Nicotine and Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Testing and Refining Measures of Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Smokers and Nonsmokers","authors":"Melissa Chapman Haynes, Ann W. St. Claire, R. Boyle, A. Betzner","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw315","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Over the past few decades, tobacco control efforts have made great strides in making smoke-free air the norm; 30 states in the United States have implemented 100% smoke-free laws. Despite this progress, the evolution of the measurement of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has lagged.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Cognitive testing was used to explore the functioning and limitations of current SHS surveillance items; many items are frequently used for statewide or national surveillance. A total of 20 nonsmokers and 17 smokers participated in a cognitive interview.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Overreporting of SHS was evidenced in our analysis as thirdhand smoke exposure was being included in the assessment of SHS exposure, likely due to the successful implementation of indoor smoking bans. Also asking about locations of SHS exposure outside of work, home, or a personal vehicle is important because these alternative locations were sometimes the only incidence of SHS exposure.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000Survey questions about SHS should: (1) reduce the ambiguity in words and phrases of items; (2) measure location of exposure; (3) measure duration of exposure; and (4) consider alternative strategies for asking smokers questions about SHS. Assessing location and duration of exposure can inform decision-makers about future SHS programming and policy work.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000Commonly accepted survey measures of SHS exposure need to be reevaluated to assure that the intended interpretation of them is still accurate given significant policy and social norm change. This paper assesses current SHS surveillance items and provides recommendations for revisions.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"199–205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82601871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequent Experience of LGBQ Microaggression on Campus Associated With Smoking Among Sexual Minority College Students","authors":"Thomas E Ylioja, Gerald T. Cochran, M. Woodford, Kristen A. Renn","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw305","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer/questioning (LGBQ) microaggressions refer to often-unintentional insults, assaults, and invalidations that denigrate sexual minorities. While experiencing hostile discrimination and violence has previously been associated with elevated rates of smoking cigarettes for LGBQ college students, the relationship between LGBQ microaggressions and smoking is unknown.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Data from a national anonymous online survey of sexual and gender minority college students were used to examine the relationship between past month cigarette smoking and interpersonal LGBQ microaggressions. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the relationship between smoking and frequent (chronic) experiences of microaggressions, using a hierarchical procedure to control for demographics, predictors of smoking, and academic factors.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Past year frequent LGBQ microaggression was reported by 48% of respondents and was more common among students who smoked in past 30 days. Experiencing past year physical violence was reported by 15% and did not differ by smoking status. Past year frequent experience of microaggressions was associated with increased odds of 1.72 (95% CI 1.03-2.87) for past 30-day smoking after adjusting for age, gender, race, socioeconomic indicators, alcohol misuse, physical violence, as well as academic stress and engagement.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000The results indicate that frequently experiencing LGBQ microaggressions is a risk factor for LGBQ college students smoking cigarettes. The mechanisms underlying this relationship require additional research, as does identifying positive coping strategies and institutional strategies to address LGBQ microaggressions on campuses. Tobacco control efforts should consider the impact of microaggression on the social environment for the prevention and treatment of tobacco use among LGBQ individuals.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000Microaggressions related to sexual minority identity include subtle forms of discrimination experienced during daily interactions that can create hostile and stressful social environments for a socially disadvantaged group. Prior research has demonstrated that LGBQ college students have higher rates of cigarette smoking, and that experiencing identity-based violence is a risk factor. This study revealed that experiencing frequent LGBQ microaggressions on college campus is associated with increased likelihood of current smoking among LGBQ college students.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"340–346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85989432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondhand Smoke From Multiple Sources, Thirdhand Smoke and Respiratory Symptoms in Hong Kong Adolescents","authors":"L. Leung, S. Ho, M. Wang, T. Lam","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw302","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Reports on involuntary tobacco smoke exposure in children have focused mostly on secondhand smoke (SHS) from smoking inside the home. We studied the separate and combined prevalence of SHS exposure from multiple sources and thirdhand smoke (THS) and the associations with respiratory symptoms in Hong Kong adolescents.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000In 2010-2011, 61 810 Secondary 1 (US Grade 7) to seven students reported their smoking status, respiratory symptoms, and exposure to four sources of tobacco smoke in the past 7 days. Weighted prevalence of exposure was calculated. Associations with respiratory symptoms were analyzed in 50 762 never smokers using logistic regression.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Tobacco smoke exposure at home was 23.2% considering SHS exposure from inside the home, but increased to 33.2% including SHS from neighbors and 36.2% further including THS. Including SHS outside home (55.3%), 63.3% of adolescents were exposed to SHS anywhere or THS at home. In never smokers, SHS from each source and THS at home were linearly associated with respiratory symptoms. Exposure to more sources yielded stronger associations with respiratory symptoms (p for trend<.001). The adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) were 1.04 (0.97-1.11), 1.12 (1.03-1.22), 1.40 (1.26-1.56) and 1.99 (1.74-2.28) for 1, 2, 3, and 4 sources, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000Although Hong Kong's smoking prevalence is among the lowest in the developed world, over 60% of its adolescents were involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke from one or more sources with a linear association with respiratory symptoms in never smokers. More stringent policies are needed to protect adolescents from tobacco smoke.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000In a high-density urban setting, involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in adolescents can be much higher than the smoking prevalence of the general population, especially if SHS exposure from multiple sources and THS are also considered. Such exposures have important health implications as demonstrated by their linear associations with respiratory symptoms. Tobacco control measures effective in reducing smoking prevalence may have little effect in reducing adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke, especially in the private home, in which other public health strategies are urgently needed.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"192–198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88266825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"US Medical Schools’ Awareness of Their Students Who Smoke, Cessation Programs Available, and the Potential Impact on Residency Match","authors":"Joseph E Chidiac, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Madhumitha Krishnamoorthy, Karim Mahmoud, Yassir Al-Darwash, Geethapriya Rajasekaranrathnakumar, M. Palla, D. Levine","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw250","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Hospital systems are adopting strict nicotine-free policies excluding hiring individuals who smoke, including residents for graduate medical training. This study was conducted to (1) determine medical schools' awareness of these policies, (2) awareness of their students' smoking behaviors, and (3) the smoking cessation programs that they provide.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000A survey was developed to learn about the smoking policies of medical schools in the United States: how school leadership estimates smoking prevalence among their students, what those estimates are, and what programs are in place to help students quit smoking. Questions were asked about awareness of policies restricting hiring smokers including applicants for residency training. Opinions were solicited on including smoking status in medical school applications. The online survey was sent to the Deans of student affairs at US medical schools.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Of the 160 schools invited to participate, 84 (53%) responded. Most medical schools (92%) are smoke-free and 97% have policies specifically prohibiting tobacco use on campus. Estimates of student smoking prevalence varied from 0% to 34% with a mean of 6%. More than half of schools (52%) had no smoking-cessation programs to help students. Despite recent trends in policies that prohibit smokers from being hired into residency training programs, only 22% were aware of such policies. There were no statistically significant differences by school size, location or category (allopathic, osteopathic, public or private).\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000Medical schools need to be aware of new hiring policies and take steps to identify and help their students quit smoking to ensure all students can secure residency training upon graduation.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000This study draws attention to recent policies that preclude hiring medical students who smoke for post graduate (residency) training. Our study demonstrates a lack of appreciation of these policies by medical school administration in the United States. Our study also provides information on smoking rates of medical students, as well as the prevalence and use of smoking cessation programs available through schools of medicine. The study supports the need for medical schools to identify and aid students who smoke to become nicotine-free so that they can secure residency training positions.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"95–99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75141621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Motives for Use Among Polytobacco Versus Cigarette Only Users and Among Single Tobacco Product Users","authors":"E. C. Wong, R. Haardörfer, M. Windle, C. Berg","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw284","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Alternative tobacco product (ATP) use as well as co-use of various tobacco products has increased in recent years, particularly among young adults. However, little is known about the differential role of motives for ATP or polytobacco use.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000We examined (1) motives for tobacco use in relation to polytobacco versus cigarette only use and (2) motives for tobacco use in relation to levels of tobacco use across products. We analyzed data from past 30-day tobacco users at Wave 2 (Spring 2015) of a six-wave longitudinal study of 3418 students aged 18-25 years from seven U.S. colleges/universities. Variables included sociodemographics, tobacco use (cigarettes, little cigars/cigarillos [LCCs], smokeless tobacco [SLT], hookah, and e-cigarettes), and tobacco use motives (social, self-enhancement, boredom relief, and affect regulation).\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Multivariate analyses found that boredom relief motives were associated with polytobacco use versus cigarette only use (p = .007). Higher consumption levels demonstrated the following associations: cigarettes-positively with boredom relief (p = .025) and affect regulation motives (p < .001); LCCs-positively with affect regulation motives (p = .035); SLT-negatively with social (p = .003) and positively with self-enhancement (p = .017) and boredom relief motives (p = .007); and hookah-positively with social (p = .002) and boredom relief motives (p = .033) and negatively with self-enhancement (p = .004) and affect regulation motives (p = .001).\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000Distinct motives for use were associated with polytobacco use among smokers. Moreover, higher levels of use among single product users also demonstrated distinct associations across use motives. These data should inform targeted cessation interventions addressing motives for use in ATP and polytobacco users.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000Interventionists, public health practitioners, and health care providers must address the increasing issue of ATP and polytobacco use and tailor interventions to reduce ATP and polytobacco use in light of the distinct motives for use.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"91 1","pages":"117–123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87554336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which Behavior Change Techniques May Help Waterpipe Smokers to Quit? An Expert Consensus Using a Modified Delphi Technique","authors":"Nancy O'Neill, O. Dogar, M. Jawad, I. Kellar, M. Kanaan, K. Siddiqi","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw297","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Waterpipe smoking is addictive and harmful. The determinants of waterpipe smoking may differ from those of cigarette smoking; therefore, behavioral approaches to support quitting may also differ between these two tobacco products. While some evidence exists on effective behavioral change techniques (BCTs) to facilitate cigarette smoking cessation, there is little research on waterpipe smoking cessation.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Twenty-four experts were selected from the author lists of peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials on waterpipe smoking cessation. They were invited to two rounds of a consensus development exercise using modified Delphi technique. Experts ranked 55 BCTs categorized further into those that promote; \"awareness of harms of waterpipe smoking and advantages of quitting\" (14), \"preparation and planning to quit\" (29), and \"relapse prevention and sustaining an ex-smoker identity\" (12) on their potential effectiveness. Kendall's W statistics was used to assess agreement.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Fifteen experts responded in round 1 and 14 completed both rounds. A strong consensus was achieved for BCTs that help in \"relapse prevention and sustaining ex-smoker identity\" (w = 0.7; p < .001) and a moderate for those that promote \"awareness of harms of waterpipe smoking and advantages of quitting\" (w = 0.6; p < .001) and \"preparation and planning to quit\" (w = 0.6; p < .001). Providing information on the consequences of waterpipe smoking and its cessation, assessing readiness and ability to quit, and making people aware of the withdrawal symptoms, were the three highest-ranking BCTs.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000Based on expert consensus, an inventory of BCTs ordered for their potential effectiveness can be useful for health professionals offering cessation support to waterpipe smokers.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000Waterpipe smoking is addictive, harmful, and gaining global popularity, particularly among youth. An expert consensus on behavior change techniques, likely to be effective in supporting waterpipe smokers to quit, has practice and research implications. Smoking cessation advisors can use these techniques to counsel waterpipe smokers who wish to quit. Behavioral and public health scientists can also use these to develop and evaluate behavioral support interventions for this client group.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"24 1","pages":"154–160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83235360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weight Concerns Associated With Delay in Quit Date But Not Treatment Outcomes: A Czech Republic Experience","authors":"A. Pankova, E. Králíková, L. Štěpánková, K. Zvolska, Z. Bortlíček, M. Bláha, M. Clark, D. Schroeder, I. Croghan","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw276","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Weight concerns are prevalent in smokers and may reduce the success rate of quitting. This concept has been primarily studied on US populations and it is unknown how weight concerns may differ cross-culturally. This study examined the role of weight concern in European smokers wishing to stop smoking.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000A sample of 593 smokers (299 men and 294 women, mean age 38 years) utilizing the Centre for Tobacco-Dependent in Prague, Czech Republic, between 2010 and 2013 were studied. Weight concerns were assessed at baseline prior to treatment by evidence-based stop smoking methods. Abstinence was evaluated at 12 months post baseline.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Approximately 34% of all patients (204/593) were classified as weight concerned (by indicating on the Weight Concern Scale that they would return to smoking after any weight gain) at the time they sought treatment. Among all men, 19.4% (58/299) were weight concerned and among all women, 49.7% (146/294) were weight concerned. Among females, weight-concerned smokers were of similar weight, but younger (p < .001), and had been smoking cigarettes for fewer years (p = .002) compared with those without weight concerns, whereas the male weight-concerned smokers were significantly (p = .030) heavier than those without weight concerns. Although the presence of weight concern was associated with a delay in setting a quit date (log-rank test p = .019), it was not associated with abstinence at one year.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000The quit success rate of weight-concerned smokers in Czech Republic did not differ from those without weight concern when utilizing an individualized smoking cessation treatment program. Individually tailored tobacco dependence treatment could help to prevent weight concern from affecting successful quitting.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000This study adds the new cross-cultural aspect of post-cessation weight concern. Weight concern has been studied primarily on US populations and our sample consists of European sample of smokers. Additionally, we have found that the presence of weight concern lead to delay in setting a quit date, but the success rate of those weight concerned did not differ from those without weight concern. Thus, it is possible, that this individualized evidence-based tobacco treatment program was able to prevent weight concern impact towards successful quitting.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"104 1","pages":"89–94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90399178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unassisted Quitting and Smoking Cessation Methods Used in the United States: Analyses of 2010–2011 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey Data","authors":"Julia N. Soulakova, L. Crockett","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw273","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000The study estimated the prevalence of unassisted quitting (ie, quitting without pharmacological aids or other interventions) among former smokers and identified the most common smoking cessation methods used by U.S. adult smokers who quit smoking between 2007 and 2011. Among long-term quitters, smoking-related behaviors and factors associated with using pharmacological methods and quitting unassisted were examined.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000The analytic sample consisted solely of former smokers, including 3,583 \"long-term quitters\" (those who quit 1 to 3 years prior to the survey) and 2,205 \"recent quitters\" (those who quit within a year prior to the survey), who responded to the 2010-2011 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000About 72% of former smokers quit unassisted, 26% used at least one pharmacological method, and 7% used at least one nonpharmacological method. The most common pharmacological methods were the nicotine patch (12%), Chantix/Varenicline (11%), and a nicotine gum/lozenge (8%). For long-term quitters, cutting back on cigarettes gradually and relying on social support were more commonly associated with pharmacological methods. Among long-term quitters, younger adults (18 to 44 years old), Non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, those who were less nicotine dependent prior to quitting and those who did not visit a doctor in the past 12 months before quitting had higher odds of reporting unassisted quitting than quitting with pharmacological methods.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000Unassisted quitting remains the predominant means of recent and long-term smoking cessation in the United States. Attempters may try different ways of quitting during the same quit attempt.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000Unassisted quitting remains a much more common method for recent and long-term smoking cessation than use of pharmacological or nonpharmacological methods. Smokers may try different ways of quitting during the same quit attempt. Thus, population-based studies that investigate the use of particular methods while ignoring other ways of quitting may overestimate the benefits of certain methods for smoking cessation.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"93 1","pages":"30–39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83839106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotine and Carbonyl Emissions From Popular Electronic Cigarette Products: Correlation to Liquid Composition and Design Characteristics","authors":"Ahmad El-Hellani, R. Salman, Rachel El-Hage, S. Talih, N. Malek, R. Baalbaki, Nareg Karaoghlanian, R. Nakkash, A. Shihadeh, N. Saliba","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw280","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Available in hundreds of device designs and thousands of flavors, electronic cigarette (ECIG) may have differing toxicant emission characteristics. This study assesses nicotine and carbonyl yields in the most popular brands in the U.S. market. These products included disposable, prefilled cartridge, and tank-based ECIGs.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Twenty-seven ECIG products of 10 brands were procured and their power outputs were measured. The e-liquids were characterized for pH, nicotine concentration, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) ratio, and water content. Aerosols were generated using a puffing machine and nicotine and carbonyls were, respectively, quantified using gas chromatograph and high-performance liquid chromatography. A multiregression model was used to interpret the data.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Nicotine yields varied from 0.27 to 2.91 mg/15 puffs, a range corresponding to the nicotine yield of less than 1 to more than 3 combustible cigarettes. Nicotine yield was highly correlated with ECIG type and brand, liquid nicotine concentration, and PG/VG ratio, and to a lower significance with electrical power, but not with pH and water content. Carbonyls, including the carcinogen formaldehyde, were detected in all ECIG aerosols, with total carbonyl concentrations ranging from 3.72 to 48.85 µg/15 puffs. Unlike nicotine, carbonyl concentrations were mainly correlated with power.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusion\u0000In 15 puffs, some ECIG devices emit nicotine quantities that exceed those of tobacco cigarettes. Nicotine emissions vary widely across products but carbonyl emissions showed little variations. In spite of that ECIG users are exposed to toxicologically significant levels of carbonyl compounds, especially formaldehyde. Regression analysis showed the importance of design and e-liquid characteristics as determinants of nicotine and carbonyl emissions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000Periodic surveying of characteristics of ECIG products available in the marketplace is valuable for understanding population-wide changes in ECIG use patterns over time.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"6 2 1","pages":"215–223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78441027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence and the Heaviness of Smoking Index in the Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy","authors":"E. Ma, Nicole Brown, B. Alshaikh, Donna M Slater, K. Yusuf","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntw271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntw271","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Smoking cessation at any stage of pregnancy can benefit the mother and fetus. Cigarette dependence is a significant factor in women who continue to smoke during pregnancy and accurate assessment of cigarette dependence can be helpful in planning smoking cessation programs. The objective of our study was to investigate the validity of the Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) as measures of cigarette dependence in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy by comparing them to serum cotinine levels.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000Prospective cohort study of 167 women in their second and third trimester of pregnancy who self-reported cigarette smoking. They were administered the FTCD questionnaire and blood was drawn for cotinine measurements using a direct enzyme linked immunoassay. Linear regression was used to adjust for maternal age, body mass index, gestation, and parity to investigate the association between cotinine levels and the two scores.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000Both the FTCD and HSI correlated significantly with serum cotinine levels (Spearman coefficient 0.42 and 0.37, respectively, p < .001). The correlation coefficients of both scores were higher in primigravidas (n = 51) compared to multigravidas, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant. Using multiple linear regression, both scores were significantly related to serum cotinine levels. For each unit increase in the FTCD and HSI, the serum cotinine level increased by 21.4 ng/mL (95% confidence interval 10.1-32.7, p <0.001) and 37 ng/mL (95% confidence interval 18.6-55.4, p < 0.001), respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000Both the FTCD and HSI can be used to assess cigarette dependence in the second and third trimester of pregnancy.\u0000\u0000\u0000Implications\u0000There is lack of data on the validity of the FTCD and the HSI as markers of cigarette dependence during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Our study suggests that both the FTCD and HSI perform well in assessing cigarette dependence in the second and third trimester of pregnancy and can be used to plan smoking cessation programs.","PeriodicalId":19355,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"124–129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73373689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}