and Potential Implications.","authors":"Saswati S Lenka, Naheed Arfin Borah, Soumya Sucharita, Swathi Kaliki, Devjyoti Tripathy, Mamatha M Reddy","doi":"10.1159/000549336","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ocular malignancies are rare compared to tumors affecting other organs. The treatment options for these cancers remain limited, mostly restricted to nonspecific chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation therapy, and surgery. Because of their infrequency, these tumors have received minimal attention in the broader field of cancer biology. In recent years, efforts have focused on elucidating the role of molecular pathways driving these ocular tumors with the goal of developing targeted therapies.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Aurora kinases (AURKs), specifically aurora kinase A (AURKA) and aurora kinase B (AURKB) that play pivotal roles in cell division, have garnered prominence due to their role in tumor progression. Although AURKs have not been extensively explored as therapeutic targets in ocular cancers, a few reports on retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM) suggest their therapeutic potential. We discuss the functions of aurora kinases in normal and cancer cells, their dysregulation in ocular malignancies, including RB and UM, in this review. We conclude the review with a perspective on how recent therapeutic approaches could improve the efficacy of aurora kinase inhibition.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>AURKA and AURKB are crucial regulators of tumor progression in RB and UM. Aurora kinase inhibition can be explored as a novel therapeutic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"44-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12707937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145774821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Ocular Pathology in Understanding Glaucoma.","authors":"Rachida A Bouhenni, Deepak P Edward","doi":"10.1159/000549376","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study of ophthalmic pathology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of ocular diseases. Ophthalmic pathology, as a discipline, plays many roles in patient care, including diagnosing diseases, interpreting the significance of clinical findings, and guiding patient management. It also plays a critical role in research by elucidating disease mechanisms, such as those underlying glaucoma, the world's second-leading cause of blindness. It contributes to the development of new or modified therapeutic approaches in glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This paper highlights the crucial role of pathology in understanding the pathophysiology of normal-tension glaucoma and childhood glaucoma. It also reviews the use of pathologic specimens to elucidate the mechanisms of bleb complications after trabeculectomy and failure of glaucoma shunts.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Studying pathologic changes in ocular tissues remains crucial in understanding glaucoma and can lead to changes in clinical practice, ultimately improving patient care. Correlation of pathological findings in ocular tissues with gene expression and proteomics is one approach to understanding the mechanisms leading to glaucoma. The findings from such an approach could potentially be applied in precision medicine-based therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"18-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12795552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145966622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in the Incidence of Rare Eyelid Malignancies: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Based Study (2000-2021).","authors":"Said Yaseen, Shaimaa Abdelaziz Abdelmoneim, Ahmed Sermed Al Sakini, Bashar I Almaraziq, Joud Khaled Alhousani, Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Leen Abu Rabi, Shahd Mustafa Alsharif, Sari AlMousa, Hashem Abu Serhan","doi":"10.1159/000549967","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549967","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Malignant eyelid tumors, despite being rare, are on the rise, especially in the older population, with risk factors including ultraviolet light exposure. Trends have been notable to be different among different genders, races, age groups, etc. Therefore, analyzing temporal trends in the incidence of eyelid cancers, including malignant melanoma (MM), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), and sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC), and predicting future patterns would definitely improve our understanding of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study was conducted on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database spanning 2000-2021. Time series models were applied to estimate incidence rates (IRs) per 100,000. The best models were selected based on root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion. Poisson regression was used to assess the impact of gender and age ≥60 on IRs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)(0,1,0) model (RMSE = 0.0144, Akaike information criterion = -100.23) showed an increasing overall trend in eyelid cancers IRs from 2000 to 2015, declining slightly until 2020 (IR = 0.1028), then rising again in 2021. The 10-year forecast predicts an increase to 0.13 (95% PI: 0.11-0.15). For MM, error, trend, seasonal (M,N,N) model indicated a gradual IR rise until 2010, followed by a decline, and subsequent rise to 0.068 in 2020; predicted to reach 0.081 (95% PI: 0.062-0.100) by 2022. For MCC, neural network autoregression (2,2) model showed IR stability (0.003-0.008), with a slight drop in 2021 (IR = 0.006), and predicted to decrease to 0.01 (95% PI: 0-0.01). For SGC, ARIMA(0,0,0) model demonstrated a decline in IR in 2011 (IR = 0.0192), increase until 2019, then decrease in 2021 (IR = 0.0246), with a predicted 10-year decrease to 0.026 (95% PI: 0.019-0.032). Poisson regression revealed that age ≥60 significantly increased IRR for both MM and SGC (17.0 and 25.4, respectively). Gender was nonsignificant for all three cancers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Incidence of eyelid cancers revealed variable temporal trends, with a slight overall increase projected. Age ≥60 is a strong risk factor, particularly for MM and SGC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12846318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146093637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Locally Advanced Retinoblastoma: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Edward L Simpson, Benjamin A King, Linda A Cernichiaro-Espinosa, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Chia-Wei Hsu, Pan Haitao, Matthew W Wilson","doi":"10.1159/000551496","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Retinoblastoma provides an important opportunity to assess how racial and socioeconomic disparities in health care access may affect the timely diagnosis and treatment of a life-threatening disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with retinoblastoma treated at a single institution (1999-2021) were retrospectively reviewed with respect to race, Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) code, and International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC) Grouping. Socioeconomic disadvantage score (SDS) was assigned based on census data from each ZIP code. Logistic regression was performed, and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the generalized estimating equations (GEEs) logistic regression model (SAS, version 9.4) to analyze the probability of locally advanced retinoblastoma with respect to race and SDS. Advanced retinoblastoma was defined as IIRC Group E disease in at least one eye.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 445 patients, 189 presented with group E disease in at least one eye. Locally advanced retinoblastoma positively correlated with non-White race (OR = 1.38, 95% CI [1.03-1.85]). The SDS demonstrated a positive trend with advanced disease but did not reach statistical significance (OR = 3.03, 95% CI [0.25-36.27]). When accounting for age at presentation, neither race (OR = 1.13, 95% CI [0.74-1.72]) nor SDS (OR = 4.05, 95% CI [0.23-71.96]) were significantly associated with advanced retinoblastoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A positive association was found between non-White race and Group E retinoblastoma, though this was not statistically significant after accounting for age at diagnosis. This emphasizes the importance of continuing education and outreach efforts to all patient communities to facilitate earlier diagnosis and ensure that care is delivered as equitably as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"12 2","pages":"81-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13216689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}