North American journal of medicine & science最新文献

{"title":"Do Apparent Overlaps between Schizophrenia and Autistic Spectrum Disorders Reflect Superficial Similarities or Etiological Commonalities?","authors":"William S Stone, Lisa Iguchi","doi":"10.7156/v4i3p124","DOIUrl":"10.7156/v4i3p124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>STUDY BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and autism are both neurodevelopmental disorders that were once considered to be the same disorder expressed in different developmental periods. Although they were separated diagnostically about 40 years ago, they share several clinical and possibly, etiological features. This paper reviews overlaps in four domains of function to consider the issue of whether these similarities are sporadic and likely to represent superficial similarities, or whether the disorders are more likely to share some features in common. METHODS: Representative areas of function were reviewed and compared for aspects of cognition (nonverbal reasoning, memory and language), social function (orienting/joint attention, eye contact and theory of mind), brain function (structural differences) and genetics. To facilitate comparisons with schizophrenia, a focus on high functioning autism/Asperger's disorder was utilized, particularly in the sections on cognition and social function. RESULTS: Significant similarities (and differences) characterized comparisons in each domain. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbed function in similar clinical (in cognition and social function), neurobiological (brain volumes) and genetic (e.g., involvement of the same genes or chromosomal locations) domains in autism and schizophrenia supports the hypothesis that while they are distinct disorders, they are not entirely unique. Additional studies of similarities and differences between them may thus shed light on common etiological mechanisms and hopefully, facilitate the development of novel treatment targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"4 3","pages":"124-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342590/pdf/nihms371678.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30599020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma, Differential Diagnosis and Molecular Stratification","authors":"Youjun Hu, Kaiyan Yang, J. Krause","doi":"10.7156/V4I1P067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I1P067","url":null,"abstract":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a clinically aggressive lymphoma. The diagnosis of DLBCL is based on morphological and immunophenotypical evaluation of the biopsy specimens. The pathologic diagnosis of DLBCL, while often straight forward, may be challenging from time to time, so much so that the most recent WHO classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms created two provisional categories dealing with the cases in which separation of DLBCL from other lymphomas can not be made with certainty. On the other hand, DLBCL is also a biologically and clinically heterogeneous entity. Treatment outcome in many cases has not been optimal. Research studies have provided new insight into the DLBCL and suggestions for further stratification of the disease to achieve better treatment outcomes. This review will highlight key differentiating points of the many different categories of lymphomas and non-lymphoid malignancies that need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of DLBCL. The current status of prognostic marker studies of DLBCL as an effort to further stratify DLBCL is also reviewed.","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"106 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79033791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor Cell Selective Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction by an Herbal Preparation from Brucea javanica.","authors":"Hua Gao,&nbsp;Julie Lamusta,&nbsp;Wei-Fang Zhang,&nbsp;Rebecca Salmonsen,&nbsp;Yingwang Liu,&nbsp;Edward O'Connell,&nbsp;James E Evans,&nbsp;Sumner Burstein,&nbsp;Jason J Chen","doi":"10.7156/v4i2p062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/v4i2p062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The plant Brucea javanica has shown impressive efficacy for treating various diseases including cancer. However, the mechanism by which B. javanica acts is poorly understood. We have established tissue culture assays to study the effects of B. javanica on cervical and several other cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that the aqueous extract from B. javanica is selectively toxic to cancer cells. Induction of apoptosis by B. javanica appears to be a possible mechanism by which it kills cancer cells. Interestingly, a significant increase of p53 protein level was observed in these apoptotic cells. Our studies indicated that both p53-dependent and p53-independent activities contributed to herb-induced cell death. These results imply that further studies with B. javanica may lead to the development of novel anti-cancer drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"4 2","pages":"62-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108096/pdf/nihms295783.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29921606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory T Cells and Cardiovascular Diseases","authors":"Harish Jevallee, T. Tang, Xiang Cheng","doi":"10.7156/V4I4P178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I4P178","url":null,"abstract":"Recent researches have substantiated the active participation of chronic low-grade inflammation in cardiovascular disease where immune responses contribute to disease initiation and progression. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a unique lineage of T cells and have been proved to play a key role in controlling both the innate and adaptive immune responses under physiological and pathological conditions. Through suppression of immune system activation, Tregs are involved in tolerance to self antigens, thus maintaining immune homeostasis. Existence and function of Tregs were a matter of considerable debate over the last few decades, but owing to innovative molecular categorization of this specialized subpopulation of T cells, they have now been established as fundamental elements in the vertebrate immune system. In view of the prospective therapeutic avenues that Tregs may offer, we hereby review the current knowledge on the role of Tregs immunity in cardiovascular disease. [N A J Med Sci. 2011;4(4): 178-182 .]","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"68 7 1","pages":"178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91020620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Initial HBV Therapy for an HBeAg-Negative Patient: A Case Discussion","authors":"C. Pan, K. Hu","doi":"10.7156/V4I1P050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I1P050","url":null,"abstract":"A case study of a 45-year-old Chinese woman with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) diagnosed in 1999 …...","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"10 1","pages":"50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82860957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Approach to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection","authors":"H. Te","doi":"10.7156/V4I1P027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I1P027","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B infection is a global health problem, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients and accounting for 6,000 deaths annually. The diagnosis of HBV infection is based largely on the interpretation of serologic markers and hepatitis B DNA levels, which allows establishment of the phase of infection and provides the groundwork for management strategies. More recently, genotyping and detection of genetic mutations that confer drug resistance provide additional data that assist in the therapeutic decisions. Histologic staging also presents important information that allows for individualized management of the disease. This paper reviews the various tests utilized in the diagnosis of HBV infection and their roles in the identification of the different phases of infection and in the determination of the need for further management.","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"74 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72958327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of SIRT1 in tumorigenesis.","authors":"Kai Li,&nbsp;Jianyuan Luo","doi":"10.7156/v4i2p104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/v4i2p104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>NAD-dependent Class III histone deacetylase SIRT1 is a multiple functional protein and has been demonstrated critically involved in stress response, cellular metabolism and aging through deacetylating variety of substrates including p53, forkhead transcription factors, PGC-1α, NF-κB, Ku70 and histones. Increasing evidences indicate that SIRT1 plays a complex role in tumorigenesis with functions in both tumor promoting and tumor suppressing. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of SIRT1 and its controversies regarding the functions of SIRT1 in tumorigenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"4 2","pages":"104-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237400/pdf/nihms-341261.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30334735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening Among Asian American Women.","authors":"Carolyn Y Fang,&nbsp;Grace X Ma,&nbsp;Yin Tan","doi":"10.7156/v4i2p077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/v4i2p077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality exist among ethnic minority women, and in particular, among Asian American women. These disparities have been attributed primarily to differences in screening rates across ethnic/racial groups. Asian American women have one of the lowest rates of screening compared to other ethnic/racial groups. Yet Asian Americans, who comprise one of the fastest growing populations in the United States, have received the least attention in cancer control research. Studies suggest that various factors, including lack of knowledge, psychosocial and cultural beliefs, and access barriers, are associated with cervical cancer screening behaviors among Asian American women. Indeed, the few interventions that have been developed for Asian American women demonstrate that targeting these factors can yield significant increases in screening rates. It is important to note, however, that the effectiveness of educational interventions is often attenuated if access barriers are not adequately addressed. Hence, interventions that include key essential components, such as the use of community individuals as lay health workers, culturally-tailored and linguistically-appropriate educational materials, and navigation assistance to overcome access barriers, are more likely to be successful in enhancing screening rates. As the benefits of community-based cervical cancer prevention programs become more apparent, it will be essential to identify effective approaches for disseminating such programs more broadly. In conclusion, community-based cervical cancer screening programs have demonstrated promise in addressing existing cervical cancer disparities by increasing awareness and knowledge and promoting recommended screening behaviors. These findings will be instrumental in guiding future community-based programs to reduce cervical cancer health disparities among Asian American women.</p>","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"4 2","pages":"77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3115728/pdf/nihms285936.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30250048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Lysosomal Cathepsins in Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling","authors":"Han Chen, Jing Wang, Jian-an Wang, G. Shi","doi":"10.7156/V4I4P173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V4I4P173","url":null,"abstract":"Left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) includes extensive cardiac cell death, inflammatory cell infiltration, cell differentiation, and scar formation. Lysosomal proteases cathepsins participate in all these events during post-MI cardiac repair. These cathepsins cleave Bcl-2 interacting protein Bid, and degrade the anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, thereby triggering a mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Cathepsins also contribute to monocyte and macrophage differentiation and migration. Monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are recruited to the site of infarction, where they also release lysosomal cathepsins as inflammatory mediators to regulate post-MI inflammatory responses. Cathepsins also regulate fibroblast trans-differentiation and further affect collagen or other matrix protein synthesis during post-MI extracellular matrix remodeling.","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"105 1","pages":"173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77692991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction due to Anti-Jkb: Case Report Highlighting the Importance of Early Blood Bank Consultation and Literature Review","authors":"D. M. Nguyen, H. J. Lee, D. Mirabella, D. W. Wu","doi":"10.7156/V3I4P187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7156/V3I4P187","url":null,"abstract":"Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTR) can be asymptomatic or mimic other conditions and may be misdiagnosed. Failure to recognize this entity could lead to inappropriate treatment and future transfusions reactions. Anti-JK a and anti-JK b are the most frequently encountered antibodies responsible for DHTR ac companied by intravascular hemolysis on rare occasions. The antibodies are often difficult to detect because of their transient nature and their frequent dosage effect. We report the case of a 40-year-old female with DHTR due to unexpected weakly reactive anti-JK b . The patient, with a medical history of hypertension, multiple transfusions, multiple abortions and vaginal bleeding due to uterine fibroids, presented to our emergency department complaining of back pain for four days and red-brown color urine for one day. Significant jaundice was noted on physical examination. Laboratory data showed low hemoglobin (Hb) (6.0g/dl) and increased creatinine (3.11 mg/dl). Differential diagnosis included hemolytic-uremic syndrome, hematuria caused by urinary tract calculi, and autoimmne hemolytic anemia. Significant hemolysis was observed in the patient’s blood sample.    Further   questioning   elicited   a   recent  blood  transfusion seven days prior. Red cell antibody work-up at that time showed the presence of anti-K and anti-E. The patient was transfused 2 units of K and E antigen negative cross-match compatible packed red blood cells(PRBCs). Post-transfusion Hb was 8.8 g/dl and there were no signs of any immediate complication. Review of the recent history of blood transfusion and the current findings led to our strong suspicion of intravascular hemolysis. The patient was treated vigorously with fluids and intravenous diuretics. Stat tests subsequently confirmed the intravascular hemolysis. A ‘new’ request for blood transfusion was put on hold while an antibody workup was initiated. Red cell antibody work-up results confirmed the presence of anti-K and anti-E; the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was negative. An eluate prepared from the patient’s red cells was non-reactive by indirect antiglobulin test. Additional samples were sent to a reference laboratory for further investigation of unexpected red cell antibodies. Results from the reference laboratory confirmed the anti-E and -K, and, in addition, a weak anti- JK b was identified in the plasma and eluate. Both of the prior transfused units were subsequently shown to be Jk(b+), adding further evidence that the anti- JK b is most likely the culprit of the DHTR. The patient was subsequently transfused with E-, K- and Jk(b-) PRBCs and her condition improved. This case emphasizes the central role of blood bank consultation for early treatment and diagnosis of DHTR and for the avoidance of incompatible blood component transfusion, thus minimizing the risks of morbidity and reduce the potential for mortality. It is our opinion that blood bankers should be consulted when patients have an acu","PeriodicalId":19338,"journal":{"name":"North American journal of medicine & science","volume":"20 1","pages":"187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89027180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}