Ocular Oncology and Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Intraocular Pressure Changes following Intravitreal Topotecan 90 μg/0.18 cc for the Treatment of Retinoblastoma.","authors":"Crystal W Law, Jasmine H Francis, David H Abramson","doi":"10.1159/000546729","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546729","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of injecting Topotecan 90 μg/0.18 cc on intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with retinoblastoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective study of 78 eye encounters of 37 patients with retinoblastoma (22 males, 15 females, mean age: 3.5 ± 2.2 years, range 0.50-7.96 years) injected with intravitreal 90 μg topotecan with 0.18 mL volume. IOP was measured with a Schiotz tonometer at baseline prior to injecting, after digital massage, and then at specified time intervals following intravitreal injection of topotecan 90 μg in 0.18 mL volume. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was either calculated from anesthesia records or recorded during anesthesia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean preinjection IOP was 7.6 ± 2.5 mm Hg (range: 2-20 mm Hg). Mean IOP 60 s after intravitreal topotecan was 37.3 ± 17.4 mm Hg (range: 20-82 mm Hg). The IOP of 93.6% of patients was less than the MAP at all observed time points after injection. In patient eye encounters where IOP exceeded MAP, IOP resolved to below MAP in 4 min in all encounters. Additionally, in 4 min, 91% of patient eye encounters had IOP of below 29 mm Hg.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Topotecan 90 μg/0.18 cc dose is increasingly important for retinoblastoma treatment. Injection of intravitreal topotecan 90 μg/0.18 cc chemotherapy caused a transient rise in IOP with spontaneous resolution below MAP for all patients after 4 min without further intervention. This is the first study of intravitreal topotecan 90 μg/0.18 cc on IOP and provides reassurance for the safe use of higher dose and volume of topotecan 90 μg/0.18 cc.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12283079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia in the Absence of Known Risk Factors and Systemic Conditions: A Case Series.","authors":"Purnima R Sthapit, Alec Bernard, Kathryn G Flaharty, Rohit Saiju, Hom Bahadur Gurung, Malita Amatya, Reeta Gurung, Geoffrey Tabin, Ashiyana Nariani","doi":"10.1159/000546002","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) includes precancerous and cancerous epithelial lesions of the conjunctiva and cornea, typically affecting older adults with risk factors like immunosuppression, sun exposure, and viral infections. Pediatric OSSN is rare, with few reported cases. We present a series of 16 pediatric and adolescent OSSN cases without known genetic or infectious risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Descriptive case series at a single tertiary eye care center in Nepal where children with histopathologically proven OSSN were identified, and their disease was characterized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>OSSN was observed in 16 eyes of 16 pediatric patients (6-18 years old) with no identifiable risk factors. All patients were seen at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal, between May 2018 and June 2022. All lesions were histopathologically proven as OSSN and characterized by type. Nine (56%) were conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, 5 (31%) were CIN II, and 2 (13%) were CIN III. There were no cases of squamous cell carcinoma. None of the patients had xeroderma pigmentosum, HIV, or hepatitis B or C.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work reports a case series of pediatric OSSN in the absence of risk factors and systemic conditions. More than half of the patients had mild CIN. Though rare, this case series highlights the importance of considering OSSN in the differential diagnosis of pediatric ocular surface lesions, perhaps especially in this geographic location.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12143885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphomas: A Diagnostic Challenge - Report of Two Recent Cases with Retinal Biopsies and Molecular Investigations in Halifax, Nova Scotia.","authors":"Caroline Alice Guinard, Bonnie He, Korolos Sawires, Amr M Zaki, R Rishi Gupta, Sylvia Pasternak","doi":"10.1159/000545823","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Primary vitreoretinal lymphomas (PVRL) are a type of central nervous system lymphoma that arise in the retina, vitreous, or optic nerve without initial brain involvement. The clinical diagnosis can be a challenge since the disease mimics uveoretinitis in its presentation and initial treatment response to steroids. Diagnostic confirmation with vitreous cytology has been the gold standard for diagnosis. However, there are limitations of vitreous cytology, such as low volume of sample, low number of lymphoma cells within the sample, and poor preservation of cells due to shearing forces of vitrectomy. There has been a long-standing need for alternative options to improve the diagnostic yield of PVRLs. Recently, MYD88 gene mutations (myeloid differentiation response gene 88) have been found in 69-82.4% of PVRLs.</p><p><strong>Case presentations: </strong>Case 1: a 89-year-old male presented with a retinal detachment post cataract surgery. He had subsequent surgical repair but continued to have poor and worsening vision and developed constitutional symptoms, including weight loss and decreased appetite. A vitreous sample submitted for molecular studies demonstrated the MYD88 L265P mutation, and a retinal biopsy showed large B lymphocytes infiltrating the retina. Case 2: a 62-year-old female was referred to the Uveitis Clinic for assessment of chronic right eye panuveitis and left eye anterior uveitis. The patient developed symptoms (blurry vision and photophobia) 9 months prior to the referral. A vitreous biopsy was conducted and was negative for MYD88 mutations, and large B cells were not seen on vitreous cytology. The fundus view post-vitrectomy revealed an area of necrotizing retinitis. The patient was started on empiric treatment for herpetic and parasitic etiologies and on high-dose oral prednisone shortly after. She had a further decline in her right eye vision with significant extension of the necrotizing retinitis into the macula and optic disc. A retinal biopsy then revealed atypical large B cells infiltrating the retina.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PVRLs are rare, and establishing the diagnosis is difficult. The traditional use of vitreous cytology has its limitations. Recent molecular advances, in particular the detection of MYD88 mutation, are extremely helpful in confirming the diagnosis, but in certain cases, retinal biopsies may still be required.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malignant Teratoid Medulloepithelioma with Rhabdomyosarcomatous Differentiation.","authors":"Alison A Martin, G Baker Hubbard, Mutaz Al-Nawaflh, Amy Lin, Hans E Grossniklaus","doi":"10.1159/000545825","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The objective of this study was to identify and report the clinicopathologic features of two cases of intraocular malignant teratoid medulloepitheliomas with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation.</p><p><strong>Case presentations: </strong>The clinical and pathologic findings in 2 patients who underwent enucleation for intraocular tumors were reviewed. The eyes were sectioned routinely, and immunohistochemical stains were performed to evaluate the intraocular tumors. The left eyes that were enucleated from 3- to 14-year-old females contained intraocular tumors that filled the posterior compartments. The tumors contained both neuroepithelial and mesenchymal components. Immunohistochemical stains were positive for neuron-specific enolase and S-100 in the neuroepithelial components. The mesenchymal components contained rhabdoid cells, which stained for desmin and myogenin. Mutational analysis revealed DICER1 mutations in both tumors. Both tumors were classified as malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intraocular medulloepithelioma may contain areas with rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation and have DICER1 mutations.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12097795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pigmentation Artifact of \"True-Color\" Fundus Photography in Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangiomas.","authors":"Farzad Jamshidi, Arnulfo Garza, Connie Hinz, H Culver Boldt, Elaine Binkley","doi":"10.1159/000545752","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Color characterization plays an important role in the diagnosis of choroidal hemangiomas. Hence, fundus photography is a critical ancillary test in the recognition of this disease. We report a color artifact with \"true-color\" fundus imaging that can lead to a more pigmented appearance of these lesions resulting in incorrect diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center retrospective study with chart and imaging review of patients with a diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma from October 2007 to October 2024. Fifteen cases with multimodal confirmation of the diagnosis with fundus photography, indocyanine green angiography, standardized echography, and optical coherence tomography were identified. All cases had fundus imaging with at least 2 different cameras. Pigmentation was graded by a retina specialist and the different fundus photography modalities as well as fundus examinations were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine cases had artifactual \"true-color\" fundus photography with pigmentation. Six cases had a referring diagnosis of choroidal nevus or melanoma. All cases had multimodal imaging with a diagnosis confirming the diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma. Ten of 15 patients received photodynamic therapy, while 5 were observed. The average follow-up for patients was 36 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pigmentation artifact can be present in fundus photography of choroidal hemangiomas even with \"true-color\" fundus cameras. The Xenon lamp-based cameras tend to produce the most clinically accurate photos. This paper highlights the critical value of the clinical exam for the evaluation of choroidal hemangiomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12081003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144094479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and Outcomes of 237 Juxtapapillary Choroidal Melanomas Treated with Iodine-125 Plaque Brachytherapy.","authors":"Ilyse Kornblau, Nikolas S Hopkins, Benjamin A King, Andy Wiles, Enrique Izaguirre, Feng Liu-Smith, Matthew Wilson","doi":"10.1159/000543521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543521","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Juxtapapillary uveal melanomas limit plaque brachytherapy treatment using the standard 2 mm margin and are often excluded from prospective studies thus limiting data on outcomes and complications. We retrospectively evaluated outcomes in this tumor population following primary iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective review over 30 years of patients treated with iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy for juxtapapillary uveal melanoma at a single center.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients were white (97%), male (53.2%), 62 years old (median age, median follow-up of 4.1 years), with right eye involvement (54.4%). At 1, 5, and 10 years, local recurrence was observed in 2.2%, 10%, and 24.6%, enucleation in 0.05%, 11.3%, and 22.1%, metastasis in 1.3%, 6.7%, and 14.2%, and mortality in 1.8%, 14.9%, and 32.8%, respectively. Median visual acuity declined from LogMAR 0.1 to 2.0 at last visit. Radiation retinopathy and optic neuropathy were seen in 54.9% and 46%, respectively, of patients by a median of 742 days (2.03 years) and 1,011.5 days (2.77 years).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Juxtapapillary melanomas demonstrated higher rates of vision loss and local recurrence following plaque brachytherapy compared with other tumor configurations. Enucleation, distant metastasis, and overall mortality were comparable to those reported for non-juxtapapillary melanomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"46-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11991736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144030306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uveal Melanoma: 5-Year Update on Incidence, Treatment, and Survival (SEER 1975-2020).","authors":"Yehonatan Weinberger, James Bena, Arun D Singh","doi":"10.1159/000543151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Since 2003, using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, epidemiological aspects of uveal melanoma have been reported. The aim of this study was to update trends in incidence, treatment, and survival of uveal melanoma in the USA from 1975 to 2020.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients were identified using International Classification of Disease for Oncology codes: C69.3 [choroid], C69.4 [ciliary body and iris], and C69.2 [retina]. Trends in age-adjusted incidence, treatment (surgery or radiation), and 5-year relative survival were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 5,563 cases of uveal melanoma were identified. The majority (97%) were reported by hospital inpatient/outpatient clinics. Microscopic (histopathologic or cytologic) confirmation was available in 61%. The mean age-adjusted incidence was 5.6 per million (95% CI: 5.5-5.7). As previously noted, a small but statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) annual percentage change of 0.5% was detected in whites. The previously reported declining trend in the number of patients treated with surgery alone (93% from 1975 to 1977 vs. 21% from 2017 to 2020) ensued, with ongoing corresponding increasing rates of radiation as the primary treatment (1% from 1975 to 1977 vs. 58% from 2017 to 2020). No change in the 5-year relative survival (82.8%) was observed (reported from 1975 to 2016).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Previously reported overall age-adjusted incidence of uveal melanoma is stable throughout the years, with a minor increase in incidence in whites. Treatment trend toward radiation has not led to improvement in survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11991740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144007178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between Gene Expression Profiling and Regression Rate of Posterior Uveal Melanoma following Proton Beam Irradiation.","authors":"Disorn Suwajanakorn, Anne Marie Lane, Frances Wu, Evangelos S Gragoudas, Ivana K Kim","doi":"10.1159/000542397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000542397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study evaluated the association between gene expression profiling (GEP), PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma), and regression rate of uveal melanoma after proton beam irradiation (PBI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of uveal melanoma patients treated with PBI between 2013 and 2021, with GEP results and at least 3 post-radiation ultrasound measurements, was conducted. Patients with local recurrences were excluded. Regression rates were analyzed using a linear mixed model to predict percentage change in thickness from baseline. Cox regression was conducted to determine whether slow or fast regression, based on the median regression rate at 18 months, correlates with metastasis risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 106 patients, with GEP classifications of 1A in 43.4%, 1B in 25.5%, and 2 in 31.1%. Overall, the mean change in tumor thickness was 20.9%, 35.1%, 51.4%, and 59.3% at 1 year, 2 years, 4 years, and 6 years, respectively. No differences in regression rates between GEP classes and PRAME expression were found through 72 months post-PBI. The median regression at 18 months was 27.1%. Slow and fast regression was not associated with the risk of metastasis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No association between GEP, PRAME, and regression rate was found through 72 months post-PBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"4-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11991722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid Dominant Toxic Tumor Syndrome.","authors":"Jose Cijin Puthussery, William Wagner, Arun D Singh","doi":"10.1159/000543040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000543040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of the study was to describe clinical features of lipid dominant toxic tumor syndrome (TTS) and report outcomes following use of intravitreal steroids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Records of 13 patients who had lipid dominant TTS following treatment of choroidal melanoma with episcleral plaque brachytherapy (EPB) were retrospectively reviewed. Resolution of lipid exudates, subfoveal subretinal fluid, cystoid macular edema (CME), exudative detachment were main outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 13 patients who developed lipid dominant TTS, 11 (85%) had medium-sized melanomas, and 2 (15%) small-sized melanomas. The average time to onset following EPB was 22 months (range 3-48 months). Seven patients (54%) were noted to have dyslipidemia. The baseline visual acuity at the time of diagnosis of TTS was 50 ETDRS letters (range 10-85). Ophthalmic characteristics were lipid exudates centered around the tumor base in 13 (100%) patients, subfoveal subretinal fluid in 4 (31%) patients, and CME in 2 (15%) patients. Exudative detachment was absent in all (100%) patients. Regressed melanoma was present in all (100%) patients. Eight (62%) patients were treated with intravitreal steroids (4 mg triamcinolone), while 5 patients (38%) were observed. The response to intravitreal steroids was noted in 7(88%) of the treated patients, with the average time to response being 1.9 months. Features characterizing a positive response were reduction in lipid exudates centered around the tumor base (100%), reduction in subfoveal subretinal fluid (100%), and reduction in CME (50%). Cataract development was seen in 10 (83%) and ocular hypertension in 3 patients (23%). Proliferative radiation retinopathy developed in 2 (15%) patients, neovascular glaucoma developed in 1(8%) while no patients required enucleation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The lipid dominant TTS centered around the tumor base that occurs in a radiation responsive tumor could be considered a chronic variant in the spectrum of TTS. Intravitreal steroids in selected cases reverse the course of this variant, stabilizing or improving the vision and avoiding enucleation. Our observations would need to be verified through a larger prospective study.</p>","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11991737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraocular Ependymoma: Do They Exist?","authors":"Charles G Eberhart","doi":"10.1159/000542376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000542376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19434,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Oncology and Pathology","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11991694/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}