Northern Journal of Applied Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Stand Structure and Composition 32 Years after Precommercial Thinning Treatments in a Mixed Northern Conifer Stand in Central Maine","authors":"A. Weiskittel, L. Kenefic, R. Li, J. Brissette","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.92","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of four precommercial thinning (PCT) treatments on an even-aged northern conifer stand in Maine were investigated by examining stand structure and composition 32 years after treatment. Replicated treatments applied in 1976 included: (1) control (no PCT), (2) row thinning (rowthin; 5-ft-wide row removal with 3-ft-wide residual strips), (3) row thinning with crop tree release (rowthinCTR; 5-ft-wide row removal with crop tree release at 8-ft intervals in 3-ft-wide residual strips), and (4) crop tree release (CTR; release of selected crop trees at 88-ft intervals). PCT plots had more large trees and fewer small trees than the control in 2008. There were no other significant differences between the rowthin and control. The rowthinCTR and CTR treatments had lower total and hardwood basal area (BA) and higher merchantable conifer BA than the control. CTR also resulted in more red spruce (Picea rubens [Sarg.]) and less balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.]) than the other treatments. Although stand structures for rowthinCTR and CTR were similar, the percentage of spruce in CTR was greater. Although the less-intensive rowthinCTR treatment may provide many of the same benefits as CTR, the latter would be the preferred treatment if increasing the spruce component of a stand is an objective. Overall, early thinning treatments were found to have long-term effects on key stand attributes, even more than 30 years after treatment in areas with mixed species composition and moderate site potential.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.92","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cavity Trees, Snags, and Overstory Density in a Riparian Forest in Northeastern Missouri","authors":"D. Gwaze, A. G. Elliott","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"117 1","pages":"105-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth and Survival of Picea glauca following Thinning of Plantations Affected by Eastern Spruce Budworm","authors":"A. D’Amato, Stacy J. Troumbly, M. R. Saunders, K. Puettmann, M. Albers","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.72","url":null,"abstract":"intervals throughout eastern North America (Taylor and MacLean 2008) and continued for up to 15 years (Kucera and Orr 1981, Magnussen et al. 2005, Hennigar et al. 2007). In the past, pesticides and biological control agents were commonly used to maintain the productivity of infested sites (Mason and Paul 1996, Sheehan 1996); however, the minimal long-term success and the cost of these treatments have led to the search for less costly alternatives, such as thinning. Unfortunately, few studies have examined the effectiveness of thinning at minimizing mortality from SBW. Also, these studies have focused on the primary host species, balsam fir (Crook et al. 1979, Bauce 1996), leaving a limited understanding of the effectiveness of this approach for spruce-dominated systems. Furthermore, studies evaluating the effectiveness of thinning in reducing the impact of SBW have found varying results. For example, studies in young balsam fir stands have suggested that thinning treatments may elevate the severity of SBW by increasing host vigor (MacLean and Piene 1995). On the other hand, studies in older mixed conifer stands in the western United States have demonstrated that thinning may have beneficial effects in reducing western SBW populations in infested stands (Carlson et al. 1985). There is a well-documented history of SBW outbreaks in eastern North America, with each lasting 7–17 years and separated by 30–60 years of no activity (Colson and Witter 1984). Interestingly, the most recent outbreak in Minnesota started in 1954 and has lasted across the forested landscapes in this region for over 55 years (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources [MNDNR] 2008). Potential explanations for the extended duration of this outbreak include an increased abundance of balsam fir due to the maturation of postlogging mixed aspen-balsam fir stands, as well as the fragmentation and homogenization of the landscape due to past land use (Sturtevant et al. 2004). In the 1990s, SBW began targeting white spruce, causing substantial top kill and mortality, particularly in white spruce plantations across Minnesota and other portions of the Lake States region (MNDNR 1996, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources [WDNR] 2006). White spruce plantations cover over 72,000 ha of commercial forestland across the northern Lake States (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin; Rauscher 1984), suggesting a need to evaluate silvicultural strategies that might minimize effects of SBW outbreaks on stand productivity in a cost-effective manner. To address this need, this study investigates the relationships between thinning treatments applied to white spruce plantations affected by SBW and changes in individual tree and stand-level growth, canopy structure, and survivorship. Specific questions included the following: (1) Does thinning increase survivorship in stands affected by SBW? (2) Does thinning increase stand volume growth in stands affected by SBW through changes in foliage patterns (live ","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"72-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.72","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximum and largest crown width equations for 15 tree species in Maine","authors":"M. Russell, A. Weiskittel","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.2.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.84","url":null,"abstract":"An extensive statewide data set for seven conifer and eight hardwood species commonly occurring in Maine was used in the development of maximum and largest crown width equations. To establish the characteristics of open-grown trees, quantile regression was used to estimate the biological maximum crown width for a species at a given diameter. To predict crown widths of trees in forested settings, a constrained nonlinear equation was used, using the predicted maximum crown width, tree diameter, and crown ratio. The models performed well across the wide range of stand conditions present in the data set and improved predictions over the currently used crown width equations for most species (reduction of mean absolute error ranged from 1 to 23%). In general, predictions of largest crown width were not greatly improved with the inclusion of crown ratio, and there was a high amount of unexplained variation for shade-tolerant hardwood species, such as American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum). The equations presented herein can be used in examining tree crown profiles, computing measurements of stand density, and investigating canopy dynamics for species common to the forests of Maine.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"84-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.2.84","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Stand Hazard Index for Oak Decline in Upland Oak Forests of the Ozark Highlands, Missouri","authors":"Fan Zhaofei, Fan Xiuli, M. Spetich, S. Shifley, W. K. Moser, Randy G. Jensen, J. Kabrick","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.)—two major components (44% of total stand basal area) of upland oak forests—are suffering severe decline and mortality in the Ozark Highlands, Missouri. However, factors influencing their survival (mortality) are not well understood. In this study we quantified how stand and tree-level predisposing factors are associated with survival of black and scarlet oaks. Sixteen-year monitoring data from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) indicated that overall annual mortality of black and scarlet oaks averaged 2.2 and 1.7%, respectively, three to five times higher than expected (around 0.5%) for white oak, a common associate. For the first 8 years of the study (1990 –1998), survival rates of black and scarlet oaks were similar. Thereafter, the survival rate of black oak declined relative to scarlet oak. Using the classification and regression tree (CART) method we classified black oak and scarlet oak trees into seven and nine risk groups, respectively, that differed significantly in rates of tree mortality. Groups were distinguished based on tree diameter, crown class, and size relative to competitors. An oak decline and mortality hazard index was thus developed as the weighted means of risk group mortality, which can help managers prescribe species-specific silvicultural treatments to help mitigate oak decline and associated mortality.","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing-space relationships in young even-aged northern hardwood stands based on individual-tree and plot-level measurements","authors":"David G. Ray, R. Yanai, R. D. Nyland, T. McConnell","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"et al. 2005). This relationship is visible in a wide range of speciesspecific crown-width models (e.g., Bragg 2001, Bechtold 2003) when the resulting crown-width to stem diameter ratios are plotted against dbh. Similar trends emerge from the canopy cover estimates for mixed northern hardwoods presented by Leak et al. (1987, Appendix Tables 17–19) and are supported by size-density relationships portrayed by traditional density management diagrams (Reineke 1933, Drew and Flewelling 1979), i.e., those assuming a self-thinning exponent close to 1.6. By contrast, if self-thinning were directly proportional to basal area (BA), the exponent would be 2, suggesting that stand BA remains constant at full stocking. A declining ratio between crown and stem size is consistent with a self-thinning exponent that is less than 2. The ranking of species by shade tolerance in relation to growing space requirements may change as stand development progresses. In a recent comparison of size-density relationships across numerous species, Lhotka and Loewenstein (2008) reported multiple self-thinning trajectories and noted that comparisons of growing-space utilization among species may be valid only for a given stage of stand development, i.e., at a common average stand diameter. Some evidence indicates shade-tolerance characteristics are most strongly expressed when trees are young (Kneeshaw et al. 2006), suggesting that differences in crown-stem allometry associated with shade tolerance might also be highest early in stand development. Our study was designed to investigate species differences in growing-space occupancy at the individual-tree level and to combine those results with observations of groups of trees measured on larger plots. To do so, we sampled three young even-aged northern hardwood stands in the stem-exclusion stage of stand development. We hypothesized a positive relationship between crown-stem allometry and species shade-tolerance characteristics, where more shadetolerant species occupy more growing space per unit stem diameter. We also hypothesized that the ratio of crown size to stem size would decline with stand age or average tree size independent of species. Methods Study Site These data were collected from three Adirondack northern hardwood stands established by shelterwood-method seed cutting at the Huntington Wildlife Forest near Newcomb, New York (44 E 00 N, 74 E 13 W). The climate is cool, moist, and continental; average annual precipitation is 1,010 mm, and the mean annual temperature is 4.4°C (Shepard et al. 1989). The study stands were located on gently to modestly sloping terrain. Soils at all three sites are Spodosols in the Beckett series. These are deep, moderately well drained, strongly acid, and moderately coarse-textured soils with a fragipan. Prior to seed cutting, the stands supported well developed northern hardwood communities 200–300 years in age dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and American beech (Fagus grandi","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree Regeneration in Oak-Pine Stands with and without Prescribed Fire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: Management Implications","authors":"M. Olson","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.1.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"47-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.47","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Sulfometuron Methyl on American Chestnut Seedling Growth and Leaf Function","authors":"N. Robertson, A. S. Davis","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.1.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.36","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"36-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.36","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61393691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition of Oak Stands in the Illinois Ozark Hills 2 Decades following Light Harvesting and No Cutting","authors":"E. Holzmueller, J. Groninger, C. Ruffner, T. Ozier","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.1.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.50","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"4 1","pages":"50-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial and Wildlife Benefits from Crop Tree Release in Pole-Sized Central Hardwood Oak Stands","authors":"R. Morrissey, M. R. Saunders, W. L. Hoover","doi":"10.1093/NJAF/28.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19281,"journal":{"name":"Northern Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"5-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/NJAF/28.1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61394035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}