Neuropsychobiology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating Oxidative Stress Markers in At-Risk Individuals for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Hidayet Ece Arat-Çelik,Aysan Eslami Abriz,Klara Coello,Maj Vinberg,Deniz Ceylan","doi":"10.1159/000540999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000540999","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTIONBipolar disorder (BD), a mood disorder with recurrent affective episodes and a strong genetic basis is frequently associated with significant comorbidities, both physical and psychiatric, yet its neurobiology remains unclear. Recent evidence underscores oxidative stress as a pivotal factor linking BD to its comorbidities, prompting an investigation into whether this is a sign of a genetic vulnerability or a consequence of the disease. In this study, we systematically reviewed oxidative stress studies conducted on individuals at risk for BD. We performed a meta-analysis on studies examining oxidative DNA damage in these individuals.METHODSThe literature was searched across the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid MEDLINE, and Cochrane to locate studies of oxidative stress markers in relatives of patients with BD compared with healthy controls (from 1946 to March 2024). Studies were considered for inclusion based on the following criteria: (i) involvement of first- or second-degree relatives of individuals diagnosed with BD, (ii) presence of a healthy control group, (iii) reporting of oxidative stress parameters for relatives, including mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range (25-75%) values, and (iv) publication in the English language. Studies comparing the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) or its tautomer 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) in individuals at risk for BD with healthy controls were evaluated using a meta-analysis with the random-effects method. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Exposure (ROBINS-E) tool.RESULTSEleven studies were included in the systematic review and four studies for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis included 543 individuals (first-degree relatives of individuals with BD = 238, control = 305). 8-OH-dG levels were found to be increased in first-degree relatives of individuals with BD compared to healthy controls (random effects: Hedges's g = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.36-0.71, p < 0.001). Findings of oxidative stress markers other than oxidative DNA damage in relatives of individuals with BD are limited and scarce.CONCLUSIONIn this meta-analysis, which consists of a limited number of studies, oxidative DNA damage seems to be a trait marker for BD. This finding could be associated with increased comorbidity and a higher risk of premature aging in individuals at risk for BD. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are warranted to confirm findings. Clarifying the changes in these markers from individuals at risk for the disorder throughout the course of the illness would help bridge the gap in understanding the role of oxidative pathways in the risk of BD.","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142263520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Stimulation-Site Pain and Clinical Improvement during Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Patients with Major Depressive Disorders: A Prospective Observational Study at Two Sites.","authors":"Daisuke Hayashi, Ryuichi Yamazaki, Yuki Matsuda, Shun Igarashi, Nanase Taruishi, Fumitoshi Kodaka, Masahiro Shigeta, Shinsuke Kito","doi":"10.1159/000538971","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The clinical efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in Japan has not been adequately investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between stimulation-site pain and the antidepressant effects of rTMS has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify (1) the real-world efficacy and safety of rTMS for TRD in Japan and (2) the relationship between stimulation-site pain and clinical improvement of depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective observational study involving 50 right-handed patients with TRD. All patients received high-frequency rTMS for up to 6 weeks. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale (MADRS). Pain at the stimulation site was reported by the patients using a visual analog scale (VAS) after each session. Remission and response rates at 3 and 6 weeks were calculated based on the MADRS scores. The correlation between changes in the MADRS and VAS scores was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Remission and response rates were 36% and 46%, respectively, at the end of 3 weeks, and 60% and 70%, respectively, at 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment, there was significant correlation between the reduction of MADRS and VAS scores (r = 0.42, p = 0.003).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates the clinical efficacy of rTMS in Japan and the correlation between its antidepressant effects and stimulation-site pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"152-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141420081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithium: Fifteen Years Later.","authors":"Janusz K Rybakowski","doi":"10.1159/000542490","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000542490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The 75th anniversary of introducing lithium into modern psychiatry is recognized, attested by the 1949 paper of John Cade. About this event, my editorial in the special 2010 issue of Neuropsychobiology was titled \"Lithium: Sixty Years Thereafter.\" Since then, fifteen more years have brought further information about lithium. This paper makes a narrative review of the most important articles published in this period.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The selected key literature of 2010-2024 addressed lithium prophylactic efficacy in bipolar disorder (BD), including pediatric, recurrent depression, and lithium augmentation of antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel data have been obtained for lithium adverse effects (kidney, thyroid) and beneficial outcomes of long-term lithium administration (anti-suicidal, neuroprotective, antiviral, and others). The results on the mechanisms of lithium action covered genetic investigations of the Consortium of Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) and in vitro studies with induced pluripotent stem cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines. The underutilization of lithium nowadays was emphasized, and the ways to overcome it were considered.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Lithium remains the choice drug for recurrence prevention in BD, also in adolescents, and a significant option for augmentation of antidepressants in TRD. The adverse side effects should be carefully followed and managed according to current guidelines. There are also beneficial lithium impacts, of which anti-suicidal and anti-dementia seem the most important. Most of the results of neurobiological studies on lithium mechanisms may be related to lithium response and some (e.g., immunomodulatory) to the pathogenesis of BD. Better education about lithium could make more patients the beneficiary of this drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"205-213"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression in Women: Potential Biological and Sociocultural Factors Driving the Sex Effect.","authors":"Maria Grazia Di Benedetto, Paola Landi, Claudio Mencacci, Annamaria Cattaneo","doi":"10.1159/000531588","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000531588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Important sex-related differences have been observed in the onset, prevalence, and clinical phenotype of depression, based on several epidemiological studies. Social, behavioural, and educational factors have a great role in underlying this bias; however, also several biological factors are extensively involved. Indeed, sexually dimorphic biological systems might represent the underlying ground for these disparities, including cerebral structures and neural correlates, reproductive hormones, stress response pathways, the immune system and inflammatory reaction, metabolism, and fat distribution. Furthermore, in this perspective, it is also important to consider and focus the attention on specific ages and life stages of individuals: indeed, women experience during their life specific periods of reproductive transitional phases, which are not found in men, that represent windows of particular psychological vulnerability. In addition to these, other biologically related risk factors, including the occurrence of sleep disturbances and the exposure to childhood trauma, which are found to differentially affect men and women, are also putative underlying mechanisms of the clinical bias of depression. Overall, by taking into account major differences which characterize men and women it might be possible to improve the diagnostic process, as well as treat more efficiently depressed individuals, based on a more personalized medicine and research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"2-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10871691/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139562622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Plasma Levels of Selective VGF (Non-Acronymic) Peptides in Bipolar Disorder: Comparative Analysis Reveals Distinct Patterns across Mood Disorders and Healthy Controls.","authors":"Cristina Cocco, Barbara Noli, Barbara Manconi, Cristina Contini, Elias Manca, Claudia Pisanu, Anna Meloni, Mirko Manchia, Pasquale Paribello, Caterina Chillotti, Raffaella Ardau, Giovanni Severino, Alessio Squassina","doi":"10.1159/000540673","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000540673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Discriminating bipolar disorder (BD) from major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a challenging clinical task. Identifying specific peripheral biosignatures that can differentiate between BD and MDD would significantly increase diagnostic accuracy. Dysregulated neuroplasticity is implicated in BD and MDD, and psychotropic medications restore specific disrupted processes by increasing neurotrophic signalling. The nerve growth factor inducible vgf gene (non-acronymic) encodes a precursor protein named proVGF, which undergoes proteolytic processing to produce several VGF peptides, some of which were suggested to be implicated in mood disorders and have antidepressant effects. Since the presence of VGF peptides in humans has been exclusively investigated in brain and cerebrospinal fluid, we aimed to identify which VGF peptides are present in the plasma and to investigate whether their levels could differentiate BD from MDD as well as responders from non-responders to pharmacological interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>VGF peptides were investigated in plasma from patients diagnosed with MDD (n = 37) or BD (n = 40 under lithium plus n = 29 never exposed to lithium), as well as healthy controls (HC; n = 36).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three VGF peptides (TLQP-11, AQEE-14, and NAPP-19) were identified using spectrometry analysis of plasma from HC. These peptides were then measured in the entire sample using ELISA, which showed significantly lower levels of AQEE and NAPP in BD than in HC and MDD (p = 5.0 × 10-5, p = 0.001, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that lower plasma levels of NAPP and AQEE are specifically associated with BD, thus possibly representing a diagnostic biomarker in mood disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"160-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11548102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROVIT-CLOCK: A Potential Influence of Probiotics and Vitamin B7 Add-On Treatment and Metabolites on Clock Gene Expression in Major Depression.","authors":"Kathrin Kreuzer, Anna Maria Birkl-Toeglhofer, Johannes Haybaeck, Alexandra Reiter, Nina Dalkner, Frederike T Fellendorf, Alexander Maget, Martina Platzer, Matthias Seidl, Lilli-Marie Mendel, Melanie Lenger, Armin Birner, Robert Queissner, Marco Mairinger, Anna Obermayer, Alexandra Kohlhammer-Dohr, Tatjana Maria Stross, Alfred Häussl, Carlo Hamm, Helmut Schöggl, Daniela Amberger-Otti, Annamaria Painold, Theresa Lahousen-Luxenberger, Birgitta Leitner-Afschar, Tanja Färber, Sabrina Mörkl, Jolana Wagner-Skacel, Nathalie Meier-Allard, Sonja Lackner, Sandra Holasek, Hansjörg Habisch, Tobias Madl, Eva Reininghaus, Susanne Astrid Bengesser","doi":"10.1159/000538781","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>An increasing body of evidence suggests a strong relationship between gut health and mental state. Lately, a connection between butyrate-producing bacteria and sleep quality has been discussed. The PROVIT study, as a randomized, double-blind, 4-week, multispecies probiotic intervention study, aims at elucidating the potential interconnection between the gut's metabolome and the molecular clock in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The aim of the PROVIT-CLOCK study was to analyze changes in core clock gene expression during treatment with probiotic intervention versus placebo in fasting blood and the connection with the serum- and stool-metabolome in patients with MDD (n = 53). In addition to clinical assessments in the PROVIT study, metabolomics analyses with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (stool and serum) and gene expression (RT-qPCR) analysis of the core clock genes ARNTL, PER3, CLOCK, TIMELESS, NR1D1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of fasting blood were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The gene expression levels of the clock gene CLOCK were significantly altered only in individuals receiving probiotic add-on treatment. TIMELESS and ARNTL gene expression changed significantly over the 4-week intervention period in both groups. Various positive and negative correlations between metabolites in serum/stool and core clock gene expression levels were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Changing the gut microbiome by probiotic treatment potentially influences CLOCK gene expression. The preliminary results of the PROVIT-CLOCK study indicate a possible interconnection between the gut microbiome and circadian rhythm potentially orchestrated by metabolites.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"135-151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11548105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141081956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prof. Werner Strik's Retirement from the Role of Editor-in-Chief of Neuropsychobiology.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000536280","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536280","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139472791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Functional Correlates of Recall of Life Events in Medication-Naïve Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder.","authors":"Pilar Salgado-Pineda, Marc Ferrer, Natàlia Calvo, Xavier Costa, María Ángeles Pozuelo-López, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Brenda Tarragona, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte, Raymond Salvador, Edith Pomarol-Clotet","doi":"10.1159/000535409","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Recall of autobiographical events has been found to be impaired in borderline personality disorder (BPD), but few studies have examined if this impairment has brain functional correlates. This study evaluated brain functional alterations during autobiographical recall using medication-naive adolescent patients to avoid potential confounding effects of treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-two adolescent female patients with BPD who were never-medicated and without psychiatric comorbidity and 33 matched healthy females underwent fMRI while they viewed individualized cue words that evoked autobiographical memories. Control conditions included viewing non-memory-evoking cues and a low-level baseline (cross-fixation).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During autobiographical recall, in comparison to the low-level baseline, the BPD patients showed increased brain activity in regions including the posterior hippocampus, the lingual and calcarine cortex, and the precuneus compared to the healthy controls. The BPD patients also showed a failure to deactivate the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during autobiographical recall. No patient-control differences were found when memory-evoking words were compared to non-memory-evoking words.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusions: </strong>This study finds evidence of hippocampal/lingual/calcarine/precuneus hyperactivation to stimuli that evoke autobiographical memories in patients with BPD. As the changes were seen in never-treated patients without other comorbidities, they could be considered intrinsic to the disorder. Our study also adds to existing evidence for failure of deactivation in BPD, this time outside the default mode network.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"49-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139520338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"18q Deletion Syndrome-Associated Schizophrenia: A Case Report.","authors":"Mark A Colijn, David N Crockford","doi":"10.1159/000538693","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>18q deletion syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by various neurodevelopmental anomalies and medical issues. Although the occurrence of psychosis has been reported in a small number of cases, details regarding the nature of such symptoms and their response to treatment have not been described.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We describe a 31-year-old male with a history of speech delays, autistic features, a tethered spinal cord, bilateral vertical talus, subaortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation, recurrent otitis media, mild hearing loss, and hypospadias, who experienced a first episode of psychosis in his late 20s. His psychotic symptoms included auditory hallucinations, various delusions, and disorganization of thought. Although his presentation is atypical in certain ways (e.g., exhibiting highly fluctuant symptoms), he nonetheless meets criteria for schizophrenia. Given his overall clinical picture, chromosomal microarray analysis was completed, which revealed a 19.78 Mb deletion at 18q21.32 from nucleotide 58,226,713 to 78,015,180 (GRCh37). Despite exhibiting a somewhat idiosyncratic response to numerous antipsychotic medications, he eventually achieved partial remission of symptoms with improved insight on relatively low dose oral aripiprazole therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first in-depth description of 18q deletion syndrome-associated schizophrenia. While our patient's atypical presentation and idiosyncratic response to treatment may be mediated by his comorbid diagnosis of autism, his unusual psychiatric phenotype may alternatively be directly related to his underlying genetic disorder. The description of additional cases in the future will hopefully help clarify matters further.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"179-182"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Method for rTMS for Treating Depression in Japanese Patients: A Comparison of the Standard, F3, and Neuronavigation Approaches.","authors":"Banri Tsukuda, Shunichiro Ikeda, Shota Minami, Koji Katsura, Toshiyuki Shimizu, Tomohide Kame, Keiichiro Nishida, Masafumi Yoshimura, Toshihiko Kinoshita","doi":"10.1159/000541006","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000541006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) is a commonly targeted brain region for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for depression. The lDLPFC has been identified using the \"5-cm rule.\" However, identification of the lDLPFC may deviate from the ideal stimulation site localized by neuronavigation. Therefore, we aimed to compare this method with other methods and examine the relationship between deviation from the ideal stimulation site and treatment effects. While most existing studies have focused on participants of European descent, this study focused on Japanese participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study participants were 16 patients who underwent rTMS and had the stimulus location identified using the 5-cm method. The lDLPFC was identified by the F3 electrode position and neuronavigation in addition to the 5-cm rule, and these locations were compared. We then performed a correlation analysis of the distance between the sites identified by the 5-cm method and by neuronavigation, as well as changes in scores on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lDLPFC identified by the F3 site and neuronavigation was approximately 3 cm more anterolateral than that identified by the 5-cm method. A significant correlation was found between the distance between the sites identified by the 5-cm method and neuronavigation and the rate of change in HAMD-17 scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ideal stimulation site may be approximately 3 cm anterior to the site identified by the 5-cm method, and stimulation of the F3 site may be a valid alternative to the 5-cm method.</p>","PeriodicalId":19239,"journal":{"name":"Neuropsychobiology","volume":" ","pages":"170-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142392097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}