X-ray Optics and Instrumentation最新文献

{"title":"The Rainwater Memorial Calibration Facility for X-Ray Optics","authors":"N. Brejnholt, F. Christensen, C. Hailey, Nicolas M. Barrière, William W. Craig, B. Grefenstette, J. Koglin, Kristin K. Madsen, Julia K. Vogel, H. An, K. Blaedel, Josh D. Brown, Todd R. Decker, Z. Haider, A. Jakobsen, C. Cooper-Jensen, K. Mori, M. Nynka, M. Pivovaroff, C. Sleator, D. Stefanik, M. Stern, G. Tajiri, D. Thornhill, Jeremy S. Cushman","doi":"10.1155/2011/285079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/285079","url":null,"abstract":"The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will carry the first focusing hard X-ray (5–80 keV) telescope to orbit. The ground calibration of the optics posed a challenge as the need to suppress finite source distance effects over the full optic and the energy range of interest were unique requirements not met by any existing facility. In this paper we present the requirements for the NuSTAR optics ground calibration, and how the Rainwater Memorial Calibration Facility, RaMCaF, is designed to meet the calibration requirements. The nearly 175 m long beamline sports a 48 cm diameter 5–100 keV X-ray beam and is capable of carrying out detailed studies of large diameter optic elements, such as the NuSTAR optics, as well as flat multilayer-coated Silicon wafers.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121449521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing X-Ray Optics for Astronomy","authors":"P. Gorenstein","doi":"10.1155/2010/109740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/109740","url":null,"abstract":"Focusing X-ray telescopes have been the most important factor in X-ray astronomy’s \u0000ascent to equality with optical and radio astronomy. They are the prime tool for studying \u0000thermal emission from very high temperature regions, non-thermal synchrotron radiation \u0000from very high energy particles in magnetic fields and inverse Compton scattering of \u0000lower energy photons into the X-ray band. Four missions with focusing grazing incidence \u0000X-ray telescopes based upon the Wolter 1 geometry are currently operating in space \u0000within the 0.2 to 10 keV band. Two observatory class missions have been operating since \u00001999 with both imaging capability and high resolution dispersive spectrometers. They are \u0000NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, which has an angular resolution of 0.5 arc seconds \u0000and an area of 0.1 m2 and ESA’s XMM-Newton which has 3 co-aligned telescopes with a \u0000combined effective area of 0.43 m2 and a resolution of 15 arc seconds. The two others are \u0000Japan’s Suzaku with lower spatial resolution and non-dispersive spectroscopy and the \u0000XRT of Swift which observes and precisely positions the X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray \u0000bursts. New missions include focusing telescopes with much broader bandwidth and \u0000telescopes that will perform a new sky survey. NASA, ESA, and Japan’s space agency \u0000are collaborating in developing an observatory with very large effective area for very \u0000high energy resolution dispersive and non-dispersive spectroscopy. New technologies are \u0000required to improve upon the angular resolution of Chandra. Adaptive optics should \u0000provide modest improvement. However, orders of magnitude improvement can be \u0000achieved only by employing physical optics. Transmitting diffractive-refractive lenses are \u0000capable theoretically of achieving sub-milli arc second resolution. X-ray interferometry \u0000could in theory achieve 0.1 micro arc second resolution, which is sufficient to image the \u0000event horizon of super massive black holes at the center of nearby active galaxies. \u0000However, the physical optics systems have focal lengths in the range 103 to 104 km and \u0000cannot be realized until the technology for accurately positioned long distance formation \u0000flying between optics and detector is developed.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120968657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilayer Laue Lens: A Path Toward One Nanometer X-Ray Focusing","authors":"Hanfei Yan, H. Kang, R. Conley, Chian Liu, A. Macrander, G. Stephenson, J. Maser","doi":"10.1155/2010/401854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/401854","url":null,"abstract":"The multilayer Laue lens (MLL) is a novel diffractive optic for hard X-ray nanofocusing, which is fabricated by thin film deposition techniques and takes advantage of the dynamical diffraction effect to achieve a high numerical aperture and efficiency. It overcomes two difficulties encountered in diffractive optics fabrication for focusing hard X-rays: (1) small outmost zone width and (2) high aspect ratio. Here, we will give a review on types, modeling approaches, properties, fabrication, and characterization methods of MLL optics. We show that a full-wave dynamical diffraction theory has been developed to describe the dynamical diffraction property of the MLL and has been employed to design the optimal shapes for nanofocusing. We also show a 16 nm line focus obtained by a partial MLL and several characterization methods. Experimental results show a good agreement with the theoretical calculations. With the continuing development of MLL optics, we believe that an MLL-based hard x-ray microscope with true nanometer resolution is on the horizon.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122528613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"X-Ray Pore Optics Technologies and Their Application in Space Telescopes","authors":"M. Bavdaz, M. Collon, M. Beijersbergen, K. Wallace, E. Wille","doi":"10.1155/2010/295095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/295095","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) is a new X-ray optics technology under development in Europe, forming the ESA baseline technology for the International X-ray Observatory candidate mission studied jointly by ESA, NASA, and JAXA. With its matrix-like structure, made of monocrystalline-bonded Silicon mirrors, it can achieve the required angular resolution and low mass density required for future large X-ray observatories. Glass-based Micro Pore Optics (MPO) achieve modest angular resolution compared to SPO, but are even lighter and have achieved sufficient maturity level to be accepted as the X-ray optic technology for instruments on board the Bepi-Colombo mission, due to visit the planet Mercury. Opportunities for technology transfer to ground-based applications include material science, security and scanning equipment, and medical diagnostics. Pore X-ray optics combine high performance with modularity and economic industrial production processes, ensuring cost effective implementation.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114958610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diffractive X-ray Telescopes","authors":"G. Skinner","doi":"10.1155/2010/743485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/743485","url":null,"abstract":"Diffractive X-ray telescopes using zone plates, phase Fresnel lenses, or \u0000related optical elements have the potential to provide astronomers with true \u0000imaging capability with resolution several orders of magnitude better than \u0000available in any other waveband. Lenses that would be relatively easy to \u0000fabricate could have an angular resolution of the order of microarcseconds \u0000or even better, that would allow, for example, imaging of the distorted spacetime \u0000in the immediate vicinity of the supermassive black holes in the center \u0000of active galaxies What then is precluding their immediate adoption? Extremely \u0000long focal lengths, very limited bandwidth, and difficulty stabilizing \u0000the image are the main problems. The history and status of the development \u0000of such lenses is reviewed here and the prospects for managing the challenges \u0000that they present are discussed.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127372919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hard X-Ray Focusing with Curved Reflective Multilayers","authors":"C. Morawe, M. Osterhoff","doi":"10.1155/2010/479631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/479631","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a comprehensive overview on the utilization of curved graded multilayer coatings as focusing elements for hard X-rays. It concentrates on the Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) focusing setup that has been developed at 3rd generation synchrotron sources worldwide. The optical performance of these devices is evaluated applying analytical and numerical approaches. The essential role of the multilayer coating and its meridional d-spacing gradient are discussed as well as important technological issues. Experimental data and examples of operational KB focusing devices and applications complement the work.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"318 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123502266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing X-Rays with Curved Multiplate Crystal Cavity","authors":"Y. Chang, S.-Y. Chen, S. Weng, C. Chu, M. Tang, Y. Stetsko, B. Shew, M. Yabashi, Shih-Lin Chang","doi":"10.1155/2010/421945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/421945","url":null,"abstract":"An overview is given of the study on X-ray focusing using the Fabry-Perot type multi-plate silicon crystal cavities consisting of compound refractive lenses. Silicon (12 4 0) is used as the back reflection for cavity resonance at the photon energy of 14.4388 keV. Measurements of focal length of the transmitted beam through the crystal cavities show enhanced focusing effect due to the presence of back diffraction. Also, an incident beam with ultrahigh energy resolution can improve the focusing owing to the wider acceptance angle of the back diffraction. Considerations based on the excitation of dispersion surface within the framework of X-ray dynamical diffraction theory are also presented to reveal the origin of this enhanced focusing.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131855454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Curved Crystal Performance for a High-Resolution, Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer","authors":"M. Haugh, R. Stewart","doi":"10.1155/2010/583626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/583626","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design, crystal selection, and crystal testing for a vertical Johann spectrometer operating in the 13 keV range to measure ion Doppler broadening in inertial confinement plasmas. The spectrometer is designed to use thin, curved, mica crystals to achieve a resolving power of E/ Δ E > 2000 . A number of natural mica crystals were screened for flatness and X-ray diffraction width to find samples of sufficient perfection for use in the instrument. Procedures to select and mount high quality mica samples are discussed. A diode-type X-ray source coupled to a dual goniometer arrangement was used to measure the crystal reflectivity curve. A procedure was developed for evaluating the goniometer performance using a set of diffraction grade Si crystals. This goniometer system was invaluable for identifying the best original crystals for further use and developing the techniques to select satisfactory curved crystals for the spectrometer.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121880706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Microstructured Optical Arrays of Grazing Incidence Reflectors","authors":"R. Willingale, C. Feldman, A. Michette, T. Button, C. Dunare, M. Folkard, D. Hart, C. Mcfaul, G. Morrison, W. Parkes, S. Pfauntsch, A. K. Powell, Daniel Rodriguez-Sanmartin, Shahin Sahraei, M. Shand, T. Stevenson, B. Vojnovic, Dou Zhang","doi":"10.1155/2010/856836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/856836","url":null,"abstract":"The UK Smart X-Ray Optics (SXO) programme is developing active/adaptive optics for terrestrial applications. One of the technologies proposed is microstructured optical arrays (MOAs), which focus X-rays using grazing incidence reflection through consecutive aligned arrays of microscopic channels. Although such arrays are similar in concept to polycapillary and microchannel plate optics, they can be bent and adjusted using piezoelectric actuators providing control over the focusing and inherent aberrations. Custom configurations can be designed, using ray tracing and finite element analysis, for applications from sub-keV to several-keV X-rays, and the channels of appropriate aspect ratios can be made using deep silicon etching. An exemplar application will be in the microprobing of biological cells and tissue samples using Ti K α radiation (4.5 keV) in studies related to radiation-induced cancers. This paper discusses the optical design, modelling, and manufacture of such optics.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126547513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laue Gamma-Ray Lenses for Space Astrophysics: Status and Prospects","authors":"F. Frontera, P. Ballmoos","doi":"10.1155/2010/215375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/215375","url":null,"abstract":"We review feasibility studies, technological developments, and the astrophysical prospects for Laue lenses devoted \u0000to hard X-/gamma-ray astronomy observations.","PeriodicalId":193128,"journal":{"name":"X-ray Optics and Instrumentation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133298756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}